United States v. Robert Daniel Bigler

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UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Robert Daniel BIGLER, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 86-1204.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

May 15, 1987.

817 F.2d 1139

ity.” ... The former is proved by evidence of an ongoing organization, formal or informal, and by evidence that the various associates function as a continuing unit. The latter is proved by evidence of the requisite number of acts of racketeering committed by the participants in the enterprise.

Id. at 583.

We have, of course, no quarrel with the court‘s view set out above; and we readily concur in Sahs’ suggestion that the instruction employed here is not a model of clarity and that the better practice is to instruct the jury by reference to the specific elements of proof set out in

Turkette. These observations, however, do not avail Sahs, for in this case other portions of the instructions on count one effectively insure that the conviction was based on findings that inherently establish the requisites of a RICO enterprise. The conspiracy instruction clearly indicates that each individual defendant must have wilfully joined with the group (as a group). The conspiracy instruction also reemphasized that the common purpose this group of defendants was charged with pursuing was “to finance and purchase marijuana and cocaine from each other and other persons, to provide storage and transportation and distribution of the substances, to collect and distribute funds realized from the distribution, to legitimize income and to travel to accomplish these things.” A conviction under the conspiracy instruction, therefore, insures that the jury found that a true RICO enterprise existed, because the instruction specifically tied the conspiracy charge to a description of a pattern of planned activities that inherently suggest the existence of an ongoing organization and a continuing unit of associates.

Except as indicated above, the Petitions for Rehearing are DENIED; and, no member of this panel nor judge in regular active service on the Court having requested that the Court be polled on rehearing en banc, (Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure and Local Rule 35) the Suggestions for Rehearing En Banc are DENIED.

Brantley Pringle (Court appointed counsel) Fort Worth, Tex., for defendant-appellant.

Jimmy L. Tallant, Asst. U.S. Atty., Marvin Collins, U.S. Atty., Fort Worth, Tex., Patty Merkamp Stemler, Atty., Appellate Sect., Crim. Div., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for U.S.

ON PETITION FOR REHEARING

(Opinion February 12, 1987,

5th Cir. 1987, 810 F.2d 1317)

Before RUBIN, JOHNSON and JONES, Circuit Judges.

ALVIN B. RUBIN, Circuit Judge:

Although it failed to raise the issue before either the district court or this court on appeal, the government contends in its petition for rehearing that this court should have excluded, sua sponte, ten additional days from the time applied to the 70-day time limit set by the Speedy Trial Act because, in order for Bigler to appear before the U.S. Magistrate in Fort Worth, Texas (N.D.Tex), it was necessary to transport him from a state prison in Huntsville (S.D. Tex).¹ Exclusion of these additional days, it is argued, would have reduced the number of nonexcludable days to 69, one day short of the limit. For the reasons set forth below, we adhere to our original opinion.

This court has repeatedly ruled that it will not consider issues that were not raised before the trial court,² and, a fortiori, that it will not consider issues that are not raised by the litigants on appeal³ except when they undermine the court‘s jurisdiction.⁴ While recognizing the general applicability of this rule, the government, citing

United States v. Krynicki,⁵ contends that its failure to raise the issue was inadvertent and the consequence of its oversight constitutes such an exceptional circumstance that we should now consider the issue and rule in its favor. In

Krynicki, a case in which the government advanced a defense to its alleged failure to comply with the Speedy Trial Act on appeal that it had not advanced below, the First Circuit considered the belatedly urged argument because (1) the issue presented a purely legal question; (2) it did not require further development of the facts; and (3) a miscarriage of justice would occur if the charges against a criminal defendant were dismissed when, in fact, the Speedy Trial Act had not been violated.

We do not find the rationale of

Krynicki persuasive in the present context. In

Krynicki the government briefed its new theory on appeal, the defendant was given the opportunity to challenge the government‘s legal position, and the court heard argument on the issue at the time the case was heard. None of these events occurred in this case. Moreover, no miscarriage of justice will necessarily occur in this case by virtue of the dismissal of the indictment. The question whether dismissal of the indictment should be without prejudice will be ruled on in the district court. That court can and should weigh every consideration for and against dismissal with prejudice. The government‘s failure to raise the transportation-delay issue before us may be weighed in the same manner as its failure to insure trial before the 71st nonexcludable day. A greater injustice would occur if we were to create an argument for the government and then use it to deny Bigler relief without affording him an op-portunity to challenge the basis of our holding.

