Esequeil Salazar-Samaniega was arrested in New Mexico for transporting three kilograms of cocaine. Prior to trial, Salazar-Samaniega rejected a conditional plea agreement whereby he could plead guilty and still appeal his unsuccessful motion to suppress evidence. A jury convicted him of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B).
The district court sentenced Salazar-Sa-maniega to 78 months in prison, which included an upward adjustment for obstruction of justice arising from the district court’s finding that he committed perjury at the suppression hearing. The court, however, reduced his sentence because it found that Salazar-Samaniega had accepted responsibility for his crime even though he forced the government to trial. The court concluded that Salazar-Samaniega went to trial solely to preserve his right to appeal.
Salazar-Samaniega now appeals the sentence imposed by the district court. He argues that the district court erred in 1) enhancing his sentence under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines (USSG) § 3C1.1 for *1274 obstruction of justice, 2) failing to apply the “safety-valve” adjustment of USSG § 5C1.2(5) for provision of truthful information, and 3) refusing to reduce his sentence under USSG § 3B1.2 for being a “minor” or “minimal” participant in the criminal scheme.
Plaintiff-Appellee United States in turn cross-appeals, arguing that the district court erred in reducing Salazar-Samanie-ga’s sentence under USSG § 3E1.1 for accepting responsibility for his crime. Exercising jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C.A. § 3742, we affirm on all three issues brought by Salazar-Samaniega, but reverse the district court’s decision to grant a USSG § 3E1.1 sentence adjustment.
Background
Deputy Peter Roth was patrolling traffic on Interstate 40 west of Albuquerque, New Mexico when he saw that the front passenger in Salazar-Samaniega’s vehicle was not wearing a seatbelt. He conducted a routine traffic stop, retrieved Salazar-Samaniega’s driver’s license, and, speaking in Spanish, asked for the vehicle’s registration and insurance. Roth then explained to the passenger, Salazar-Samaniega’s uncle, that he was receiving a warning citation for not wearing a seat belt. Returning the driver’s license and title to Salazar-Samaniega, Roth sought Salazar-Samaniega’s permission to ask him a few questions. After Salazar-Samaniega consented, Roth asked if he could search Salazar-Samaniega’s vehicle. Salazar-Samanie-ga said yes.
Meanwhile, Deputy Greg Reese arrived on the scene in his patrol vehicle. After Roth received consent to search the car, Reese led a police dog to Salazar-Samanie-ga’s car, whereupon the dog alerted to the spare tire in the back of the vehicle. Roth produced a consent form written in Spanish, read it out loud to Salazar-Samaniega, and asked Salazar-Samaniega if he understood. Salazar-Samaniega confirmed that he did, initialed the form paragraph by paragraph, and signed it. Roth then opened up the tire, and found three bags of what his cocaine test kit soon revealed to be three kilograms of cocaine. The deputies arrested Salazar-Samaniega.
During pre-trial proceedings, Salazar-Samaniega testified during a hearing on a motion to suppress evidence. Salazar-Sa-maniega denied many of the key facts testified to by the arresting officers, and stated that the officers, among other acts of misconduct, never read to him the written consent form. The court denied the motion to suppress evidence. Also before trial, Salazar-Samaniega and the United States conducted plea bargain negotiations. The United States offered Salazar-Samaniega a conditional plea agreement that would have allowed Salazar-Samanie-ga the right to appeal the district court’s ruling at the suppression hearing. Salazar-Samaniega rejected the agreement because it did not specify the amount of jail time he would receive, and proceeded to trial. Salazar-Samaniega was convicted by a jury.
At the sentencing hearing, the district court found that Salazar-Samaniega had testified falsely on six separate occasions during the suppression hearing, and accordingly enhanced Salazar-Samaniega’s sentence under USSG § 3C1.1 for attempting to obstruct justice. The court also denied Salazar-Samaniega’s motion to apply the USSG § 5C1.2(5) “safety-valve,” which instructs courts to disregard mandatory sentence mínimums if a defendant provides truthful and complete information *1275 as to the scheme in which he was involved. In addition, on the grounds that Salazar-Samaniega had conducted extensive preparations as part of his crime, the court denied a USSG § 3B1.2 reduction for being a minor or minimal participant in a criminal scheme. The court did, however, reduce Salazar-Samaniega’s sentence under USSG § 3E1.1 by two levels, finding that he had accepted responsibility for his crime despite having put the government to its burden of proof at trial. The district court concluded that Salazar-Samaniega went to trial solely to preserve his opportunity to appeal the court’s ruling on the motion to suppress.
Discussion
On sentence appeals we review the sentencing court’s factual decisions for clear error, and its legal conclusions de novo.
United States v. Shumway,
I.
