Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the Court.
A special court-martial composed of officer members convicted appellant, contrary to his pleas, of one specification of wrongful use of marijuana, in violation of Article 112a, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC
This Court granted review of the following issue:
WHETHER THE MILITARY JUDGE ERRED WHEN HE DENIED APPELLANT’S REQUEST FOR A GOVERNMENT URINALYSIS EXPERT TO ASSIST IN HIS DEFENSE.
We hold that the military judge did not abuse his discretion, for the reasons set out below.
Factual Background
The charges against appellant were based on a positive urinalysis, in which appellant’s sample contained 16 nanograms per milliliter of the metabolite of marijuana, 1 nanogram over the Department of Defense cutoff for reporting samples as positive. Before trial, defense counsel submitted a request to the convening authority for the production of Dr. William Manders, a forensic toxicologist, to testify concerning passive inhalation and innocent ingestion. Trial counsel recommended that the request be denied, on the ground that a suitable substitute was available from the Naval Drug Screening Laboratory, Jacksonville, Florida.
When the court-martial convened, the convening authority had not yet acted on the request. Defense counsel renewed her request at an Article 39(a)
Defense counsel asserted at trial that the government witnesses would not testify that passive inhalation could produce marijuana metabolites at the level of 16 nanograms per milliliter. Trial counsel disputed her assertion and argued that the Government was able to produce an adequate substitute for Dr. Manders.
As the Article 39(a) session progressed, defense counsel broadened the scope of her request for assistance. She requested “the opportunity to have somebody, who is not employed by the drug lab, assess the chain of custody and procedures which were used by the drug lab.” She argued that “[i]t is unlikely that an employee of the drug lab is going to point out deficiencies or problems in the procedures used.” The military judge denied the motion to compel production of Dr. Manders as not ripe for resolution, since the convening authority had not yet acted. The court-martial then recessed on May 31, 1995.
When the court-martial reconvened on August 8, 1995, defense counsel filed a motion for expert assistance requesting “independent (i.e., unaffiliated with the Naval Drug Screening Laboratory, Jacksonville) expert assistance.” She asserted that the independent expert assistance was needed for the following purposes: “(a) to assist defense in understanding the scientific evidence (b) identifying problems with the scientific evidence and (c) preparing effective cross-examination of the government witness regarding the scientific evidence.”
In support of her expanded request, defense counsel stated the following:
The defense counsel in this case has no background in chemistry beyond basic high-school chemistry. Moreover, defense counsel does not have the knowledge of the drug-testing system used at NDSL Jax which would enable her to effectively cross-examine an expert in that area. The Standard Operating Procedure manuals are so voluminous and technical that defense counsel is unable to develop the required expertise independently.
The Government will be assisted in interpretation and presentation of its evidence by the expert scientific knowledge, opinions, and testimony of Mr. Cary Hall, an expert from NDSL Jax. The Executive Officer of NDSL Jax has already stated*372 that the command has a policy to “not allow” their personnel to “testify against each other” in courts-martial.
During argument on defense counsel’s expanded request, trial counsel conceded that appellant was entitled to expert assistance, but would not concede that he was entitled to an independent expert, unaffiliated with the Navy Drug Screening Laboratory. Trial counsel asserted that adequate assistance was available from Mr. Cary Hall, “an independent and objective expert.” When defense counsel disputed trial counsel’s assertion that Mr. Hall was “impartial,” the military judge asked her, “Did you have an opportunity to talk with Mr. Hall yourself?” She responded, “Sir, I have not talked to him, nor do I intend to.”
Before ruling on the defense request for assistance, the military judge offered the following advice:
First let me say that one of the things that I certainly would encourage the defense counsel to do in this case, or any case, when it deals with a certain area of specificity or expertise, would be to call other defense counsel who have had experience in handling cases involving the drug labs and urinalyses in the past because they can provide assistance to you in how to go about litigating these cases, and there are a number of people on active duty in the naval service that are available to assist you in preparing a defense for this kind of case.