The government also contends in its petition for rehearing that the period during which Bigler‘s pretrial Speedy Trial motion was pending is excludable. We noted in our original opinion that it is unclear whether that time is properly excludable in view of the fact that the motion had absolutely no effect on the trial date, which was set before the motion was filed. Because, however, we held that Bigler‘s trial date was too late even if those days were excluded, we chose to pretermit a decision on that issue and assumed, for purposes of our analysis, that the time could be excluded. The government in effect is not content with our refusal to decide the issue but urges us to support its position.

Again bringing new matters to our attention for the first time in its application for rehearing, the government refers to cases not previously cited to us and not discovered by us. On this basis it now seeks reconsideration of that part of the opinion suggesting that the pretrial-motion exclusion, 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)(F), may not be “automatically” applied regardless of whether the filing and consideration of the motion had any bearing whatever on the trial date or caused any delay in trial. Several of the cases the government has cited do conclude that any time a pretrial motion is pending is automatically excluded without regard to whether the motion had—or could have had—any effect on the actual trial date.⁶ The holding of these cases, however, is significantly broader than the result dictated by

Henderson v. United States⁷ and

United States v. Horton.⁸

Henderson and

Horton discussed the narrower issue of whether exclusion is “automatic” in the sense that it applies without the requirement that the government prove that all of the resulting delay was reasonable—i.e., delay is excludable without a vigorous inquiry into whether all of it is really neces-⁶sary and, therefore, really “caused by” the motion. Because, in order to decide this case, we need not determine whether to follow the lead of the Second Circuit and extend the rationale of

Henderson and

Horton to cases in which a pretrial motion patently has caused no delay in trial, we adhere to our previous decision to reserve judgment on that question until it is directly presented.

The final issue raised by the government concerns our determination that Bigler‘s appearance with Pringle on February 3 was a “first appearance with counsel” within the meaning of the statute. Our holding that Bigler‘s appearance with Pringle on February 3 was a “first appearance with counsel” does not imply that Bigler would be automatically entitled to a second thirty-day period if his attorney were to withdraw or be removed from the case. The government owes indigent defendants an affirmative duty both to insure that they are tried within the time limits of the statute and that they are provided counsel to represent them in preparation for trial at least thirty days before trial is scheduled. If, for any reason after the government has provided such counsel in a timely fashion, an indigent defendant needs additional time to prepare for trial, his recourse, like that of any other defendant, is to seek a continuance under § 3161(h)(8).

For these reasons the application for rehearing is DENIED.

EDITH H. JONES, Circuit Judge, dissenting from Denial of Panel Rehearing:

I have dissented once and with due respect to my colleagues must do so again, as the issues on rehearing have changed.

First, I disapprove the majority‘s rejection of the standard set forth in

United States v. Krynicki, 689 F.2d 289 (1st Cir. 1982) for considering the applicability of 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)(H), which would bring Bigler‘s trial within the 70-day limit of the Speedy Trial Act.

Krynicki follows the usual appellate¹ rule and holds that a purely legal issue pertaining to the Speedy Trial Act, not raised in the district court but dispositive of the case, may be considered on appeal. Declining to consider the issue would, in the First Circuit‘s and in my view, result in a miscarriage of justice. Bigler, an admitted serial bank robber, may go free although he was timely tried. My colleagues suggest

Krynicki is unpersuasive because Bigler has had no opportunity to brief the 10-day travel time exclusion. They could have, as we often do, afforded him the opportunity to file a responsive brief to the government‘s petition for rehearing. But what good would it do? The statute explicitly allows the 10-day exclusion. 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)(H). There is no factual dispute. Bigler‘s briefing could not change the law.

Second, I disagree with the majority‘s reading of

Henderson v. United States, — U.S. —, 106 S.Ct. 1871, 90 L.Ed.2d 299 (1986), and our precedent in

United States v. Horton, 705 F.2d 1414 (5th Cir. 1983), cert. denied,

464 U.S. 997, 104 S.Ct. 496, 78 L.Ed.2d 689 (1983). The Sixth Circuit recently properly interpreted

United States v. Henderson to require automatic exclusion of “[a]ll of the time from the filing of appellant‘s pretrial motions until the hearing thereon....”

