UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee v. Thomas A. NELSON, Jr., Defendant-Appellant.
No. 12-30101.
United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
Oct. 14, 2013.
Page Anthony Pate, Atlanta, GA, for Defendant-Appellant.
Before JONES, DENNIS, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
HIGGINSON, Circuit Judge:
Thomas A. Nelson, Jr., the former mayor of New Roads, Louisiana, appeals his conviction for corruption-related offenses, along with the district court‘s calculation of his sentencing range. For the reasons articulated below, we AFFIRM Nelson‘s conviction, VACATE his sentence, and REMAND for resentencing consistent with this opinion.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. Facts
The government‘s interest in Nelson arose from its undercover investigation of another Louisiana mayor, George Grace. As part of that investigation, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents and paid cooperating witness William Myles posed as representatives of a waste container cleaning system business known as the Cifer 5000 (Cifer). The FBI instructed Myles, a businessman with a real estate development background, to be very overt about his willingness to participate in corrupt activity to obtain government contracts.
Through his conversations with Grace, Myles discovered that Grace considered Nelson, along with four other mayors, to be part of a close-knit group that Grace
Myles, at Grace‘s suggestion, invited Grace, Nelson, and Lewis, another member of Grace‘s A-Team, to dinner at a steak house in Baton Rouge in August 2008. Myles paid for dinner and made it absolutely clear that he was trying to get contracts for Cifer‘s services in the mayors’ towns. On October 1, 2008, Myles and Grace met privately to discuss the A-Team mayors further; Grace told Myles that the other mayors would listen and do what I tell them. After Myles mentioned tak[ing] care of the mayors in return for Cifer contracts in their towns, Grace said, Well, I know Nelson, from New Roads. He ready to go. Grace also instructed Myles that he would act as a middleman between Myles and the other mayors. According to Grace, the mayors trusted Grace enough to believe that he would take the fall if the group got into trouble.
Myles and FBI special agents, in their undercover capacity as Cifer representatives, met with Grace, Nelson, and two other A-Team mayors at Myles‘s New Orleans condo on October 6, 2008. Myles had asked Grace not to invite the mayor whom Grace identified as clean. Cifer paid for the mayors’ hotel rooms for the night and provided them with tickets to a Saints game. At the meeting, Myles explained to the mayors the legal bidding process for securing public contracts, but also told the group: I might not even talk to you outside of this room but this is the group that helping us and since y‘all guys willing to help us, we willing to help you guys. After Nelson expressed particular enthusiasm for Cifer, one of the agents asked whether Nelson could secure the contract himself or whether it would need to be put to a city council vote. Nelson responded: [Y]ou‘re talking about RFPs [a step in the formal bidding process] and all those thing[s], but you could—I could probably look at it almost as a professional service. He continued: So if it‘s a professional service, then I make the call.... The Council doesn‘t make the call on that. Myles understood Nelson to mean that he was willing to circumvent the RFP bidding process.
At some point during the evening, Grace and an FBI agent, Johnson, went into another room and Johnson gave Grace $2,000 in cash. Later that night, Grace came to Nelson‘s hotel room and gave Nelson $300 in cash, telling him the money was from Johnson. Grace told Nelson that he could do whatever he wanted with the money, but Nelson later characterized the $300 payment as a quid pro quo: If I‘m going to accept, I mean I couldn‘t, you know, I‘m going to perform. Nelson and one of the other mayors agreed that they would not speak about the payments again.
Nelson met with Cifer businessmen, including Myles and Johnson, again on October 30, 2008. At that meeting, Nelson accepted $400 in cash from Johnson and a ticket to a Hornets game from Myles. The group discussed having Nelson write an official letter of support to give to investors. The next day, October 31, 2008, Nelson told Myles: Y‘all tell me when the time is right to make the move on, we can do it. And the sooner we get this knocked out, then we can get the other little deal I was telling you about. Myles testified that the other little deal referred to Nelson seeking financial backing for his own business venture, a video bingo project.