The military judge found that Mr. Hall was available “to explain to defense counsel the meaning of the scientific reports involved in this case, to interpret and explain the standard operating procedure manuals and regulations applicable to the drug lab and the Department of the Navy drug testing.” He found further that “Mr. Hall is made equally available to both the Government and defense and will explain the urinalysis lab testing process fully and completely, without shading his testimony to favor either side in this case.” Finally, he found that “Mr. Hall will readily fully explain the urinalysis testing procedures at the Navy Drug Screening Lab, Jacksonville, Florida, including any difficulties, errors, or problems that the lab may have encountered generally or specifically with regard to the testing of the accused’s sample.”
The military judge then recited the defense burden of showing necessity and ruled that the defense had failed to meet that burden. Accordingly, he denied the motion for independent expert assistance.
The court-martial then recessed on August 8 and reconvened on August 15 for the trial on the merits. Mr. Hall testified for the prosecution regarding appellant’s positive urinalysis. Defense counsel cross-examined Mr. Hall extensively about testing methods, control procedures, the likelihood of false positives, and the chain of custody. Defense counsel elicited admissions from Mr. Hall that some Navy laboratories, including the laboratory that tested appellant’s sample, had experienced problems with testing accuracy. Defense counsel also elicited an admission that appellant’s nanogram level was consistent with unknowing ingestion.
Appellant testified in his own defense and repeatedly denied knowingly using marijuana. He testified that he did not know why the marijuana metabolite was found in his urine. He testified that he was “very positive that [he] did not use, ingest, marijuana knowingly in any shape or form.”
Discussion
RCM 703(d), Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (1998 ed.),
In United States v. Gonzalez,
First, why the expert assistance is needed. Second, what would the expert assistance accomplish for the accused. Third, why is the defense counsel unable to gather and present the evidence that the expert assistant would be able to develop.
In United States v. Kelly,
We review the military judge’s decision on a request for expert assistance for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Washington,
Applying the foregoing principles, we hold that the military judge did not abuse his discretion by denying the request for independent expert assistance. The defense offered nothing to show that appellant’s case was not “the usual case.” See Garries, supra at 290-91.
With respect to her original request for expert assistance to establish passive inhalation or innocent ingestion, defense counsel failed to show necessity. Although she refused to talk to Mr. Hall and insisted that he could not support the defense theory of innocent ingestion, the record reflects the contrary. Defense counsel made her point in cross-examination of Mr. Hall, when he agreed that appellant’s urinalysis results were consistent with passive inhalation or innocent ingestion.
With respect to defense counsel’s attempt to expand her request, we hold that the military judge did not abuse his discretion. He recognized defense counsel’s attempt for what it was: an assertion that she did not know how to try a urinalysis case. He responded appropriately by suggesting that defense counsel consult with more experienced counsel and talk to Mr. Hall about the scientific procedures involved in this case. Defense counsel responded that she would not talk to Mr. Hall, even though basic trial preparation would require that he be interviewed, because he was expected to testify on the merits.
The record of trial does not reflect whether defense counsel heeded the military judge’s advice. In fact, nowhere in the record did defense counsel describe what attempts she made to educate herself, before or after the military judge’s gratuitous advice.
While Mr. Hall could not satisfy defense counsel’s request for an independent expert, the military judge gave defense counsel “the tools potentially to gather evidence to lay a foundation for the necessity of an independent [assistant].” Gonzalez,
Even with the benefit of post-trial hindsight, appellant still did not satisfy the Gonzalez test. The record reflects that defense counsel cross-examined Mr. Hall exhaustively, elicited potentially damaging admissions about problems with testing accuracy in his
In sum, there is nothing in this record to show necessity for an independent expert and nothing to show that the trial was rendered unfair by the military judge’s refusal to order that an independent expert be provided. Accordingly, we hold that the military judge did not abuse his discretion.
Decision
The decision of the United States Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals is affirmed.
Notes
. Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 839(a).
