30 F.R.D. 53 | S.D.N.Y. | 1962
MOTION BY DEFENDANT BIRNBAUM TO DISMISS COUNT 1, THE CONSPIRACY COUNT
The conspiracy count is not limited to a charge that the defendants Simon and Birnbaum conspired to violate the bribery statute, 18 U.S.C. §§ 201, 202; it also charges that it was part of the conspiracy that the defendant Simon, an Internal Revenue officer, under color of his official duties, would corruptly examine certain tax returns, in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7214. The latter offense does not require concert of action; it can be committed unilaterally by a revenue officer. Accordingly, United States v. Sager, 49 F.2d 725 (2d Cir. 1931), relied upon by the defendant, is inapplicable and the indictment as pleaded is saved from dismissal.
The motion is denied.
MOTIONS BY THE DEFENDANTS FOR BILLS OF PARTICULARS
Each defendant, with respect to the conspiracy count, seeks details as to the date and place he entered into the-conspiracy; the names of all persons including, but not limited to, the named co-conspirators with whom the Government, contends he entered into the conspiracy; the manner in which he participated in the formation of the conspiracy; the-source of the bribes given to the defendant Simon; whether others than the-individual named in overt act 2 actually gave money, gifts or gratuities to the-defendant Simon; and the dates, places and descriptions of such payments or gifts. These and other particulars requested by the defendants go far beyond' that to which they are entitled. They suggest that a conspiracy is a matter of formal or written agreement with a definition of the terms of the conspiracy and' a specification of the means whereby it. is to be carried out.
As is well known, the existence of a conspiracy and a defendant’s participation therein is usually established by circumstantial evidence based upon independent proof of each alleged co-conspirator’s acts, conduct and statements- and the totality of conduct of all the participants and the reasonable inferences to-be drawn therefrom. Particulars as to
Defendant Birnbaum also seeks ■details as to whether it is claimed he was present when the co-defendant allegedly committed acts in furtherance ■of the conspiracy. If the conduct of a co-conspirator was in furtherance of the ■conspiracy and committed during its existence, then it is immaterial whether other alleged co-conspirators were present.
The motions are granted only to the extent of requiring the Government to serve a bill of particulars setting forth the following:
COUNT 1:
(a) The sums the defendant Simon was authorized by law to receive and the applicable section thereof.
(b) The approximate date of overt act 1 and the substance of the conversation referred to therein.
COUNT 2:
The approximate date or dates and place or places where the defendant Simon committed the acts referred to therein.
COUNTS:
The approximate date or dates and place or places where the defendant Birnbaum committed the acts referred to therein.
COUNT 4:
The place or places where the defendant Simon committed the acts referred to therein.
MOTIONS BY THE DEFENDANTS FOR DISCOVERY AND INSPECTION
The defendants move for inspection and copying of the books and accounts, records, bank statements, can-celled checks and tax returns of McGrath Securities Corporation for the years 1953 through 1956 and similar personal records of two individuals who are named as co-conspirators but not as defendants. The defendants’ attorneys allege, upon information and belief, that the Government obtained the requested records by seizure or process. The Government opposes the motion on two grounds, each of which appears meritorious. First, it denies that the records were obtained from the third parties by seizure or process. The defendants have not shown otherwise and accordingly upon this ground the motion, insofar as it is made under Rule 16, should be denied.
Thus, the essence of the crimes charged is that a public official, the revenue agent, demanded and received a bribe in connection with the performance of his duties; that the other defendant paid the bribe to the official to corruptly influence his judgment; and that both conspired so to do. The hard core of the charges is the claimed corruption of conduct of the Internal Revenue agent and the illicit methods used to deprive the Government of his honest and impartial judgment in the performance of his duties.
Accordingly, the motions are denied.
. United States v. Center Veal & Beef Co., 162 F.2d 766, 770 (2d Cir. 1947); United States v. Zeuli, 137 F.2d 845, 846 (2d Cir. 1943); United States v. Stromberg, 22 F.R.D. 513 (S.D.N.Y.1957). Cf. May v. United States, 84 U.S.App.D.C. 233, 175 F.2d 994, 1004 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, 338 U.S. 830, 70 S.Ct. 58, 94 L.Ed. 505 (1949).
. United States v. Bonanno, 177 F.Supp. 106, 119 n. 14 (S.D.N.Y.1959) ; United States v. Lieberman, 15 F.R.D. 278, 281 (S.D.N.Y.1953); United States v. Van Wagenen-Sager, Inc., 34 F.Supp. 735 (N.D.N.Y.1940).
. See Blumenthal v. United States, 332 U. S. 539, 557, 68 S.Ct. 248, 92 L.Ed. 154 (1947).
. See Lutwak v. United States, 344 U.S. 604, 617, 73 S.Ct. 481, 97 L.Ed. 593 (1953); United States v. Gooding, 12 Wheat. 460, 469-470, 25 U.S. 460, 469-470 (1827); May v. United States, 84 U.S.App.D.C. 233, 175 F.2d 994, 1007, 1008 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, 338 U.S. 830, 70 S.Ct. 58, 94 L.Ed. 505 (1949).
. United States v. Rosenberg, 10 F.R.D. 521, 523 (S.D.N.Y.1950).
. Discovery and production of documents obtained from others by seizure or process may be had under Fed.R.Crim.Proc. Rule 16, 18 U.S.C. upon “a showing that the items sought may be material to the preparation of Ms defense * * As to the necessity which must premise a motion under Rule 17(c), see United States v. Iozia, 13 F.R.D. 335, 338 (1952).
. 18 U.S.C. §§ 201, 202.
. 26 U.S.C. § 7214.
. See United States v. Waldin, 253 F.2d 551, 553 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 356 U.S. 973, 78 S.Ct. 1136, 2 L.Ed.2d 1147 (1958).
. United States v. Witt, 215 F.2d 580 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, Talanker v. United States, 348 U.S. 887, 75 S.Ct. 207, 99 L.Ed. 697 (1954); United States v. Ganey, 187 F.2d 541 (2d Cir. 1951) (Per Curiam).
. United States v. Grunewald, 233 F.2d 556, 568 (2d Cir. 1956), rev’d on other grounds, 353 U.S. 391, 77 S.Ct. 963, 1 L.Ed.2d 931 (1957); May v. United States, 84 U.S.App.D.C. 233, 175 F.2d 994, 1006 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, 338 U.S. 830, 70 S.Ct. 58, 94 L.Ed. 505 (1949); United States v. Manton, 107 F.2d 834, 846 (2d Cir. 1938), cert. denied, 309 U.S. 664, 60 S.Ct. 590, 84 L.Ed. 1012 (1940).