On January 27, 2009, Nelson replied to Johnson‘s offer of a silent partnership in Cifer by saying: That sounds good.... I‘m with that. A few days later, Nelson told Myles that Johnson had told me some stuff that made me—I‘m even more ready to roll than y‘all. During this time, Nelson also sought Cifer representatives’ financial backing for several business ventures of his own.
In February 2009, Nelson instructed a city employee to send a request to the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, seeking support for legislation favorable to Cifer. On March 4, 2009, Johnson offered Nelson $20,000 in stock in an electronic medical records business in exchange for Nelson‘s support of Cifer; Nelson agreed. Johnson told Nelson they could delay the decision, but Nelson said that he was ready right now. In April 2009, Nelson solicited football playoff tickets from FBI undercover agent Mike King while rejecting a similar offer from a representative of another company. Nelson told King that he trusted Cifer.
King offered Nelson $20,000 in cash, instead of stock, on May 20, 2009. Nelson refused, saying he preferred the stock because it could bring so much more in the future. But in July, Nelson changed his mind about preferring stock to cash after hearing of an undercover FBI operation involving public officials in New Jersey. King reassured Nelson that he could decline the bribe altogether, saying: If you‘re comfortable [helping Cifer] for the right reasons, let‘s do it for the right reasons. Nelson continued to request the cash. On September 16, 2009, Nelson told King he wanted to be paid in a week. Nelson accepted $5,000 on September 24, 2009, and another $5,000 on October 8, 2009. King told Nelson he would get the remaining $10,000 when Cifer was set up in New Roads.
In October 2009, Nelson used New Roads‘s robo call system to disseminate a pre-recorded message to the town‘s residents, from him as mayor. The message described the Cifer system and stated that we are not advocating that the Cifer 5000 alone will cure the H1N1 outbreak, what we are saying is that your risk of contracting this virus or any other will be significantly minimized. The message ended by asking the recipient to press a button on their keypad if he or she is interested in the Cifer 5000 performing this service in our community for a short period of time free of charge.
In April 2010, Nelson was interviewed by an FBI agent about a report by the City of New Roads that city offices might have been bugged by a disgruntled employee; when asked if he had been bribed, Nelson failed to mention his involvement with Cifer.
Nelson contacted Myles on April 26, 2010, to say that he was running for re-election and he needed Cifer trucks on the ground in New Roads, as well as money for campaign funds. Nelson told Myles that Johnson should empty his pockets and give Nelson the remaining $10,000. Nelson later told Myles that if he did not receive the money within a week, he would impose interest so high where y‘all can‘t make it up. Myles promised to give Nelson the money, but only if Nelson would award Myles a city contract for
Nelson sent a letter on Cifer‘s behalf to the EPA Administrator, signed and printed on mayoral letterhead, on May 3, 2010. The letter was written mainly by undercover agents but edited by Nelson; it read in part:
Recently, I met with other mayors from Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, and there was an overwhelming interest from the mayors in a technology like the Cifer 5000. A municipal joint venture was discussed wherein any federal financial assistance from the EPA would be shared parish-wide in order to afford many cities the opportunity to implement a regimented sanitation container cleaning system in compliance with the EPA rules and regulations.
At trial, the government introduced evidence that the meeting between Nelson and the other mayors never took place. The letter concluded by requesting the EPA to tak[e] a leadership role in promoting the development and implementation of standards for the sanitation of waste containers—perhaps under the auspices of federal grants allowing municipalities to invest in technologies such as the Cifer 5000. In return for the letter and a verbal guarantee of a city contract with Cifer in the fall, Myles paid Nelson the remaining $10,000 in two installments.
Nelson asked Myles to hire him to promote Cifer to other public officials in exchange for ten percent of profits from contracts secured. Nelson said that his money goal for the scheme was to stack a few mill[ion]. Nelson anticipated that Cifer might be bought out and told Myles that he did not want its owners to walk away with $300 million and leave [Nelson] with some chump change. Nelson also reassured Myles that his wife would not be suspicious about any influx of money because she had to know what she was getting into before she got into it.... She knew my family was political from the gitty-up.
