United States v. Stone

575 F.3d 83 | 1st Cir. | 2009

575 F.3d 83 (2009)

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,
v.
Adam A. STONE, Defendant, Appellant.

No. 08-1459.

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

Heard May 6, 2009. Decided August 5, 2009.

Charles W. Rankin, with whom Jonathan Harwell, Kerry Haberlin, and Rankin & Sultan, were on brief for appellant.

Mysti Dawn Degani, Criminal Division, Appellate Section, with whom Paula D. Silsby, United States Attorney, and F. Todd Lowell, Assistant United States Attorney, were on brief for appellee.

Before TORRUELLA, and SELYA, Circuit Judges, and TASHIMA,^[*] Senior Circuit Judge.

TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge.

Adam A. Stone appeals his sentence of 17.5 years in federal prison on one count of knowingly transporting and shipping child pornography in interstate or foreign commerce, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(1) and 2256(8)(A). After careful review of the record, we affirm.

I. Background

We draw the facts from the presentence investigation report ("PSR"), the evidence presented in anticipation of the sentencing hearing, and the transcript of the sentencing hearing. United States v. Torres-Velázquez, 480 F.3d 100, 102 (1st Cir.2007); United States v. Santos, 357 F.3d 136, 138 (1st Cir.2004).

Illinois police created a Yahoo! internet account in the name of "brownhairedgirl_1." The publicly available profile stated that "brownhairedgirl_1" was a fifteen year-old girl. On February 10, 2005, Stone, acting under the username "adamstone 78," contacted "brownhairedgirl_1" and asked if she had any "girl pics" to share. The police detective sent Stone a picture of a fully clothed girl. Stone asked "brownhairedgirl_1" if she had ever seen a man naked, as well as if she had ever masturbated or watched a man do so.

On February 16, 2005, Stone contacted "brownhairedgirl_1" again and asked her if she had "any pics of other girls." Stone asked "brownhairedgirl_1" to view his photo album, which contained 241 images, including dozens of images that the police detective believed were minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct.

The next day, Stone contacted "brownhairedgirl_1" again. He asked her about her sexual history, bra size, and for more pictures of herself. Stone also transmitted a web camera picture of himself, which the police detective used in confirming Stone's identity.

On March 4, 2005, during another conversation, Stone provided a link to an online photo album. The album contained dozens of images of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct.

After several other shorter communications from Stone, on April 1, 2005, Stone sent "brownhairedgirl_1" a message stating, "I added 2 albums between yesterday and today, check em out." The detective viewed the two new albums, which included many images of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct.

On April 29, 2005, Stone again contacted "brownhairedgirl_1" and offered to masturbate in front of his web camera. The detective then observed Stone masturbating.

After federal officers executed a search warrant at Stone's residence in June 2005, Stone admitted that he had downloaded child pornography from the Internet and had shared that pornography in online photo albums. His computer was seized, and it was found to contain many images, including images of children under twelve and images involving sadistic and masochistic conduct.

More than two years later, on January 9, 2008, the government filed a one-count information charging Stone with violating 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(1) and 2256(8)(A).^[2] That same day, Stone waived the indictment and pled guilty to the information.

A PSR was prepared. It recommended a base offense level of 22. The PSR recommended applying a two-level enhancement because the material involved a prepubescent minor, see U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(2); a five-level enhancement because Stone distributed the material to someone he believed to be a minor, see id. § 2G2.2(b)(3)(C);^[3] a four-level enhancement because the material included images of sadistic or masochistic conduct, see id. § 2G2.2(b)(4); a two-level enhancement because the offense involved the use of a computer, see id. § 2G2.2(b)(6); and a five-level enhancement because the offense involved more than 600 images, see id. § 2G2.2(b)(7)(D).^[4] Crediting Stone with a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, the PSR computed Stone's total offense level at 37. Given Stone's criminal history category of I, the advisory guidelines range was 210 to 240 months of imprisonment.^[5]

Stone did not object to these computations, but asked the district court to impose a below-guidelines sentence. First, Stone challenged the guideline range itself as unreasonable by arguing that the current version of U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2, which governed his offense, was shaped in part by congressional directives to the Sentencing Commission. Stone asserted that U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 is flawed because this congressional input preempted the Commission's ability "to do the job for which it was created." He challenged, categorically, the rationale for the computer enhancement. He also noted that his guideline range exceeded that for second degree murder, and observed that it was not reasonable to sentence first-time offenders at a level near the statutory maximum.

