Sаlvador Padilla was one of fourteen defendants named in a multi-count indictment targeting a cocaine distribution operation. Charged with participation in the drug conspiracy, see 21 U.S.C. § 846, Padilla quickly agreed to plead guilty and cooperate with the government’s prosecution of his eodefendants in exchange for certain favorable trеatment. Specifically, the government promised not to prosecute Padilla for any further offense that he might disclose in the course of his cooperation and agreed to recommend to the district court that it impose the minimum sentence available within the relevant sentencing guideline range determined to be applicablе at the time of sentencing. The government also assured Padilla that it would seek to defer sentencing until he could complete his end of the bargain and then it would notify the sentencing court of the extent and quality of his cooperation.
The plea agreement, however, did a poor job of spelling out the likely consequences of Padillа’s plea of guilty. It stated that he was subject to a maximum penalty of forty years imprisonment and a $2,000,000 fine and that if he was actually sentenced to one year or more of prison time he would face a subsequent period of supervised release lasting at least three years (and up to life). This characterization of his potential exрosure was both misleading and incomplete. First of all, it was clear that the conspiracy and the scope of Padilla’s participation in it probably involved enough cocaine mixture (at least five kilograms) to activate a potential maximum penalty of life imprisonment coupled with a $4,000,000 fine. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). (Eight kilograms of cocaine were еventually attributed to Padilla by the court at sentencing). Secondly, the plea agreement contained no mention of the mandatory minimum sentences Padilla would likely face — ten years under § 841(b)(1)(A) for five or more kilograms of cocaine or five years under § 841(b)(1)(B) for one-half kilogram or more.
.Normally, such deficiencies are remedied at the plea hearing where the district court engages the defendant in a required colloquy designed in part to ascertain his awareness of the consequences of his plea. See Fed. R.Crim.P. 11(c). 1 In this case, however, the able and experienced district judge unfortunately repeated the errors of the plea agreement. While taking pains to ensure that Pаdilla understood the nature of the charge against him and the rights he would forego by pleading guilty, the district court did not advise Padilla accurately of the maximum penalties actually facing him and neglected to inform him at all about the mandatory minimums likely applicable to his case. The latter shortcoming is the focus of Padilla’s appellate brief and the request to vacate his guilty plea contained within it.
This violation of Rule 11(c)(1) — that it is a violation is clear — is subject to harmless error review and should be disregarded if it “does not affect substantial rights.” Fed. R.Crim.P. 11(h). In the context of a defendant’s acceptance of a plea of guilty, the harmlessness inquiry naturally should focus on “whether the defendant’s knowlеdge and comprehension of the full and correct information would have been likely to affect his willingness to plead guilty.”
United States v. Johnson,
*1222
Failure to inform a defendant about applicable mandatory mínimums can be, but is not necessarily, a serious oversight. The inquiry is fact bound. If, for instance, the record discloses that a defendant was aware when plеading guilty that the sentencing guidelines would subject him to a séntence well in excess of any statutory mandatory minimum likely applicable to his case, the failure to advise him of such mínimums during the plea hearing cannot reasonably be said to have affected his decision to accept the plea.
See Johnson,
From the sparse rеcord in this case, it is impossible to say that Padilla knew that a statutory minimum of ten years would likely be applicable to his situation, or that at the least a five year minimum would almost surely bind the sentencing court.