During the course of the investigation, Nelson told Myles that he had cultivated relationships with other companies in addition to Cifer. For example, he told Myles that he threw in the extra lagniappe—referring to $444,000—to PEC, an engineering firm that had been awarded a contract worth several million, as part of a quid pro quo. Myles understood Nelson to mean, I do something for them, they do something for me. When Myles asked what Nelson would do if another firm offered to do the same work for 30% less than PEC, Nelson responded that the other firm could talk to the next mayor coming in. Nelson also told an FBI agent that at the same time he was dealing with Cifer, he was taking care of a New Roads company called Wildgame Innovations: I ... gave them $100,000 to set up ... they‘ll tell you ... the mayor took care of us ... But everything they needed to set up, from the Capitol, I‘ve been working with them on legislation.
The undercover investigation of Nelson ended on May 20, 2010, when FBI agents identified themselves to Nelson as he was leaving a meeting with Myles, and Nelson admitted to soliciting and receiving bribes.
B. Procedural History
Nelson originally agreed to plead guilty to a bill of information charging him with bribery involving an entity receiving federal funds in violation of
After signing the plea agreement, Nelson switched attorneys and informed the United States that he no longer wished to plead guilty. The government sought to admit statements made by Nelson in the plea agreement, including in the stipulated factual basis. Over the defense‘s objection, the district court ruled that the stipulated factual basis was admissible but that the plea agreement itself was not.
At trial, the government called Mary Olive Pierson, Nelson‘s attorney during the plea-bargaining stage, to testify about the circumstances surrounding Nelson‘s signing of the stipulated factual basis. The district court allowed the testimony over the defense‘s objection, and the government introduced the factual stipulation into evidence through Pierson‘s testimony. The defense also objected to the government‘s motion to admit video excerpts of a recorded conversation between Myles and Grace. The district court admitted the evidence under the co-conspirator hearsay exclusion.
The district court denied the defense‘s request for a jury instruction on entrapment, finding that Nelson had not established a prima facie case of entrapment. The district court found that Nelson accepted the $300 in cash, the hotel room, and the Saints ticket as bribes in October 2008 and that those transactions were sufficient to indicate predisposition. The district court instructed the jury that entrapment is not an issue and should not be considered by you.
The jury found Nelson guilty on all counts. At sentencing, the district court determined the applicable guidelines range to be between 235 and 293 months. However, noting Nelson‘s young family and lack of criminal history, and describing his gain from the scheme as minimal, at least compared to the intended loss amount, the district court varied downward under
DISCUSSION
Nelson argues that the district court erred at trial by refusing to instruct the jury on the affirmative defense of entrapment; by admitting statements made by Grace about Nelson‘s propensity towards corruption; by admitting the stipulated factual basis for the plea agreement into evidence; and by allowing Nelson‘s former attorney to testify about the circumstances surrounding Nelson‘s signing of the factual basis. Nelson also asserts that the district court erred at sentencing in its calculation of the intended loss amount resulting from the fraudulent grants and contracts Nelson attempted to help secure. We address these claims in order.
A. Entrapment Instruction
We review the district court‘s decision not to grant an entrapment instruction de novo, looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant. United States v. Theagene, 565 F.3d 911, 918 (5th Cir.2009); United States v. Bradfield, 113 F.3d 515, 521 (5th Cir.1997). Entrapment is an affirmative defense that operates through a burden shifting regime. Theagene, 565 F.3d at 918. Gener-
The principal element in the defense of entrapment is predisposition. Mathews, 485 U.S. at 63 (internal quotation marks omitted). To determine whether the defendant lacked predisposition, we consider whether he intended, was predisposed, or was willing to commit the offense before first being approached by government agents. Theagene, 565 F.3d at 919 (internal quotation marks omitted). A defendant lacks predisposition where he had no prior interest or experience related to the crime, displayed significant hesitation or unwillingness, or attempt[ed] to return discussion to lawful conduct. Id. at 920; see, e.g., Bradfield, 113 F.3d at 521 (holding no predisposition when government informant propositioned defendant approximately eighteen times before the defendant agreed to participate in a drug deal).
