4 M.J. 840 | U.S. Army Court of Military Review | 1978
Lead Opinion
OPINION OF THE COURT
Before JONES, MITCHELL and DeFORD, Appellate Military Judges.
The appellant was convicted of rape
The primary contention is the sufficiency of the evidence. The act of intercourse was not disputed; the issue is one of consent. Weighing all of the evidence and giving special consideration to the findings of the members who saw and heard the witnesses, we conclude that the evidence establishes appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Although the victim initially gave appellant reason to believe his advances would be successful, she eventually refused to give her consent and the act was accomplished through force.
One other assigned error merits consideration and that concerns the admissibility of the second pretrial statement made by appellant. Appellant asserts the statement was taken by the criminal investigator without affording his assigned counsel an opportunity to be present. The investigator, who also took the first statement from appellant nine days earlier, advised appellant fully of his rights. He did not, however, ask appellant if he in fact had counsel and appellant did not volunteer that he had
At the time the investigator questioned appellant the second time, the investigator did not know appellant had counsel but he knew that an Article 32 investigation was scheduled for the next day. He also knew that an accused usually had counsel at that investigation.
The United States Court of Military Appeals in United States v. McOmber, 24 U.S.C.M.A. 207, 51 C.M.R. 452, 1 M.J. 380 (1976), and United States v. Lowry, 25 U.S.C.M.A. 85, 54 C.M.R. 51, 1 M.J. 1165 (1976), held that:
“once an investigator is on notice that an attorney has undertaken to represent an individual in a military criminal investigation, further questioning of the accused without affording counsel reasonable opportunity to be present renders any statement obtained involuntary under Article 31(d) of the Uniform Code. . . .” United States v. McOmber, 24 U.S.C.M.A. at 209, 51 C.M.R. at 454, 1 M.J. at 383.
In both McOmber and Lowry, the investigator had actual knowledge of the accused’s representation by counsel. Here the investigator had no such information. Absent a showing of bad faith or an attempt to circumvent the holding of McOmber and Lowry, we decline to extend those cases to an investigator who probably should but does not in fact know that an accused has counsel.
We have considered the other errors but they do not require discussion or corrective action.
The findings of guilty and the sentence are affirmed.
Judge DeFORD concurs.
. A violation of Article 120, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 920.
. In conjunction with this error, the appellant also asserts that the government agents did not follow their own regulation, AR 195-2, in questioning appellant without coordinating with the staff judge advocate and making arrangements through counsel. We find no substance to that assertion.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
I respectfully dissent.
As correctly stated by the majority the primary issue before us is the sufficiency of the evidence. Before we can resolve that issue we must consider whether the trial court’s view of the facts and the law is correct. The military jury, of course, heard the testimony, as we did not. Notwithstanding, we must keep in mind the principle that:
“. . .a conviction cannot be based upon the uncorroborated testimony of an alleged victim in a trial for a sexual offense ... if such testimony is self-contradictory, uncertain, or improbable.”1
I would find that the trial judge erred when he determined that the alleged victim’s telephone call to Sergeant Charter, approximately four hours after the alleged attack, constituted evidence of “fresh complaint.” To me her conversation is totally lacking in specificity. The sergeant testified that:
“She called, I was on Staff Duty and she called me, she sounded upset and asked me if there was any way I could come out to her house. She advised me that she had to go to the dispensary, and she told me that PFC Roy was out that (sic) and she asked me if there was any way I could possibly come out, or have somebody come out, and get Roy out of the house. I told her I was on Staff Duty and I told her I didn’t know if I would be able to get out there. I asked her what the problem was, and again she sounded upset, and she said that she definitely had to get to the dispensary and she wanted to get Roy out of the house as soon as possible. I made some comment to her, I asked her what was going on, ‘Is something going on out there?’ And she said that it already had. I wasn’t quite sure what she meant by that at the time, but I told her I would do the best I could to try to get out there, or get someone out there.”