United States v. Keefer, 799 F.2d 1115, 1122 (6th Cir. 1986).

Horton held squarely that § 3161(h)(1)(F) “places no rigid time strictures on [pretrial motion] practice whatever, and only the shadow of an implied one.”

Horton, 705 F.2d at 1416. In so doing, it overruled the contention that anything less than egregious circumstances, such as deliberate refusal to schedule a hearing on a pretrial motion with intent to evade the Speedy Trial Act limits, would violate Subsection F. We are therefore bound, in my view, by both the Supreme Court and our prior controlling authority to exclude the period between the filing of Bigler‘s pretrial motions² and their consideration by the trial court. Five circuit courts, cited by the majority, would agree. My disagreement with the majority does not change the outcome of this case but is significant lest the “open issue” perceived by the majority supply false hope to future criminal appellants.

Notes

1

18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)(H).

Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 121, 96 S.Ct. 2868, 2877, 49 L.Ed.2d 826 (1976), (an appellate court is justified in resolving an issue not passed on below where the proper resolution is beyond any doubt or injustice might otherwise result);

United States v. Parker, 722 F.2d 179, 183 n. 2 (5th Cir. 1983); See generally Davis & Childress, Standards of Review in Criminal Appeals: Fifth Circuit Illustration and Analysis, 60 Tul.L.Rev. 461, 470-71 (1980). Further emphasizing the discretionary quality of this Court‘s decision is the fact that we may raise, sua sponte, an issue of exhaustion in a habeas corpus case.

McGee v. Estelle, 722 F.2d 1206, 1214 (5th Cir. 1984) (en banc).

2

See, e.g.,

Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 120-21, 96 S.Ct. 2868, 2877, 49 L.Ed.2d 826 (1976);

United States v. Allegheny-Ludlum Indus., Inc., 517 F.2d 826, 840 n. 13 (5th Cir. 1975), cert. denied,

425 U.S. 944, 96 S.Ct. 1684, 48 L.Ed.2d 187 (1976);

Zimmer v. McKeithen, 485 F.2d 1297, 1307 (5th Cir. 1973), aff‘d sub nom

East Carroll Parish School Bd. v. Marshall, 424 U.S. 636, 96 S.Ct. 1083, 47 L.Ed.2d 296 (1976). Bigler filed motions to dismiss under the Speedy Trial Act and for violation of his double jeopardy rights.

3

See, e.g.,

Zuccarello v. Exxon Corp., 756 F.2d 402, 407-08 (5th Cir. 1985);

Domed Stadium Hotel, Inc. v. Holiday Inns, Inc., 732 F.2d 480, 488 n. 7 (5th Cir. 1984);

McGruder v. Necaise, 733 F.2d 1146, 1148 (5th Cir. 1984).

4

See, e.g.,

Davis v. Blackburn, 803 F.2d 1371, 1372 (5th Cir. 1986);

State of Ala. v. Woody, 473 F.2d 10, 12-14 (5th Cir. 1973);

21 Turtle Creek Square, Ltd. v. N.Y. State Teachers’ Retirement Sys., 404 F.2d 31, 32 (5th Cir. 1968).

5

689 F.2d 289, 292 (1st Cir. 1982).

6

See, e.g.,

United States v. Cobb, 697 F.2d 38, 40-42 (2d Cir. 1982). Accord

United States v. Von Brandy, 726 F.2d 548, 550-51 (9th Cir. 1984);

United States v. Stafford, 697 F.2d 1368, 1371 (11th Cir. 1983);

United States v. Brim, 630 F.2d 1307, 1312-13 (8th Cir. 1980).

7

— U.S. —, 106 S.Ct. 1871, 90 L.Ed.2d 299 (1986).

8

705 F.2d 1414, 1415 (5th Cir.), cert. denied,

464 U.S. 997, 104 S.Ct. 496, 78 L.Ed.2d 689 (1983).

Case Details

Case Name: United States v. Robert Daniel Bigler

Court Name: Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

Date Published: May 15, 1987

Citation: 817 F.2d 1139

Docket Number: 86-1204

Court Abbreviation: 5th Cir.