Second, Stone argued that a guideline sentence was unreasonably harsh in his case. He argued that he downloaded pornography indiscriminately, had only a few sadistic or masochistic images, and did not seek them out. He noted that he had not physically harmed anyone, and was not shown to have distributed to any actual minors. Stone argued that in the two and a half years between his arrest and sentencing, he had sought employment, maintained a relationship with his fiancee, and renounced his prior actions. Stone argued that he posed no risk to anyone.

The government admitted that the guideline range was "extremely harsh," but argued that a sentence at the low end of the guideline range would be appropriate, considering the facts that led to the enhancements.

The district court adopted the PSR's calculations. Early in the hearing, the district court recognized it could impose a non-guideline sentence when it said it had "to determine whether to sentence [Stone] within the guidelines or outside the guidelines." The district court later considered Stone's challenge to the guidelines themselves:

But the defendant's argument that the guidelines—that because the guidelines are a direct response to congressional mandates that somehow that diminishes their impact is not an argument that the court can accept. In many ways, the fact that the guidelines are a direct reflection of a congressional expression of popular will is an argument in favor, not against the imposition of a guideline sentence. Congress is, after all, the elected representatives of the people of this country, and they—it has made policy choices about this type of crime, and those choices are reflected in the guideline range. It is not this court's constitutional role to second-guess congressional policy decisions simply because they're expressed in the guidelines, and it is this court's constitutional role to express the will of the people of this country as expressed by Congress. On this crime, the will of the people is, I must say, exceedingly clear.

Although the court recognized that "an argument can be made that Congress has been particularly punitive," it concluded that Stone's actions warranted severe punishment since he contributed to the market for child pornography and because of his conduct with "brownhairedgirl_1." The court then proceeded to discuss the guidelines further:

I want to be clear. I'm not suggesting that I feel I am bound by the guidelines. I have the authority under Booker and under Jiménez-Beltre to go outside the guidelines. But in doing so, I am required to consider the guidelines themselves, the policies underlying the guidelines, and the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities, and the policies themselves, as reflected by congressional directives, seem especially clear here.

The district court then analyzed the case, starting with the offender. It noted Stone's lack of criminal history, intact family background, and the absence of any substance abuse problem. It commented that "there's nothing in this defendant's history or background that would predict he would be standing in front of this court facing a prison term of over 17 years." The court later also noted Stone's rehabilitative efforts.

The court turned to the offense. The court found Stone possessed a "staggering" volume of child pornography. The court noted exemplars of the child pornography that Stone possessed:

The two exemplars that were attached to the prosecution version, which the defendant admitted to, are abhorrent. There's one in particular that shows a very young girl, maybe 5 years old or so, engaged in sex with an adult male. The picture depicts her placing her hands over her eyes as if to block out what was happening to her. The digital image is simply haunting, and that image calls force—forth in any adult an overwhelming need to protect that little girl. She is young, and she's defenseless, and the adults who should be protecting her are violating her. So the court has considered the need to protect victims like that young girl in imposing a sentence today.

The district court also found that Stone encouraged the distribution of child pornography through his online sharing of albums, and found "disturbing" Stone's conduct with "brownhairedgirl_1." The court had earlier described this conduct as "abuse" that endangered a minor.

The court weighed the factors:

This combination of circumstances requires, in the court's view, a long term in prison. The factors include the age of the victims, the volume of the images, the defendant's sharing of the images with others, the defendant's sexual chat with a person he believed was 15 years old, and finally, the defendant's engaging in actual sexual activity and transmitting that activity to a person he believed was 15.

With all these factors that militate in favor of a severe punishment, the court also notes there's no allegation the defendant actually sexually abused any minor. He has no history of sexual abuse. His inappropriate conduct was wholly Internet-based.

The court expressed its hope that a better way could be found to deal with similar crimes in the future, but that "for right now, the congressional directive is very, very clear, as are the guidelines, and if you've done what you have done, the guidelines advise a very, very harsh sentence." "[W]ith some reservations," the court imposed a sentence at the bottom of the guideline range, 210 months.

Stone filed a timely notice of appeal.

II. Discussion

"We review the substantive reasonableness of a sentence for abuse of discretion, but we first consider whether the court below committed a `significant procedural error, such as ... treating the Guidelines as mandatory.'" United States v. DeCologero, 530 F.3d 36, 70 (1st Cir. 2008) (quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 128 S.Ct. 586, 597, 169 L.Ed.2d 445 (2007)). Accordingly, we will first address Stone's argument that the district court did not properly understand its sentencing discretion under Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85, 128 S.Ct. 558, 169 L.Ed.2d 481 (2007). Then we will consider whether the sentence the district court imposed was unreasonable.