. This Manual provision is the same as the provision that was in effect at the time of appellant’s offense and court-martial.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting):
It is a fundamental right that the defense should be able to have expert help if it is necessary. See, e.g., Art. 46, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 846. The majority has confused the defense’s burden of showing that expert assistance is needed with the right to have an unconflicted expert once it is conceded that an expert is needed. Disregarding the trial counsel’s concession that expert assistance was necessary in this case, and the fact that the judge implicitly ruled that expert assistance was necessary by offering the defense an expert to assist in its case, the majority relitigates the necessity question in place of an appropriate adequacy inquiry. Under the circumstances of this case, a judge cannot offer as the only expert to the defense a conflicted one, ie., the principal prosecution expert witness.
This Court granted review in this case on March 13,1998. Appellant asked:
WHETHER THE MILITARY JUDGE ERRED WHEN HE DENIED APPELLANT’S REQUEST FOR A GOVERNMENT URINALYSIS EXPERT TO ASSIST IN HIS DEFENSE.
I would hold that the military judge prejudi-cially erred when he only made available the prosecution’s chief witness as an expert to assist the defense in this drug urinalysis case. United States v. Burnette,
Let us look at how this situation developed for the judge to commit his error. On March 23, 1995, appellant provided a urine sample as part of a unit sweep ordered by the Commanding Officer, Naval Air Station Atlanta, Georgia. It tested positive for the metabolite of marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), at 16 nanograms per milliliter, 1 na-nogram over the Department of Defense cutoff for samples to be declared positive. Appellant was then charged with the wrongful use of marijuana in violation of Article 112a, UCMJ, 10 USC § 912a.
In a letter dated May 23, 1995, defense counsel requested that the convening authority produce Doctor William Manders as an expert witness in appellant’s court-martial and to provide expert assistance to the defense on matters of innocent ingestion and passive inhalation. Trial counsel, in a letter to the convening authority on May 31, 1995, recommended denial of this witness and assistance request, in part on the basis that a “substitute expert” from the Naval Drug Screening Laboratory at Jacksonville, Florida, could be made available who could provide the same testimony and assistance as Doctor Manders. The parties to this trial later stipulated that Doctor Manders would testify that “both innocent ingestion and passive inhalation could lead to the positive test for THC, the metabolite found in marijuana, based on the levels found in the sample submitted by Petty Officer Short.”
I. NATURE OF THE MOTION
In order to properly prepare for trial and effectively represent Petty Officer Short, the defense respectfully requests independent (i.e., unaffiliated with the Naval Drug Screening Laboratory, Jacksonville) expert assistance for the following purposes: (a) to assist defense in understanding the scientific evidence (b) identifying problems with the scientific evidence and (c) preparing effective cross-examination of the Government witness regarding the scientific evidence.
The accused respectfully moves the Court to enter an order directing the government to provide an independent expert assistant____
* ❖ ❖
II. STATEMENT OF FACTS
On 23 March 1995, AMH2 Short provided a urine sample during a unit sweep of personnel stationed at Naval Air Station, Atlanta. The sample was processed at the Naval Drug Screening Lab, Jacksonville [“NDSL Jax” ] between 29 March 95 and 4 April 95. The results of this analysis include complex graphs, charts, and scientific terminology.
The defense counsel in this case has no background in chemistry beyond basic high-school chemistry. Moreover, defense counsel does not have the knowledge of the drug-testing system used at NDSL Jax which would enable her to effectively cross-examine an expert in that area. The Standard Operating Procedure manuals are so voluminous and technical that defense counsel is unable to develop the required expertise independently.
The Government will be assisted in interpretation and presentation of its evidence by the expert scientific knowledge, opinions, and testimony of Mr. Cary Hall, an expert from NDSL Jax. The Execu-five Officer of NDSL Jax has already stated that the command has a policy to “not allow” their personnel to “testify against each other” in courts-martial.
(Emphasis added.)