By contrast, if the evidence suggests that the defendant was an unwary criminal’ who readily availed himself of the opportunity to perpetrate the crime, then predisposition is present. Theagene, 565 F.3d at 919 (quoting Mathews, 485 U.S. at 63). Evidence to show predisposition may include active, enthusiastic participation or demonstrated expertise in the criminal endeavor. Id. If a defendant displays such expertise or enthusiasm yet fails to show any hint of hesitation or unwillingness, we will find predisposition. See id. at 919-20.
Nelson argues that he made a prima facie showing of lack of predisposition. Specifically, he contends that his acceptance of the first $5,000 cash payment in 2009 followed an intense campaign of solicitation that had begun on October 6, 2008, when the mayors attended their first meeting at Myles‘s condo. The district court found that the hotel room, Saints ticket, and $300 in cash that Nelson accepted on October 6, 2008 were not part of a wining and dining campaign or mesh to entrap but were themselves bribes, taken by Nelson with the agreement to perform official acts. Nelson argues that, viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant, the events of October 6, 2008, were no more indicative of criminality than innocence.
Nelson cites Theagene, a case in which this court remanded for an entrapment instruction when the evidence could support a lack of predisposition. 565 F.3d at 920-21. In that case, the defendant sent $500 to an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) agent with a note describing the cash as a token. Id. at 921 (internal quotation marks omitted). The defendant testified that he meant the cash to count towards the repayment of his overdue taxes as a signal of good faith in case his check bounced and that he included the token note to signify that he recognized the $500 was only a nominal step towards repaying his debts. Id. at 920-21. We explained also that it was highly relevant to predisposition that even the IRS agent testified that at some point he doubted whether the defendant intended bribery. Id. at 921. Thus, we determined that the defendant presented a plausible enough
Nelson, by contrast, has not presented a plausible innocent explanation for accepting the money and other gifts offered to him on October 6, 2008. Before taking the cash, Nelson suggested to Myles that he could circumvent the formal process for awarding city contracts; some time after the meeting, he himself described the hotel room, Saints ticket, and cash as offers that he felt he needed to repay with political favors. Nelson said he felt like it was ... if you gonna do this, if I‘m going to accept ... I‘m going to perform ... I‘m not just gonna sit in there and say ... this is really nice, now I mean, who just does that? In addition, the signed factual basis for the plea agreement, which we conclude was properly admitted at trial, see infra, stated that the bribes began on October 6, 2008.
[I]ndependently motivated behavior that occurs after government solicitation begins may constitute evidence of predisposition. United States v. Brace, 145 F.3d 247, 262 (5th Cir.1998) (quoting United States v. Byrd, 31 F.3d 1329, 1336 (5th Cir.1994)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The government presented evidence that Nelson discussed with undercover agents his corrupt dealings with other companies unrelated to Cifer. For example, Nelson said that he was taking care of a company called Wildgame Innovations, had given them $100,000 of public funds, and was working with them on legislation. Further, a defendant‘s ready and willing participation in government-solicited criminal activity, standing alone, is sufficient to prove predisposition. United States v. Reyes, 239 F.3d 722, 739 (5th Cir.2001). By accepting bribes, and doing so without reluctance, Nelson was an active, enthusiastic participa[nt] in the crim[e]. Theagene, 565 F.3d at 919 (internal quotation marks omitted). In fact, Nelson‘s request for $10,000 from Cifer came after undercover agents suggested that they forget the bribe and move forward with the contract for the right reasons. See United States v. Cavazos, 162 F.3d 1160 (5th Cir. 1998) (Many factors indicate a defendant‘s predisposition, including a showing of defendant‘s desire for profit, his eagerness to participate in the transaction, his ready response to the government‘s inducement offer, or his demonstrated knowledge or experience in the criminal activity under investigation.) (internal quotation marks omitted).1
Because we conclude that Nelson made no plausible showing of lack of predisposition, we affirm the district court‘s decision not to give an entrapment instruction.
B. Evidentiary Rulings
1. Co-conspirator Hearsay Statements
Nelson challenges the district court‘s admission of Grace‘s recorded statements, made on October 1, 2008, about Nelson‘s inclinations towards corrupt activity. The district court admitted the statements under the co-conspirator hearsay exclusion. Under
To establish a foundation for admission of evidence under this exclusion, the government show (1) the existence of a conspiracy, (2) [that] the statement was made by a co-conspirator of a party, (3) the statement was made during the course of the conspiracy, and (4) the statement was made in furtherance of the conspiracy. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). The statement itself must be considered but cannot by itself establish the existence of the conspiracy or participation in it.