A. Kimbrough Sentencing Discretion

1. Reviewing Kimbrough error

We review for abuse of discretion, and "procedural errors amounting to an abuse of discretion might include `failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence.'" United States v. Innarelli, 524 F.3d 286, 292 (1st Cir.2008) (quoting United States v. Politano, 522 F.3d 69, 72 (1st Cir.2008)).

Kimbrough "makes manifest that sentencing courts possess sufficient discretion under section 3553(a) to consider requests for variant sentences premised on disagreements with the manner in which the sentencing guidelines operate." United States v. Rodríguez, 527 F.3d 221, 231 (1st Cir.2008) (reversing, in light of Kimbrough, our prior precedent forbidding district courts from constructing variant sentences to take account of disparities attributable to the fast-track program). As the Supreme Court has emphasized, the point of Kimbrough is to recognize "district courts' authority to vary from the crack cocaine Guidelines based on policy disagreement with them, and not simply based on an individualized determination that they yield an excessive sentence in a particular case." Spears v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 840, 843, 172 L.Ed.2d 596 (2009). And our precedent has interpreted Kimbrough as supplying this power even where a guideline provision is a direct reflection of a congressional directive. Rodríguez, 527 F.3d at 230 (rejecting the government's arguments that district courts were forbidden from disagreeing with the disparity attributable to fast track programs since Congress had specifically approved such programs, and concluding that "Kimbrough had opened the door for sentencing courts to deviate from the guidelines in individual cases notwithstanding Congress's competing policy pronouncements").^[6]

Thus, after Kimbrough, a district court makes a procedural error when it fails to recognize its discretion to vary from the guideline range based on a categorical policy disagreement with a guideline. United States v. Gibbons, 553 F.3d 40, 46 (1st Cir.2009); United States v. Boardman, 528 F.3d 86, 87 (1st Cir.2008) (using Kimbrough to vacate and remand a sentence where a district court concluded it was bound by certain career offender guidelines); Rodríguez, 527 F.3d at 231. We have interpreted Kimbrough as giving district courts discretion to disagree with many guidelines, not just the crack cocaine guidelines at issue in Kimbrough. United States v. Vanvliet, 542 F.3d 259, 271 (1st Cir.2008) (remanding where a district court refused to impose a variant sentence based on its policy disagreement with a sentencing enhancement relating to the use of a computer); Boardman, 528 F.3d at 87; Rodríguez, 527 F.3d at 231.

2. Stone's Kimbrough argument

Stone argues that the district court erred in failing to recognize its discretion to disagree with the guidelines covering child pornography crimes, particularly the high base offense level, the computer enhancement, and the high overall offense level resulting from the combined imposition of the various enhancements. In particular, Stone argues that Kimbrough indicated that one ground for a district court to disagree with a guideline provision would be that the guideline was based on something other than the Sentencing Commission's ordinary empirical approach. See Kimbrough, 128 S.Ct. at 574-75.

Stone makes a detailed historical argument, explaining that the child pornography guidelines are based on congressional directives, and not on the Commission's empirical approach. He notes that since U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 was adopted on April 13, 1987, the base offense level has increased from thirteen to twenty-two and the enhancements applicable to a defendant in Stone's position from two to eighteen.^[7] Stone also notes that a number of district courts have exercised their Kimbrough discretion to give the child pornography guideline range less deference.^[8]

3. Appraising the district court's actions

The government does not challenge Stone's argument that a sentencing judge has the discretion to reject the child pornography guidelines on this basis. Rather, the government argues that the district court understood its discretion and simply was not persuaded to use its Kimbrough power in this case. And, as is clear, the district court's broad discretion obviously includes the power to agree with the guidelines. Gibbons, 553 F.3d at 46 (quoting United States v. Díaz-Fontánez, 317 Fed.Appx. 9, 11 (1st Cir.2008) (unpublished)).

Thus, the issue for us to resolve is simply whether the district court failed to appreciate its Kimbrough discretion or whether it understood but declined to use it. Stone argues that the district court explicitly held that it lacked the discretion to disagree with the applicable guidelines. Stone points to the sentencing hearing where the court said that Stone's argument "is not an argument that the court can accept" and that it was "not this court's constitutional role to second-guess congressional policy decisions simply because they're expressed in the guidelines, and it is this court's constitutional role to express the will of the people of this country as expressed by Congress."