The Court of Military Appeals held in United States v. Pitasi, 20 U.S.C.M.A. 601, 605, 44 C.M.R. 31, 35 (1971), that the failure of the alleged victim of a sexual offense to “indicate the nature of the alleged action stated no more [to the witness] than this unnamed person had ‘made a pass at him’ ”, was, indeed not a complaint. Thus it was prejudicially erroneous for the military judge to have permitted the witness to testify that his roommate, following the initial alleged sexual offense, had told him that an officer had made a pass at him that particular evening. Comparatively, I see the purported “complaint” in the case at bar as even less precise than the one in Pitasi. There the offense of sodomy is at least suggested. Here, the alleged victim’s assertion, as testified to by Sergeant Charter, falls impermissibly short of information which might have formed a reasonable basis for a determination that a fresh complaint of rape had been made. The bland' assertion that “something had been going on” could easily cover an untold variety of happenings—good or bad. The range is as wide as the human imagination. Additionally, a fresh complaint must include a showing that the victim of an alleged sex offense communicated the complaint to the witness while in a state of shock, outrage, agony and resentment—the adrenergic circumstances which prompted the report.
Absent the “fresh complaint” the prosecution’s case must rest solely upon the uncorroborated testimony of the complaining witness. In my view it falls woefully short of being sufficient. To me it is so improbable that it becomes incredible. I view her behavior to be at most an open invitation— at least a temporary abulia. Selected facts in point:
The alleged victim habitually sent notes to the accused inviting him to come to her apartment to “cry on her shoulder.”
She, a married woman with two infant daughters, wrote a poem and sent it to the accused telling him “if he ever needed a friend in the darkest hour then I’ll be there.”
After hearing that accused was in love with her and wanted to break up her marriage she engaged in a private 45-minute closed-door bedroom meeting with him where she sought clarification of his disturbing announcement. Her husband was in an adjoining room.
When she learned that her husband would be on guard duty on the night in question she sent the accused a note asking him to come to her apartment and bring some milk for the children, a book for her to read and “some sort of company.”
At 0130 hours in response to her note the accused appeared at her door. He had neither the milk nor the book. She waited while he dismissed his host-driver and then after letting him enter joined on the sofa. She was dressed only in a short night gown and an outer robe.
*843 After he began his advances she did not ask him to leave the apartment because “that would have been rude.”
During the alleged attack she did not cry out because she did not want to disturb the sleeping children. She merely admonished him “to behave and be a good boy.”5
She allowed the accused to sleep undisturbed until late the following morning because “he was a friend of the family.”
She did not call the MPs because she did not know their telephone number nor call the civilian police because “she did not think of it.”
She “did not know how” to report an incident involving rape.
She did not tell her husband for more than 20 hours because it would have made him “very angry.”
She told her embarrassed husband only after he had been kidded by fellow soldiers about her gossipy episode with the accused and he wanted to know the particulars.
She had a reputation at Fort Knox, Ky. (the prior duty station) of “fooling around on her husband”.
She suspects that her husband does not believe her version of the events.
Neither do I.
I would reverse and order the charge dismissed.
. Paragraph 153a, Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1969 (Revised edition).
. See United States v. Thompson, 3 M.J. 168 (C.M.A. 1977).
. See generally 4 Wigmore, Evidence, §§ 1134— 39 (Chadbourne rev. 1972); 75 C.J.S. Rape (§§ 53-55 (1952); 65 Am.Jur.2d Rape §§ 76-81 (1972); 3 Underhill, Criminal Evidence §§ 757-59 (5th Ed. 1957).
. United States v. Bennington, 12 U.S.C.M.A. 565, 31 C.M.R. 151 (1961).
. In a question and answer statement given to the CID (the subject of Judge Jones’ main discussion in the principal opinion) the accused stated that after the intercourse the alleged victim was crying and cramped over because she was in pain due to a pre-existing vaginal infection which had become irritated during the sex act. She then took Darvon to ease the pain. When asked the two-pronged question: “Based upon that statement, do you still think she was completely willing and that she went along with everything, knowing that she would experience pain?” He answered: “I don’t know, but I don’t think she was pleased with what happened because her infection had been irritated by the sexual intercourse.” He also admitted that she may have resisted after penetration was accomplished, (underscoring supplied).