2
And unlike a misapprehension about the minimum time of supervised release to which one is subject following completion of a known, lengthy prison term,
see United States v. Saenz,
The government, however, points out that in Padilla’s case thе court, at sentencing, actually departed downward from the statutory minimum sentence of 10 years — as it may, see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) — on the government’s motion noting Padilla’s substantial assistance in the effort to prosecute his cohorts. The district court did in fact depart beneath the minimum sentence mandated by statute to be imposed for conspiratorial involvement with eight kilograms of cocaine (so attributed to Padilla by the presentence report and accepted by the court and all parties at sentencing). 3 The court chose as its ultimate sentence the low end of the range which it had initially determined to be applicable to Padilla’s circumstance under the guidelines in the absence оf the statutory ten-year minimum — 87 months. For several, independent reasons this course, however, does not mitigate the harm of the plea hearing error. First, Padilla was never even informed, so far as we can tell, that he faced the lower mandatory minimum of five years, which his actual sentence did indeed exceed. The plea agreement merely provides that Padilla
*1223
would be sentenced according to the guidelines and the government would recommend the low end of the applicable range. The government also notes that Padilla stated at his plea hearing that he had discussed with his counsel the application of the guidelines to his case. But we do not know whether counsel accurately calculated the sentencing ramifications of Padilla’s situation or relayed that information to him, and we cannot find this out from the limited record generated in this case (and generally created in these types of cases,
see
Fed.R.Crim.P. 11, 1983 advisory note). In fact, Padilla was subject to a mandatory minimum of five years of which there is no firm basis to сonclude he was aware. Although sentencing guideline ranges do not represent minimum and maximum statutory sentences to which a defendant’s attention must be brought under Rule 11,
see United States v. Salva,
Second, the failure to inform Padilla about the ten-year minimum term, although ultimately not imposed in full, likely also influenced his decision to plead guilty. Even if Padilla accurately calculated the guideline score at which the district court would eventually arrive, the promises of substantial cooperation contained within the plea agreement coupled with thе reassuring nature of the agreement indicate — especially when considered in light of the fact that the government eventually did move for a downward departure at sentencing — that he likely pled guilty in anticipation of such a favorable motion. The failure to inform Padilla of the statutory mandatory term probably prevented him from appreciating what the relevant point of departure would be — that is, it is not unlikely that Padilla accepted the deal thinking that his cooperation could potentially decrease a guideline sentence of 87 months to something less. He did wind up getting a decrease, but one that started from the mandatory term and
ended up
at 87 months, a consequence Padilla may not have projected because of the flawed plea colloquy. The mandatory term, therefore, was relevant to the sentence Padilla ultimately received. Admittedly, the plea agreement did not bind the government, to make a motion for downward departure nor was the district court obligated to grant one if made. Howevеr, such a motion was likely enough in the offing that failure to inform Padilla that his base sentence would be the mandatory minimum may very well have affected his decision to accept a guilty plea. Moreover, whatever Padilla’s ultimate sentence, the relevant question is not “[wjhether the mandatory minimum had an effect on the sentence ... [but] whether awareness of a mandatory minimum would have affected the defendant’s decision to plead guilty.”
Herndon,
Part of the problem in a case like this is that drug quantity attribution is often not finally determined until sentencing, after the plea process is completed.
4
See Barker v.
*1224
United States,
[T]here is absolutely no way to properly determine statutory minimum аnd maximum penalties under § 841(b) without appropriate knowledge as to the quantities involved. If the government chooses to play “hide the thimble” regarding drug quantities ... then we think it incumbent on the prosecution at the Rule 11 hearing to request the trial judge to advise the defendant as to all of the possible minimum and máximums of punishment under § 841(b) which could possibly be applicаble as a result of appropriate determination of quantities using relevant conduct under the guidelines.
Herndon,
[A] prudent district judge hearing a plea from a defendant charged under an indictment or information alleging a § 841(a) violation but containing no [or ambiguous] quantity allegation^ should] simply walk a defendant through the statutory minimum sentences prescribed in § 841(b) exрlaining that a mandatory minimum may be applicable and that the sentence "will be based on the quantity of drugs found to have been involved in the offense with which the defendant is charged.