The government counters that the district court explicitly and repeatedly recognized that it was not bound by the guidelines. The government characterizes the above two comments as substantive rejections of Stone's request to afford less deference to the guidelines since they were based on congressional policy. As to the first comment, the government argues that the sentencing court used the phrase "I cannot accept that" to mean "I reject that." And the government notes another case where we have recognized this exact verbal distinction. See DeCologero, 530 F.3d at 70 (considering "the sentencing record as a whole" to conclude that when the court said it "cannot give credit" for a prior sentence, it nonetheless "recognized its discretion" but simply indicated its decision not to take the prior sentence into account). The government explains away the second comment by reasoning that the sentencing court was not saying that it was required to follow congressional will, but only that it found persuasive the argument that it should follow such policy. In sum, the government argues that the sentencing judge made a permissible determination that he would value guidelines which reflected the will of the people, acting through Congress.

This is a closer case than others where we have been called upon to examine alleged Kimbrough error. The district court did not explicitly acknowledge its Kimbrough power. On the other hand, the district court never lamented its lack of discretion to categorically disagree with the guidelines. In the cases Stone relies upon, where we have remanded for resentencing in light of Kimbrough error, the sentencing court clearly expressed a belief that it lacked discretion. Vanvliet, 542 F.3d at 264, 271 (vacating where the district court expressed a disagreement with an enhancement and expressed its belief it could not disagree with its application); Boardman, 528 F.3d at 87 (vacating where a district court followed a guideline, as interpreted by this court, though it disagreed with it, since the district court did not, before Kimbrough, believe it had the power to disagree); Rodríguez, 527 F.3d at 224 (vacating where the district court said it "had no authority to `disregard the advisory guideline sentencing range on this ground'"); see also United States v. Rivera, 311 Fed.Appx. 371, 372 (1st Cir. 2009) (per curiam) (unpublished) (vacating where the district judge repeatedly criticized the sentence as too long but nonetheless imposed it because, before Kimbrough, it "believed that it could not vary below the already reduced guideline range without creating an unwarranted sentencing disparity").

In the absence of a clear statement showing Kimbrough error, we must review the "record as a whole" to assess the district court's sentencing process. See DeCologero, 530 F.3d at 70. This review yields several conclusions. First, at the district court, Stone squarely made his argument that the guidelines were bad policy. The district court's response was not to reject the argument out of hand, but rather to engage it. The district court considered the severity of the crime, the harshness of the sentence, and the benefit of guidelines that reflected democratic will. It was in discussing these concerns that the court said that Stone's argument was not one it "can accept." This context indicates that the court fully considered the argument and decided not to accept it.^[9] Thus, on the whole, the following facts all suggest the absence of Kimbrough error: at the time of the sentencing Kimbrough had been on the books for four months;^[10] a Kimbrough argument was clearly made; the district court did not indicate that it believed it lacked discretion; but rather, it analyzed the argument.

Second, the district court clearly understood that it could impose a variant sentence under the advisory guidelines. Of course, it did not specifically state that it could vary based on a categorical disagreement with the guidelines. And it is true that a district court's understanding that the guidelines are advisory does not necessarily demonstrate that the court understood its Kimbrough discretion. Boardman, 528 F.3d at 87 (rejecting the government's argument that the district court's variant sentence, under United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), could be affirmed against a charge of Kimbrough error, reasoning "the question is discretion to deviate on what grounds, and we think the district court (without the benefit of Kimbrough's clarification) underestimated what it was entitled to do" (emphasis in original)).

Nonetheless, both the district court's recognition of its power to impose a variant sentence and its rejection of the proposed ground for such a variance are relevant. Though the district court knew it could vary from the guidelines, it saw no reason to do so as it ultimately concluded that the harsh sentence fit the severe crime. See, e.g., United States v. Saunders, 553 F.3d 81, 84 n. 1 (1st Cir.2009) (rejecting a Kimbrough argument based on "a fair reading of the sentencing transcript" where "it [was] evident from the judge's overall comments that he was aware of his ability to fashion a sentence that differed from the guideline range, and that, in his view, it was not appropriate to deviate from the guidelines in this case given the extent of the marijuana distribution operation"); United States v. Olivero, 552 F.3d 34, 42 (1st Cir.2009) (finding no Kimbrough error where the court "concluded there was no reason to depart from the Guidelines"). To be sure, Kimbrough authorizes categorical disagreements, but it also contemplates judges making these policy disagreements tied to the facts of a specific case. 128 S.Ct. at 564.