A. Obstruction of Justice
Salazar-Samaniega first argues that the district court illegally enhanced his sentence under USSG § 3C1.1. That section mandates a sentence increase if
(A) the defendant willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted to obstruct or impede, the administration of justice during the course of the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant offense of conviction, and (B) the obstructive conduct related to (i) the defendant’s offense of conviction and any relevant conduct; or (ii) a closely related offense.
USSG § 3C1.1. Application Notes 4(b) and (f) to the Guidelines give “committing, suborning, or attempting to suborn perjury” and “providing materially false information to a judge or magistrate” as examples of the kind of conduct that warrants a sentence increase under § 3C1.1.- USSG § 3C1.1, comment, (n.4). The Commentary to the Sentencing Guidelines defines as “material” any information “that, if believed, would tend to influence or affect the issue under determination.” USSG § 3C1.1, comment, (n.6).
The district court based its sentencing enhancement on a finding that Salazar-Samaniega testified falsely at the suppression hearing on six separate occasions. Salazar-Samaniega’s perjury included his testimony that 1) Deputy Roth first observed his vehicle from the highway median, could see that the occupants were Mexican, and initiated the traffic stop because of their race, 2) his uncle was wearing his seat belt, 3) the officers never asked him for his consent to search the vehicle, 4) the written consent form was never read to him, 5) Roth never returned his driver’s license or vehicle title, and 6) he was induced to confess by means of false promises by the officers that he would be immediately released. Salazar-Samaniega challenges some of these findings as clearly erroneous, and others as irrelevant to the question of whether sentence enhancement was proper.
We need not review each of these findings in detail, for it is clear that the dis *1276 trict court properly found at least two instances of perjury. First, the court found that Salazar-Samaniega testified falsely at the suppression hearing that his uncle was in fact wearing a seat belt, directly contradicting the officer’s testimony and attempting to cast in doubt the probable cause for the traffic stop. If believed, the testimony could have provided a basis for suppressing all of the government’s evidence at trial.
Second, although Salazar-Samanie-ga does not challenge the falsehood of his statement that the written search consent form he initialed was never read to him, he does challenge its materiality. Salazar-Samaniega points out that the district court’s finding that he gave written consent did not actually affect the outcome of the motion to suppress evidence given that the district court had already found that he had also given verbal consent. For false testimony to be material, however, no court has held that it must have actually affected the result in the end; rather,
if believed,
the false testimony need only have possibly affected the result at the time it was given.
See, e.g., United States v. Nelson,
In this case, had the district court found that Salazar-Samaniega had not provided verbal consent, his testimony that he also did not give written consent may very well have caused a more credulous court to grant the motion to suppress evidence. Salazar-Samaniega’s perjury thus must be considered material under the Sentencing Guidelines. The district court’s finding that Salazar-Samaniega attempted to obstruct justice by falsely testifying about material facts, therefore, was not clearly erroneous.
B. Safety-Valve Adjustment
Salazar-Samaniega next argues that the district court improperly refused to apply the USSG § 5C1.2(5) “safety-valve” adjustment, which instructs courts to disregard any statutory minimum sentence
if
“[n]ot later than the time of the sentencing hearing, the defendant has truthfully provided to the Government all information and evidence the defendant has concerning the offense or offenses that were part of the same course of conduct or of a common scheme or plan.... ” We have interpreted this provision to “require! ] disclosure of ‘everything [defendant] knows about his own actions and those of his co-conspirators.’ ”
United States v. Roman-Zarate,
Salazar-Samaniega contends that the government “presented no evidence” that the information he provided concerning the cocaine-distribution scheme was
*1277
“incomplete.” Aplt. Br. at 17. “[T]he burden,” however, “is on a defendant who seeks a reduction in • sentence under § 5C1.2 to prove entitlement to it,”
United States v. Hallum,
The district court’s ruling that Salazar-Samaniega failed to qualify for the 5C1.2(5) safety-valve adjustment was not clearly erroneous.
C. Minor Participant
Finally, Salazar-Samaniega argues that he is entitled to a USSG § 3B1.2 sentence reduction for being a minor or minimal participant in a criminal scheme. That section instructs courts to reduce a defendant’s sentence if “the defendant was a minimal [or minor] participant in any criminal activity.” According to the Commentary, “this guideline is not applicable unless more than one participant was involved in the offense,” § 3B1.2, comment. (n.2), and it provides a reduction only for “a defendant who plays a part in committing the offense that makes him substantially less culpable than the average participant.” USSG § 3B1.2, comment. (n.3(A)). Accordingly, we have held that the inquiry must “focus upon the defendant’s knowledge or lack thereof concerning the scope and structure of the enterprise and of the activities of others involved in the offense.”