Watch,
Vacatur of Padilla’s guilty plea would seem to be the appropriate remedy in light of the above discussion. But at oral argument counsel for Padilla apparently disclaimed any desire to abandon the plea and sought to limit relief to resentencing in accordance with Padillа’s purported understanding of the agreement — namely, eighty-seven months minus some amount of time for his assistance in the other prosecutions. 6 We understand the new-found reluctance to forfeit the benefit of what was, all in all, not a bad deal. All bets would be off, and Padilla would be exposed to the risk of a more severe sentence upon reprоsecution. Padilla, however, is not entitled to a more favorable sentence than the one he got, which was in accordance with the law and not precluded by the terms of the plea agreement. What he is entitled to is an opportunity to start over, since his decision to plead guilty was not accompanied by an adequate explanation of likely mandatory penalties. Because Padilla now disavows the only relief that is appropriate to the error he *1225 assigns, his conviction and sentence must be affirmed. 7
Notes
. Rule 11, in part, reads:
(c) Advice to Defendant. Before accepting a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, the court must address the defendant personally in open court and inform the defendant of, and detеrmine that the defendant understands, the following:
(1) the nature of the charge to which the plea is offered, the mandatory minimum penalty provided by law, if any, and the maximum possible penalty provided by law....
. The government contends that the presentence report correctly set out the ten year mandatory minimum applicable as a result of thе conclusion contained therein that eight kilograms of cocaine were attributable to Padilla, and points out that at sentencing the district court, as required by Rule 32(a)(1)(A), ensured that Padilla had reviewed the report with counsel. -Even if the report were not absent from the appellate record and we could confirm that it did provide an accurate statement of the relevant sentencing law, the fact that information conveyed to Padilla
after
he pleaded guilty corrected earlier omissions or misstatements does not abate the concern that such information was not provided to him at the crucial time — during the plea hearing. Nothing in the transcript of the sentencing heаring, or any other source within the appellate record, indicates that by the time of his plea Padilla was ever informed, or knew on his own, that the sentencing court would be laboring under the restrictions of five-year or ten-year statutory mínimums.
Cf. United States v. Herndon,
. Because the court’s sentencing guideline calculations produced a range whose maximum fell beneath the ten-year statutory requirement, the statutory minimum itself automatically became the guideline sentence. See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(b); United States v. Hayes, 5 F.3d 292, 294-95 (7th Cir.1993). Thus, the 5K1.1 label attached to the motion for downward departure for substantial assistance was technically ,correct. See U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1 & App. Note 1.
. Although drug quantity need not be specified in the indictment, sometimes an amount is incorporated into the charges. In the thirty-five count indictment returned in this case, only count nine, containing a substantive distribution charge against two of Padilla's codefendants, makes reference to a particular amount of cocaine (“over five (5) kilograms”). While count nine, along with thirty-two other counts, was listed as an "object of the conspiracy” with which Padilla was charged in count two, this reference cannot cure the failure to properly warn of mandatory pеnalties. First of all, assertions about quantity in the indictment are at best only generally helpful and can be irrelevant or even misleading, especially when there are multiple counts and *1224 multiple defendants and, as in this case, overarching cross-references linking partial and open-ended statements of amount. Moreover, a defendant is entitled to be informed, personally, of the mandatory consequences of his plea — i.e. the penalty itself, not just its statutory causal precursor. We doubt that informing a defendant at his plea colloquy of the drug quantity that will be attributed to him at sentencing would be a harmless violation of Rule 11, at least in the absence of an affirmative indication that the defendant knew the mаndatory penal consequences that flow therefrom. Relying on raw drug quantities buried in the indictment is, if anything, even less facilitative of assuring intelligently-made guilty pleas.
. But this need not be the case.
See United States v. Salva,
. At the beginning of her argument counsel stated: “We also want to advise the court that we are requesting a remand for sentencing, as opposed to a vacating [sic] of the plea agreement.”
. Because Padilla no longer wishes to have his conviction vacated, we do not discuss the additional argument contained in his brief, claiming that the ineffective assistance of his original trial counsel rendered his guilty plea involuntary.