Here, the district court's decision not to vary in light of its recognition that the guidelines were advisory makes it apparent that the district court did not believe that a guideline sentence was excessive as applied to Stone. Rather, the court felt that the "combination of circumstances requires, in the court's view, a long term in prison." So, the record shows the district court was not struggling against the guidelines in a way that it very likely would have if it had believed it could not categorically depart, regardless of whether the guidelines' application was too harsh. This conclusion is consistent with, and therefore bolsters our conclusion that the sentencing court simply did not accept Stone's argument that it should disagree with the guidelines.

This leads to a third point. Stone argues that if we affirm we must stretch to interpret the district court's statement that it is "not this court's constitutional role to second-guess congressional policy decisions simply because they're expressed in the guidelines" as saying "though it is this court's role to second-guess such policy decisions, I chose not to." But the matter is more nuanced. As we have noted above, a district court is free to agree with the guidelines (or, at least, some particular guideline). Part of this freedom must be a freedom to agree with the guidelines because the sentencing court believes that the guidelines express some societal wisdom beyond what an entirely unrestricted sentencing judge might possess. Thus, part of the sentencing court's broad discretion must be the discretion to conclude that guidelines are convincing for various reasons, including that they reflect popular will.

Stone argues that this conclusion is inconsistent with Kimbrough, which recognized the fact that the crack cocaine guidelines were based on congressional policy, rather than empirical study by the Commission, as one ground permitting a variant sentence. But the converse of this proposition is not true. Even though a guideline is affected by congressional adjustment, a sentencing court may rely on it. See Gibbons, 553 F.3d at 46. We see no reason why it would be somehow invalid for a district court, in its broad sentencing discretion, to conclude that its reason for rejecting a Kimbrough variance is that it values congressional input. If these results seem inconsistent, it is only because a sentencing court's discretion is so broad. After Kimbrough, the law allows one judge to find that congressional input makes a sentence less empirical, and so less appropriate, while another judge may reasonably find such input makes the sentence more reflective of democratic judgments of culpability, and so more reasonable. Kimbrough itself specifically acknowledged the disparity the broad discretion it confers would create. See Rivera, 311 Fed.Appx. at 372 ("In particular, the Kimbrough Court expressly recognized that its holding might create sentencing disparity between similarly situated defendants, depending on individual judges' differing policy views, but characterized any such disparity as `a necessary cost of the remedy....'" (quoting Kimbrough, 128 S.Ct. at 574)).^[11]

We conclude that the district court's statements here are best understood as expressing the view that it continues to value congressional policy statements in sentencing. For example, when making the statements that Stone highlights, the court also said, "In many ways, the fact that the guidelines are a direct reflection of a congressional expression of popular will is an argument in favor, not against the imposition of a guideline sentence." The court continued by observing that Congress had made policy choices, reflected in the guidelines, about this type of crime. These additional remarks show that the court was expressing its decision to agree with Congress, not any belief that it was required to defer to Congress. Specifically, the court's use of the phrase "argument in favor" shows that it was open to considering categorical arguments for and against applying the guidelines. In sum, the district court certainly saw the guideline sentence as harsh, even "punitive." But the court also observed that the offense was severe. Though the district court knew it could impose a variant sentence, it decided not to do so. Rather than conclude that the guidelines were too "punitive," the district court believed that there was value in deferring to Congress's calibration of severe penalty for serious offense. And, as we have explained, this is a determination it could make under its broad discretion.

In conclusion, though Stone can point to some quotes which appear to support his position, a review of the entire record has convinced us otherwise. The sentencing court considered Stone's Kimbrough argument, did not explicitly doubt its own Kimbrough power, was not offended by the harsh sentence, but rather expressed a preference for using guidelines based on congressional policy choices in the context of evaluating the level of culpability equating a serious crime with a severe punishment. Thus, there was no procedural error.

B. Substantive Reasonableness

We turn to Stone's challenge to the substantive reasonableness of his sentence.

1. Standard of review

The Supreme Court has given guidance on how a district court should arrive at a sentence: the court must compute the guidelines, which are the "starting point and the initial benchmark," but which may not be presumed reasonable. Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 596-97. Then, the court considers the parties' arguments, after which it makes an "individualized assessment based on the facts presented," considering all of the factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Id. at 597. The court must explain the sentence, and any "major departure should be supported by a more significant justification than a minor one." Id.