Nelson argues that the government failed to show the existence of a conspiracy between Nelson and Grace. A conspiracy for the purpose of the hearsay exclusion need not be unlawful; the statement may be made in furtherance of a lawful joint undertaking. Id. A conspiracy may be shown merely by engaging in a joint plan[] that was non-criminal in nature. Id. Thus, a statement is not hearsay if it was made during the course and in furtherance of a common plan or endeavor with a party. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). For example, this court has admitted a ship‘s logbook under the co-conspirator exclusion because the ship‘s crew were engaged in the voyage of the ship, which was a joint venture in and of itself apart from the illegality of its purpose, and the logbook was created in furtherance of the voyage. Id. (quoting United States v. Postal, 589 F.2d 862, 886 n. 41 (5th Cir.1979)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Nelson argued that there was no evidence that he and Grace shared a common purpose—for example, to share profits from a corrupt venture with each other. But Nelson cites cases relating to the requirements for conspiracy as a crime, not as a hearsay exclusion. Before Grace made the challenged statements on October 1, Nelson, Grace, and another mayor attended a dinner with Myles, during which Myles discussed the potential benefits of Cifer for the mayors’ communities. Nelson told FBI agents that he understood Grace was the one who was putting the whole Cifer deal together. The district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Grace and Nelson were, at the least, engaged in a common scheme to recruit Cifer‘s business to their towns.2 At the dinner it was clear that [Myles was] trying to get a contract in the towns of the different mayors that were there.
2. Admission of Factual Basis
A district court‘s admission of evidence, if objected to, is reviewed for abuse of discretion. United States v. Sylvester, 583 F.3d 285, 288 n. 4 (5th Cir.2009). [D]e novo review of attendant legal issues is a component part of that abuse of discretion review. Id. The Supreme Court has held that absent some affirmative indication that the agreement was entered into unknowingly or involuntarily, an agreement to waive the exclusionary provisions of the plea-statement Rules is valid and enforceable. United States v. Mezzanatto, 513 U.S. 196, 210, 115 S.Ct. 797, 130 L.Ed.2d 697 (1995). This court in Sylvester allowed the government to use the defendant‘s statements, made during plea negotiations, in its case-in-chief, provided that the defendant, as a condition to engaging in negotiations with the government, knowingly and voluntarily waived all rights to object to such use. 583 F.3d at 288; see also United States v. Mitchell, 633 F.3d 997, 1006 (10th Cir.2011) (collecting cases). But cf. United States v. Newbert, 504 F.3d 180, 186-87 (1st Cir.2007) (declining to find a breach of the agreement sufficient to enforce a waiver of rights where the waiver provision did not define breach and where the defendant possessed newly-discovered evidence that he could not ... have discovered before pleading guilty and that establish[ed] a plausible basis for concluding that the defendant was not guilty).