United States v. Calderon-Porras,
The record in this case provides little information about the scheme in which Salazar-Samaniega was involved. Salazar-Samaniega nonetheless urges us to infer from the fact that he was transporting cocaine from California to Ohio that there must also be “individuals in California who smuggled it into the United States from a foreign nation, arranged for its distribution from a distribution point in Ohio, concealed the drugs in the spare tire in the trunk of the vehicle, and arranged for [Salazar-Samaniega] to transport the quantity to the assigned delivery point in Ohio.” Aplt. Br. at 21. Even if we did infer all these things, however, we would not commit the non sequiUir of inferring in addition that therefore Salazar-Sama-niega’s own “role as a transporter of the *1278 drugs was obviously a limited and minor role relative to the roles of the [hypothetical other] individuals” who performed the tasks above.” Id.
The only evidence that Salazar-Samaniega was not himself involved in any of these roles is the appellant’s own testimony, which the district court could quite reasonably have found not credible. Moreover, Salazar-Samaniega was no innocent driver duped into delivering drugs. The record shows he first traveled with others to Ohio to obtain a false driver’s license, bought and insured the courier car, returned to California where he recruited his elderly uncle to provide cover. “Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.”
Anderson v. City of Bessemer,
The district court’s determination that Salazar-Samaniega failed to prove that he was a minor or minimal participant was not clearly erroneous.
II.
Lastly, we consider the government’s argument in its cross-appeal that the district court impermissibly reduced Salazar-Samaniega’s sentence under USSG § 3E1.1. That section mandates a sentence decrease “if the defendant clearly demonstrates acceptance of responsibility for his offense.” The United States makes two points. First, since the district court found Salazar-Samaniega had obstructed justice through perjury at the suppression hearing, the court should not have granted Salazar-Samaniega an acceptance of responsibility adjustment. Second, by forcing the United States to trial and denying his factual guilt, Salazar-Samaniega further forfeited his eligibility for the adjustment.
We review the sentencing court’s factual decisions for clear error and its legal conclusions
de novo,
and the defendant has the burden of establishing his entitlement to the reduction.
United States v. Marquez,
A.
The district court’s finding that Salazar-Samaniega accepted responsibility for his crime is seemingly at loggerheads with its earlier finding that he also obstructed justice. As the Commentary on the Guidelines sensibly observes, “[c]onduct resulting in an enhancement under § 3C1.1 (Obstructing or Impeding the Administration of Justice) ordinarily indicates that the defendant has not accepted responsibility for his criminal conduct.” USSG § 3E1.1, comment, (n.4). Though in tension with one another, the two adjustments are not necessarily inconsistent, for “[t]here may ... be extraordinary cases in which adjustments under both §§ 3C1.1 and 3E1.1 may apply.” Id.
We have yet to address clearly the question of when conduct is “extraordinary” so
*1279
as to merit adjustments for both obstruction of justice and acceptance of responsibility. We touched on the issue in
United States v. Hawley,
In
Hopper,
the Ninth Circuit reasoned that “the relevant inquiry for determining if a case is an extraordinary case ... is whether the defendant’s obstructive conduct is
not inconsistent
with the defendant’s acceptance of responsibility,” and thus an extraordinary case can exist “when a defendant, although initially attempting to conceal the crime, eventually accepts responsibility for the crime and abandons all attempts to obstruct justice.”
The Sixth Circuit recently adopted the reasoning of
Hopper
in
United States v. Gregory,
The Eighth Circuit, in contrast, explicitly rejected a “broad reading” of
Hopper
in favor of an inquiry “into the particular circumstances of the defendant’s case: was the defendant’s obstructive conduct a relatively brief or early aberration, or was it a methodical, continued effort to obstruct justice?”
United States v. Honken,
totality of the circumstances, including the nature of the [defendant’s] obstructive conduct and the degree of [his] acceptance of responsibility. Among other things, the district court should [consider] whether, for example, the obstruction of justice was an isolated incident early in the investigation or an on-going effort to obstruct the prosecution. It should [consider] whether [defendant] voluntarily terminated his obstructive conduct, or whether the conduct was stopped involuntarily by law enforcement.
Id. at 968-69.
Other circuits have lined up behind
Honken.
The Fifth and Seventh Circuits have followed
Honken
in rejecting the
Hopper
test.
See United States v. Chung,
We agree with the analysis of the Eighth Circuit in Honken. We therefore hold that in determining whether a case is “extraordinary” so as to merit both a § 3E1.1 reduction and a § 3C1.1 enhancement, the sentencing court must consider the totality of the circumstances, including, but not limited to 1) whether the obstruction of justice was an isolated incident or an on-going, systematic effort to obstruct the prosecution, and 2) whether defendant voluntarily terminated his obstructive conduct and truthfully admitted the conduct comprising the offense of conviction.