In reviewing this ultimate determination, "we examine the district court's contemporaneous oral explanation of the sentence, its near-contemporaneous written statement of reasons, and what fairly can be gleaned by comparing what was argued by the parties or proffered in the PSI Report with what the sentencing court ultimately did." United States v. Martin, 520 F.3d 87, 92-93 (1st Cir.2008) (citations omitted). We "review the substantive reasonableness of the sentence, taking into account the totality of the circumstances." Id. at 92. "On abuse-of-discretion review, the Court of Appeals [should give] due deference to the District Court's reasoned and reasonable decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on the whole, justified the sentence." Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 602. "[I]t is not a basis for reversal that we, if sitting as a court of first instance, would have sentenced the defendant differently." Martin, 520 F.3d at 92 (rejecting a government argument that a below-guideline sentence was unreasonable). This deference reflects the district court's "superior coign of vantage, greater familiarity with the individual case, the opportunity to see and hear the principals and the testimony at first hand, and the cumulative experience garnered through the sheer number of district court sentencing proceedings that take place day by day." Id. There are "a range of reasonable sentences," and we may not vacate unless the sentence falls outside that range. Id. Thus, sentencing is a "judgment call" "`based on a complex of factors whose interplay and precise weight cannot even be precisely described.'" Id. (quoting United States v. Vega-Santiago, 519 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir.2008) (en banc)). The "linchpin" of our review of that judgment call is a "plausible sentencing rationale and a defensible result." Id. at 96.

This substantive reasonableness review also applies to within-guidelines sentences. United States v. Van Anh, 523 F.3d 43, 59 (1st Cir.2008); see also Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 591 ("[W]hile the extent of the difference between a particular sentence and the recommended Guidelines range is surely relevant, courts of appeals must review all sentences—whether inside, just outside, or significantly outside the Guidelines range—under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard."). In this circuit, a within-guidelines sentence is not presumed to be reasonable, yet "`a defendant who attempts to brand a within-the-range sentence as unreasonable must carry a heavy burden.'" Van Anh, 523 F.3d at 59 (quoting United States v. Pelletier, 469 F.3d 194, 204 (1st Cir.2006)). In specifying this burden, we have said that a defendant challenging a within-guideline sentence must "`adduce fairly powerful mitigating reasons and persuade us that the district judge was unreasonable in balancing pros and cons despite the latitude implicit in saying that a sentence must be reasonable.'" United States v. Beatty, 538 F.3d 8, 17 (1st Cir.2008) (quoting United States v. Navedo-Concepción, 450 F.3d 54, 59 (1st Cir.2006)).

2. Discussion

Here, we see a "plausible rationale" and a "defensible result." We start with the rationale. Our review of the sentencing transcript reveals that the district court considered the advisory guidelines, weighed the relevant factors, and explained why it thought a harsh sentence was appropriate. First, as is proper, the court computed the guideline range and heard Stone's argument on how to value the guidelines' advice. The court discussed Stone's background and noted that it revealed no explanation for his conduct. The court acknowledged Stone's post-offense efforts. The court also considered the circumstances of the crime, observing that it was troubled by Stone's conduct with "brownhairedgirl_1." Though it recognized there was no allegation of actual abuse of a minor, it saw Stone's actions towards "brownhairedgirl_1" as abusive. Stone's maintenance of online albums further "encouraged the distribution of child pornography to others." The court especially noted one exemplar of a "very young girl" was "simply haunting" and called forth an "overwhelming need to protect" the victim. Considering that need, and that Stone's actions encouraged distribution, the district court concluded that a long term was necessary. The court recognized that the enhancements led to a guideline range that was a "very, very severe punishment." Again noting the "congressional directive," the court, "with some reservations," decided to impose a sentence at the bottom end of the guideline range.

As discussed above, the record thus reveals that the district court fully acknowledged the harshness of the sentence. Yet, Stone's conduct with "brownhairedgirl_1" and the nature and volume of his collection of pornography caused the district court to conclude that the guideline punishment reasonably fit the crime. It does appear that the district court drew some degree of comfort in this finding by placing value in the fact that Congress had also deemed Stone's crime serious. But, as we have explained above, a district court may look to such sources to help inform its weighing of crime and punishment. The district court also considered and was unmoved by possible mitigating factors. Cf. United States v. Olhovsky, 562 F.3d 530, 550 (3d Cir.2009) (finding a below guideline sentence for child pornography to be unreasonably high, considering that the district court did not adequately consider mitigating factors and "was so offended by the nature of Olhovsky's conduct that it sentenced the offense at the expense of determining an appropriate sentence for the offender"). Thus, the district court here reasonably found that the guideline punishment was appropriate for the grave offense.