Nelson argues that this case is distinguishable from Sylvester because the government in Sylvester detrimentally relied on the plea agreement by offering the defendant life imprisonment rather than the death penalty and by using the factual statements in debriefing sessions. Although [a] plea agreement is interpreted in accordance with general principles of contract law, United States v. Harper, 643 F.3d 135, 139 (5th Cir.2011), the Sylvester court did not base its conclusion on the government‘s reliance on the agreement. Instead, the court adhered to the Supreme Court‘s rationale in Mezzanatto that admitting factual bases will aid the truth-finding process. See Sylvester, 583 F.3d at 290 (citing Mezzanatto, 513 U.S. at 204). While Nelson argued at trial, and references on appeal, that the factual stipulation was composed with no real input [from] the defendant whatsoever, as we noted in Sylvester, [w]hile in theory an innocent defendant might execute such a waiver ... the benefit of evaluating as much relevant evidence as possible outweighs the mere possibility of such danger, and will, on balance, enhance the reliability of a fact-finder‘s conclusions. Id. at 294. The statements made in Sylvester were arguably less reliable than those at issue here: there was no threat of the death penalty to potentially induce Nelson to incriminate himself; unlike the oral statements at issue in Sylvester, the stipulation here was reduced to writing and signed by Nelson, and the plea agreement explicitly provided that the government could admit the factual basis if Nelson failed to plead guilty to the Bill of Information. Cf. Sylvester, 583 F.3d at 289. Importantly, in both cases, counsel was involved in the waiver of
3. Former Defense Attorney Testimony
Nelson argues that in testifying about the circumstances surrounding his signing the factual basis, his former attorney violated the attorney-client privilege and Nelson‘s Sixth Amendment right to counsel.3 The application of the attor-
The government called Nelson‘s former attorney, Mary Pierson, to testify regarding the circumstances surrounding Nelson‘s signing his plea agreement. The prosecutor told the district court that the purpose of the testimony was to establish that the statement was voluntary[] ... so that the jury doesn‘t get the wrong idea.... This is the only way that we can establish the voluntariness of the statement. Noting that it was the government‘s burden to show voluntariness, the court allowed limited inquiry of Pierson.
The government admitted the factual basis into evidence through Pierson‘s testimony, and she read it aloud to the jury. Pierson confirmed the authenticity of the document and of Nelson‘s signature. She stated that Nelson‘s signature on the document indicated that she and Nelson had read [the document] together, and he had read it, and he understood it and agreed with it. She testified that before Nelson signed the document, they had a lengthy discussion. She did not discuss the details of the conversation. Pierson confirmed that Nelson came to her office of his own free will to sign the document and there were no government officials present. She stated that she was not aware of any coercion or threats made against Nelson and, when asked if Nelson signed the document knowingly and voluntarily, Pierson responded, I believe so. The government attempted to ask about specific facts referenced in the document, but the court sustained an objection by Nelson that the document speaks for itself.4 The government argues that Pierson‘s testimony regarding the contents of the factual basis itself was not confidential and therefore not privileged. See Robinson, 121 F.3d at 976. Nelson, however, primarily challenges Pierson‘s testimony regarding the circumstances of his signing the agreement.
Pierson‘s testimony, however, was not confined to observations about Nelson‘s demeanor that could have easily been made by a layperson; nor was it offered outside the presence of a trial jury on a narrow issue like competency or voluntariness.5 Instead, it was trial testimony that described a meeting held for the primary purpose of securing ... a legal opinion on whether to sign the agreement. See Robinson, 121 F.3d at 974. Called by the government, defense counsel Pierson testified that her former client in this case, Nelson, read the plea agreement admitting to federal criminal offense conduct with her, that he understood and agreed with it, and that he signed it only after a lengthy discussion with his experienced attorney. Such information reveals more than the plain fact of the voluntariness of Nelson‘s signature on a guilty plea attestation and document inclusive of the offense‘s factual basis, and we conclude that it is protected by the attorney-client privilege. See
Although Pierson‘s testimony falls under the attorney-client privilege, we nonetheless conclude that its admission in this case was harmless error. See Robinson, 121 F.3d at 977; United States v. Jimenez-Lopez, 873 F.2d 769, 771 (5th Cir.1989). Where objected to testimony is cumulative of other testimony that has not been objected to, the error that occurred is harmless. United States v. Griffin, 324 F.3d 330, 348 (5th Cir.2003). The prosecutor had Pierson read the stipulation aloud, but the district court already had ruled that the stipulation was admissible due to Nelson‘s Rule 410 waiver. In fact, Nelson objected to the testimony in part because it was cumulative and unnecessary, considering the content of the stipulation would go before the jury either way. Pierson testified that Nelson signed the document knowingly and voluntarily, but Nelson explicitly abandoned his arguments on those issues at trial. The overriding content of Pierson‘s testimony indicated that Nelson considered the contents of the factual basis and did not sign it unknowingly
C. Sentencing Loss Calculation
Nelson argues that the district court arrived at the wrong guidelines sentencing range by miscalculating the value of his bribery activity. Although we review the district court‘s loss calculations for clear error, United States v. Scher, 601 F.3d 408, 412 (5th Cir.2010), we review the district court‘s method of determining the amount of loss, as well as its interpretations of the meaning of a sentencing guideline, de novo. United States v. Harris, 597 F.3d 242, 251 (5th Cir.2010); United States v. Roussel, 705 F.3d 184, 197 (5th Cir.2013).