In this case, despite being asked by the government for such a determination, the district court made no findings to support a conclusion that Salazar-Sama-niega presented an extraordinary case that would merit an adjustment. On the contrary, Salazar-Samaniega’s attempt to suppress the evidence necessary to the government’s case by perjuring himself at the suppression hearing looks very much like it was part of a systematic, non-aberrational, and voluntary plan to avoid responsibility. Although admission of the factual elements of guilt is certainly essential to a finding that a defendant accepted responsibility for his crime, it is not sufficient. As the Commentary makes clear, even a guilty plea “may be outweighed by conduct of the defendant that is inconsistent with [ ] acceptance of responsibility.” USSG § 3E1.1, comment, (n.2) (e.g., falsehoods at the sentencing hearing). Here, of course, Salazar-Samaniega never pleaded guilty, but proceeded to trial.
While the “sentencing judge is entitled to great deference on review” of an acceptance-of-responsibility adjustment, id., comment, (n. 5), it is the obligation of the defendant to present evidence to support the adjustment and the district court to make such findings on the record. The district court’s failure here to make specific findings as to why Salazar-Samaniega’s case is extraordinary in light of his substantial perjury and obstruction of justice thus constitutes error.
B.
We finally must determine whether Salazar-Samaniega’s decision to put the government to its burden of proof at trial also undermines the district court’s conclusion that he accepted responsibility for his crime.
The Commentary to the Sentencing Guidelines stipulates that “[the] adjustment is not intended to apply to a defendant who puts the government to its burden of proof at trial by denying the essential factual elements of guilt, is convicted, and only then admits guilt and expresses remorse.” USSG § 3E1.1, comment, (n.2). This principle, however, is not absolute, for
[c]onvietion by trial ... does not automatically preclude a defendant from consideration for such a reduction. In rare situations a defendant may clearly demonstrate an acceptance of responsibility for his criminal conduct even though he exercises his constitutional right to a trial. This may occur, for example, where a defendant goes to trial to assert and preserve issues that do not relate to factual guilt (e.g., to make a constitutional challenge to a statute or a challenge to the applicability of a statute to his *1281 conduct). In each such instance, however, a determination that a defendant has accepted responsibility will be based primarily upon pre-trial statements and conduct.
Id. (emphasis added).
We last interpreted this Commentary in two cases in 1999. In
United States v. Hill,
In contrast, in
United States v. Gauvin,
the Commission notes that [an acceptance-of-responsibility reduction] may apply where the defendant “challenge[s] ... the applicability of a statute to his conduct.” Mr. Gauvin admitted to all the conduct with which he was charged. He simply disputed whether his acknowledged factual state of mind met the legal criteria of intent to harm or cause apprehension.
Id. at 806 (quoting USSG § 3E1.1, comment. (n.4)) (citations omitted).
The court in
Gauvin,
however, did recognize that only in “rare” circumstances can a defendant who goes to trial qualify for an acceptance-of-responsibility reduction, and, indeed, it admitted that it “might not have reached the same decision” as the district court absent the clear error standard of review.
Here, in contrast, Salazar-Samaniega argued at trial that the government did not present sufficient evidence to prove the factual element of intent to distribute cocaine. Instead, the essence of his defense was that since he did not know that he was transporting a large quantity of cocaine he could not have understood he was in the chain of distribution and therefore did not commit the crime alleged. IV R.O.A., Tr. of Proceedings, at 149 (June 11, 2002). Unlike the defendant who testified truthfully in Gauvin, Salazar-Sama-niega attempted at trial to deny a key factual element of the crime. He thus forfeited his claim to an adjustment under § 3E.1.1 much like the defendant in Hill.
Salazar-Samaniega, nonetheless, also argues (and the district court agreed) that he can be excused for burdening the government with a jury trial because he only did it to preserve his right to appeal. First, as we point out above, Salazar-Samaniega contested a factual element of guilt at trial
*1282
and ordinarily would be ineligible for an adjustment under the Guidelines. Second, the preservation of a right to appeal could only infrequently qualify as the “rare situation” contemplated by the Guidelines. In certain circumstances, the Guidelines do allow the situation where a defendant can preserve an appellate challenge, go to trial, and still be eligible for the adjustment.
See, e.g., United States v. Rodriguez,
The district court made no findings to support a conclusion on this record as to why Salazar-Samaniega’s false testimony at the suppression hearing, his rejection of a conditional plea agreement, and his challenge to the government’s evidence at trial constituted the “rare situation” meriting an adjustment under § 3E1.1. Ordinarily, we therefore would remand this case for additional findings by the sentencing judge.
United States v. Ramstad,
In conclusion, the district court’s adjustment for acceptance-of-responsibility was clearly erroneous.
III.
The decision of the district court is affirmed in part and reversed in part. We remand for re-sentencing in accordance with this opinion.