Though there can be no question that the result is stern, it is defensible. Stone's high guideline range resulted from the many enhancements applied. Each of these enhancements captured an independent aspect of the wrongfulness of Stone's actions. First, the material he possessed involved victims who were particularly young. Second, he distributed the material to someone he believed to be a minor. Third, the material he possessed contained sadistic images that the sentencing court could reasonably find to be more dangerous to society because of the suffering caused by their production. Fourth, he possessed a large volume of images. And finally, he used a computer. Though Stone challenges the fairness of this computer enhancement, we have explained that the district court has discretion to follow the guidelines. Were we to find the computer enhancement unreasonable on these facts, we would essentially be holding that district courts must always reject that enhancement. This we will not do. Thus, in this case, the sentencing enhancements fairly captured different dimensions of Stone's conduct. And, beyond the facts underlying the enhancements, Stone's conduct was not limited to simple distribution, but rather entailed probing sexual questions and a lewd performance for someone he believed to be a minor. The combination of harms caused by Stone's conduct, as measured along these many dimensions, could reasonably lead a sentencing judge to find a need to impose a 17.5 year sentence.

Stone's attack on this result fails to rise to the level of "fairly powerful mitigating reasons" showing unreasonableness. First, Stone argues that the district court gave undue weight to the guidelines. See, e.g., United States v. Schmitt, 495 F.3d 860, 865 (7th Cir.2007) (vacating a sentence where a district court felt a "guideline range deserved more weight in the calculus because [a defendant's] crime involved child pornography," but recognizing that there is "a difference between weighing the seriousness of a particular offense more heavily under § 3553(a), and feeling compelled to impose a guideline sentence for a particular class of crimes"). Our discussion of the district court's rationale dispatches this argument. The district court never indicated that it felt compelled to impose a guideline sentence. Rather, as we explained above, the district court evaluated the relevant factors and decided to agree with the guidelines, after having recognized that it had an obligation "to determine whether to sentence [Stone] within the guidelines or outside the guidelines."

Second, Stone again attacks the guidelines as unreasonable. Stone observes that he is a first-time offender who fully accepted responsibility, but received a guideline range that would have exceeded the statutory maximum. He notes that his guideline range exceeds that for a child rapist or a second degree murderer. See U.S.S.G. § 2A3.1 (specifying a base offense level of 38 for criminal sexual abuse); id. § 2A1.2 (specifying a base offense level of 38 for second degree murder). We reject this argument. First, those offenses are also subject to enhancements, which could increase the total offense level beyond that applicable to Stone. See id. § 2A3.1(b); id. § 3A1.1-3A1.4. Second, for the reasons explained above, the district court could find Stone's conduct serious and warranting severe punishment. Using its discretion to look to guidance provided by Congress through the guidelines, the court could reasonably conclude that Stone's actions represent a wrong of comparable magnitude to those charged with physical sexual abuse.

Stone also argues that his guideline range, which originally exceeded the statutory maximum, is unreasonably high as it will deter pleas and leave no room for punishing more serious offenders. Cf. United States v. Ofray-Campos, 534 F.3d 1, 44 (1st Cir.2008) ("By imposing the maximum sentence on López-Soto, the district court left us little room to distinguish between him and more culpable narcotics conspirators who occupy the role of enforcer within a drug ring." (internal quotation marks omitted)). But, certain repeat child pornography offenders are subject to even higher statutory minimums and maximums, 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(b)(1), and the district court could find that Stone's aggravating conduct, especially with "brownhairedgirl_1," made him more culpable than many other first-time offenders.

So, we conclude that Stone's sentence is based on a plausible rationale and represents a defensible result. Stone has not met his "heavy burden" in showing the sentence was outside the range of what is reasonable. Put another way, we are not left "with a definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a clear error of judgment." United States v. Autery, 555 F.3d 864, 879 (9th Cir.2009) (Tashima, J., dissenting) (internal quotation marks omitted).

III. Conclusion

For the reasons stated, Stone's sentence is affirmed.