The sentencing guidelines provide that the offense level for bribery-related offenses is to be increased as follows:
If the value of the payment, the benefit received or to be received in return for the payment, the value of anything obtained or to be obtained by a public official or others acting with a public official, or the loss to the government from the offense, whichever is greatest, exceeded $5,000, increase by the number of levels from the table in
§ 2B1.1 ... corresponding to that amount.
Intended loss need not be limited to the amount the defendant is capable of inflicting. United States v. Edwards, 303 F.3d 606, 645 n. 27 (5th Cir. 2002). Nonetheless, the calculation of intended loss cannot be purely speculative. Roussel, 705 F.3d at 201. There must be a reasonable estimate of the ‘intended loss that the defendant was attempting to inflict.’ Id. We use a fact-specific, case-by-case inquiry into the defendant‘s intent in determining ‘intended loss.’ United States v. Isiwele, 635 F.3d 196, 203 (5th Cir.2011). Although it may be theoretically possible to intend a loss that is greater than the potential actual loss, our case law requires the government [to] prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant had the subjective intent to cause the loss that is used to calculate his offense level. Id. (quoting United States v. Sanders, 343 F.3d 511, 527 (5th Cir. 2003)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The district court increased Nelson‘s offense level by 18 corresponding to its valuation of the bribery amount at $6,382,000. See
1. EPA Letter
Although not cited by the parties or the district court, the application notes to the sentencing guidelines establish a special framework, notwithstanding the general provisions of
For cases involving government benefits, loss shall be considered to be not less than the value of the benefits obtained by unintended recipients or diverted to unintended uses, as the case may be.
The government benefits rule was instituted to clarify that even if benefits flowed through an unauthorized intermediary, as long as they went to intended recipients or intended uses, the amount of those benefits should not be included in loss. United States v. Harms, 442 F.3d 367, 380 (5th Cir.2006) (quoting U.S.S.G. app. C vol. II, at 180 (2010)) (internal quotation marks omitted). We have clarified that a defendant should not be held accountable for the total amount of benefits obtained, when some portion of that benefit would have been obtained absent the fraudulent conduct. Id. Instead, the correct loss calculation is the difference between the amount the defendant actually received and the amount he would have received absent the fraud—in other words, the amount of loss based on the amount of excess benefits received as a result of fraud. Id. (emphasis added).
Generally, it is the government‘s burden to show by a preponderance of the evidence the amount of loss attributable to fraudulent conduct. United States v. Hebron, 684 F.3d 554, 563 (5th Cir. 2012). The government‘s only evidence of Nelson‘s intended loss in this case—Nelson‘s understanding that the letter would assist Cifer folks with obtaining a three to four million dollar grant from the EPA—is insufficient to hold Nelson accountable for an intended loss amount of $4 million.7 Nelson‘s expectation that Cifer might be eligible for a multi-million dollar grant does not constitute a reasonable estimation of the amount of government funds Nelson intended to divert using his letter of support. See Hebron, 684 F.3d at 563. The letter itself did not identify a requested grant amount, nor did it
There is insufficient evidence to adequately differentiate between legitimate funding Cifer could have received from the EPA, and any benefits that Nelson intended to stem from this false statement in his letter that he had met with other mayors regarding Cifer and similar projects. A defendant‘s false statement in seeking government benefits is insufficient to render him accountable for all benefits received or intended to be received. See, e.g., United States v. Parsons, 109 F.3d 1002, 1005 (4th Cir.1997) (Just as in [a previous case] where the FDA‘s approval was not automatically revoked on the basis of a false statement, here an entire travel reimbursement claim was not automatically forfeited because it was partially fraudulent.).