Defense counsel later noted the purpose for her request for independent expert assistance, as follows:
DC: As far as another step that the defense must go through is to show what the defense assistant is required for. We are requesting defense’s expert assistance to explain the documentation in the evidence packet, to point out what discrepancies to look far in this documentation, to help to compare the documentation as the process — the testing was performed to the DoD SOP of how it is supposed to happen, to point out weaknesses in the Government’s case and to help to prepare an effective cross-examination of the Government’s witness.
# sj;
Sir, the case law — to address a couple of points from the Government, first of all, the case law clearly states that expertise, if necessary, is applicable in all cases of court. Now, do we want an expert to write out our cross-examination questions for us? No. But do we know what type of questions to ask unless we have the type of knowledge to see the deficiencies in the Government’s case, to see the weaknesses in the government witnesses’ [sic] argument? This is not only with regard to this test in particular but also with regard to the Government — his expert is going to be explaining why the problem in the Norfolk drug lab wasn’t — isn’t applicable. How do we know the intricacies of all of these problems and all these discrepancies unless we have an expert?
MJ: Did you have an opportunity to talk with Mr. Hall yourself?
DC: Sir, I have not talked to him, nor do I intend to. The one — another aspect of expert assistant [sic] is confidentiality, and Mr. Hall clearly cannot perform one of the*376 functions of being an expert assistant for the defense of confidentiality. I don’t know how he would compartmentalize Ms brain in that way so that he could perform that function, and, similarly, there is nobody that I can talk to until I have confidentiality.
(Emphasis added.)
The military judge ultimately denied the defense request. He stated:
MJ: First let me say that one of the things that I certainly would encourage the defense counsel to do in this case, or any case, when it deals with a certain area of specificity or expertise, would be to call other defense counsel who have had experience in handling cases involving the drug labs and urinalyses in the past because they can provide assistance to you in how to go about litigating these cases, and there are a number of people on active duty in the naval service that are available to assist you in preparing a defense for this kind of case.
MJ: I further make the following essential findings:
That Mr. Cary Hall of the Navy Drug Screening Lab, Jacksonville, Florida, is a recognized expert in the field of urinalysis testing.
That Mr. Hall will not be here to represent either party to this litigation, but to explain the procedures followed at the drug screening lab in Jacksonville and to analyze the evidence and interpret the test results.
MJ: That Mr. Cary Hall of the Navy Drug Screening Lab, Jacksonville, Florida, is available to explain to defense counsel the meaning of the scientific reports involved in this case, to interpret and explain the standard operating procedure manuals and regulations applicable to the drug lab and Department of the Navy drug testing.
That Mr. Hall is available at no expense to the defense.
That Mr. Hall is made equally available to both the Government and defense and will explain the urinalysis lab testing process fully and completely, without shading his testimony to favor either side in this case.
That Mr. Hall will readily fully explain the urinalysis testing procedures at the Navy Drug Screening Lab, Jacksonville, Florida, including any difficulties, errors, or problems that the lab may have encountered generally or specifically with regard to the testing of the accused’s sample.
That the burden is on the accused to show the necessity for services of an expert assistant by showing the reasonable probability that the expert would be of assistance and that denial of expert assistance would result in a fundamentally unfair trial.
That the accused has failed to meet this burden.
That the assistance of Mr. Cary Hall is sufficient in this case to ensure that the accused receives due process and a fair trial.
That the assistance of Mr. Cary Hall is sufficient to ensure that the accused can present an adequate defense.
MJ: And the motion is denied.
(Emphasis added.)
At the outset, I note that the scope of our appellate review in this case is substantially limited by trial counsel’s concession that appellant was entitled to government-funded expert assistance in this urinalysis prosecution.
I further note that the defense rejected assistance in this ease only from a particular government expert, offered by trial counsel and approved by the military judge, not from all government experts. Cf. Burnette, supra at 476 (“Not only had the defense limited its request to the named civilian experts; it also had specifically rejected the assistance of any Government experts.”). Here, defense counsel noted in her initial proffer that
[t]he Government will be assisted in interpretation and presentation of its evidence by the expert scientific knowledge, opinions, and testimony of Mr. Cary Hall, an expert from NDSL Jax. The Executive Officer of NDSL Jax has already stated that the command has a policy to “not allow” their personnel to “testify against each other” in courts-martial.