We add a coda. Sentencing is primarily the prerogative of the district court, and the sentence imposed in this case is within permissible limits. There is no error of law and no abuse of discretion. That said—and mindful that we have faithfully applied the applicable standards of review—we wish to express our view that the sentencing guidelines at issue are in our judgment harsher than necessary. As described in the body of this opinion, first-offender sentences of this duration are usually reserved for crimes of violence and the like. Were we collectively sitting as the district court, we would have used our Kimbrough power to impose a somewhat lower sentence.

Affirmed.

NOTES

[*] Of the Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation.

[2] Section 2252A(a)(1) imposes criminal liability on any person who "knowingly mails, or transports or ships using any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce or in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce by any means, including by computer, any child pornography." Section 2256 defines terms and provides, in part, that child pornography is "any visual depiction, including any photograph, film, video, picture, or computer or computer-generated image or picture, whether made or produced by electronic, mechanical, or other means, of sexually explicit conduct, where ... the production of such visual depiction involves the use of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct."

[3] This enhancement applies to distribution to a "minor," but the application notes define "minor" to include a law enforcement officer posing as a minor. U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 cmt. n. 1.

[4] For purposes of this enhancement, each video is counted as 75 images. U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 cmt. n. 4 (defining "the number of images").

[5] The guidelines called for a range of 210 to 262 months of imprisonment. However, the statutory maximum sentence is 20 years of imprisonment, 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(b)(1), reducing the guidelines range to 210 to 240 months.

[6] But see United States v. González-Zotelo, 556 F.3d 736, 741 (9th Cir.2009) (criticizing Rodríguez and concluding "[w]hile Kimbrough permits a district court to consider its policy disagreements with the Guidelines, it does not authorize a district judge to take into account his disagreements with congressional policy").

[7] Compare U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 (1987) with U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 (2008); see also Crime Control Act of 1990, Pub.L. No. 101-647, §§ 321-23, 101 Stat. 4789, 4817-18 (1990) (criminalizing the possession of child pornography and directing the Sentencing Commission to increase penalties if it deemed it appropriate); Treasury, Postal Service and General Government Appropriations Act of 1992, Pub.L. No. 102-141, § 632, 105 Stat. 834, 876 (1991) (enacting, apparently over Commission objection, a bill requiring the Commission to increase the base offense level to "not less than 15" and to provide at least a 5 level enhancement for "sexual abuse or exploitation of a minor"); Sex Crimes Against Children Prevention Act of 1995, Pub.L. No. 104-71, §§ 2-3, 109 Stat. 774, 774 (1995) (increasing the base offense level and creating a two-level enhancement for the use of a computer); Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act of 1998, Pub.L. No. 105-314, §§ 501-07, 112 Stat. 2974, 2980-82 (1998) (directing the Commission to adopt various enhancements); Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003 (PROTECT Act), Pub.L. No. 108-21, §§ 103, 401, 117 Stat. 650, 652-53, 667-76 (2003) (adopting a five-year mandatory minimum and a twenty-year statutory maximum sentence and directing the Commission to add additional enhancements based on the number of images distributed or possessed and to expand the sadistic and masochistic conduct enhancement); U.S.S.G. app. C., amend. 664 (raising the relevant base offense level from 17 to 22 and explicitly explaining that the increase was to calibrate with the new mandatory minimum).

[8] See, e.g., United States v. Johnson, 588 F.Supp.2d 997 (S.D.Iowa 2008); United States v. Noxon, No. 07-40152-01-RDR, 2008 WL 4758583 (D.Kan. Oct.28, 2008) (unpublished); United States v. Grinbergs, No. 8:05CR232, 2008 WL 4191145 (D.Neb. Sept.8, 2008) (unpublished); United States v. Hanson, 561 F.Supp.2d 1004 (E.D.Wis.2008).

[9] We also agree with the government that the district court used a similar construct earlier in the sentencing hearing to indicate that it "can't accept" the defendant's suggestion that Stone might not have known that "brownhairedgirl_1" was 15. While inferential reasoning based on a judge's speaking patterns are not the strongest support for affirming a sentence, it does reinforce our conclusion in this case.

[10] And we note that this very district court judge had, less than two months before Stone's hearing, handed down a decision invoking its Kimbrough power. United States v. Horta, 534 F.Supp.2d 164, 166-68 (D.Me. 2008) (finding a "counterintuitive jump" in the drug equivalency tables, and using Kimbrough power to vary from the resulting guideline range out of a belief that doing so was more consistent with the underlying statute).

[11] For this reason, Stone gets no ultimate assistance from the decisions of other district courts that adopted arguments like the one Stone advances.