Where a defendant has defraud[ed] the government to such an extent that an accurate loss calculation is not possible, we have held that the burden shifts to the defendant to identify which benefits are legitimate. Hebron, 684 F.3d at 563 (noting that if the defendant fails to make such a showing, the district court may treat the entire claim as intended loss). Here, we cannot find such extensive and pervasive fraud, at least with regard to the EPA grant. See id. Nelson‘s activity was limited to providing a letter of support, that, as noted above, was introductory in nature and did not specify a requested grant amount.
We therefore conclude that this case, although close, is one in which the amount of loss cannot reasonably be determined, and it may therefore be more appropriate to use the gain that resulted from the offense as an alternative measure of loss.
2. Private Investor Letter
Second, Nelson challenges the valuation of the letter he wrote to private investors as $2 million in intended benefit for Cifer. The district court found by a preponderance of the evidence [that] the defendant believed the investor letter would be used to generate at least two million dollars ... if not three million dollars ... and maybe [just] as a starting point.
The guideline commentary defines the value of the benefit received or to be received as the net value of such benefit.
Nelson gave Cifer a letter expressing his official support for the Cifer project to Quorum Venture Group, which had been set up by the FBI. The original letter, drafted by undercover agents, suggested the New Roads City Council supported the contract, but Nelson edited it to state that while New Roads was committed to working towards a contract to use Cifer, it was contingent on the approval of the City Council and public input. Id. The letter concluded: Be assured that the appropriate steps will be taken to ensure that the city makes a good faith effort to reach a final agreement with [Cifer] that is both fair and reasonable. Id. Nelson told the FBI after the investigation had ended that the letter was to be used to obtain two to three million dollars in private investment money for the Cifer 5000.
As with the EPA letter, while Nelson may have expected the letter to contribute to Cifer‘s ability to obtain private investments, the letter itself was not a funding application, nor did it explicitly request any funds. The record indicates that Nelson expected Cifer to use its investment funds to launch a legitimate waste receptacle cleaning business. See United States v. Sublett, 124 F.3d 693, 695 (5th Cir.1997) (where a defendant uses fraud to procure a contract but intends to provide the contracted for services, the defendant should not be characterized as causing as much loss as one who intends to totally cheat the victim, giving nothing in return.).
In overruling Nelson‘s objection to the $2 million valuation, the district court found that Nelson not only knew that there would be large profits generated as a result in part from this letter, but also that the letter was yet one step perhaps in a series of steps of activities, the ultimate goal of which would result in a large sum of money to [Nelson] personally. In making that finding, the district court referenced Nelson‘s stated concern that Cifer would walk away with millions and leave Nelson with some chump change. That statement, however, was made in connection with the kickback scheme, see infra, and not in connection with the private investor letter. As noted above, furthermore, we have held that the expectation of receiving a large or substantial amount of money is insufficiently specific to base a
Because we have concluded that a loss recalculation for the EPA letter is appropriate on remand, and because the district court‘s reasoning with regard to the private investor letter relied in part on Nelson‘s general expectation to generate a large sum of money, we deem that closer scrutiny is advisable regarding the valuation of the private investor letter.8
3. Kickback Scheme
Finally, Nelson challenges the district court‘s $250,000 valuation of his expected benefit from the kickback scheme. This valuation was based on Nelson‘s proposal to help obtain other government contracts for Cifer, in exchange for 10% of Cifer‘s profits from the resulting contracts. Myles and Nelson agreed that if Nelson helped Cifer obtain a $10-million contract resulting in $2.5 million in profit for Cifer, Nelson would retain $250,000. Nelson argues that basing the calculation on a hypothetical contract is overly speculative because Myles could have picked any amount for the hypothetical contract.
We conclude, however, that the record supports the district court‘s determination that Nelson expected to receive at least $250,000 for his role in the kickback scheme. Nelson stated that his money goal for the project was to stack a few mill. He told Myles, in discussing the scheme, that he did not want Cifer to be bought out, walk away with $300 million and leave [Nelson] with some chump change. Although the $250,000 figure was mentioned as part of a hypothetical scenario, as the application notes to the sentencing guidelines caution, a sentencing court need only make a reasonable esti-
CONCLUSION
For the above reasons, we AFFIRM Nelson‘s conviction, VACATE his sentence, and REMAND for resentencing consistent with this opinion.