She further stated, “If an independent expert from another drug lab is appointed, the prejudice to the accused, although not eliminated, would be greatly reduced.” Thus, the precise question before us is whether the particular government expert proffered as an assistant to the defense, ie., the prosecution’s chief witness, constituted “competent” expert assistance as required by Burnette and Nda-nyi
As noted above, the type of expert assistance proffered by the Government and approved by the military judge must be “competent” to assist an accused in preparing his defense. As we recently said in Ndanyi, the Government, “in the usual case,” may satisfy this responsibility by providing “the investigative, medical, and other expert services available in the military.”
In Burnette, then-Judge Cox, speaking for the Court, more particularly addressed this substitution problem in the context of drug experts in urinalysis cases. He said:
It is well established that, upon a proper showing of necessity, an accused is entitled to the assistance of an expert to aid in the preparation of his defense. Ake v. Oklahoma,470 U.S. 68 ,105 S.Ct. 1087 ,84 L.Ed.2d 53 (1985); United States v. Garries,22 MJ 288 (CMA), cert. denied,479 U.S. 985 ,107 S.Ct. 575 ,93 L.Ed.2d 578 (1986). See United States v. Johnson,22 USCMA 424 ,47 CMR 402 (1973). This does not mean, however, that an accused is entitled to an expert of his own choosing. All that is required is that competent assistance be made available. Ake v. Oklahoma, supra at 83,105 S.Ct. at 1097 ; United States v. Toledo,25 MJ 270 , 276 (CMA 1987).
As to the instant case, we agree that very little, if any, showing of necessity was required to entitle the defense to expert assistance in the interpretation of drug analyses. See United States v. Murphy,23 MJ 310 (CMA 1987). Independent assistance — if desired — should have been provided.
Of course, even an erroneous denial of a defendant’s request for expert assistance does not per se require reversal of his conviction. See generally Moore v. Reynolds,
Finally, the record before us shows “[trial] defense counsel did not make a single inquiry into the specific technical data or documentation underlying appellant’s positive urinalysis.” Final Brief at 14; cf. United States v. Carlos,
My Brother, Judge Effron, has very similar views on this case, and I join him and his well articulated dissent.
. I find that the judge erred here in the narrow circumstances of this close case. I do not hold that a government laboratory could never furnish expert help to both sides in a contested case. That question is an open one for this Court.
. The Bible, Matthew (6:24).
. Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 839(a).
. Trial counsel said, "[T]he Government does not contest in any way shape or form that the accused is entitled to expert assistance. In fact, that expert assistance [Mr. Cary Hall] is available and has been since the beginning of this case.”
Dissenting Opinion
joins (dissenting):
In order to obtain any expert assistance at government expense, the defense must show the necessity for it. United States v. Gonzalez,
In order to satisfy the defense need for expert assistance, the Government offered Dr. Cary Hall. Dr. Hall was the same person who had provided expert assistance to the prosecution and who was to be the Government’s chief witness against appellant. In that context, Dr. Hall clearly was conflicted in providing the defense with expertise with which to contest the charge at issue.
It is also noteworthy that Dr. Hall was the supervising officer for the testing process at the Naval Drug Screening Laboratory, Jacksonville, Florida, which was the laboratory that had performed the testing on appellant’s sample. Moreover, he was responsible for the reports on drugs generated by that laboratory for purposes of litigation. Defense counsel’s contention — “It is unlikely that an employee of the drug lab is going to point out deficiencies or problems in the procedures used” — is underscored by the laboratory policy to not allow their personnel to testify against each other in a court-martial.
In light of the Government’s express concession of the need for defense expert assistance, the conflict flowing from Dr. Hall’s status as the principal prosecution witness against appellant, and the laboratory’s own policy precluding its personnel from testifying against each other, I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the defense failed “to show necessity for an independent expert,”
Dissenting Opinion
with whom