Lead Opinion
OPINION OF THE COURT
The validity of sentencing is the issue on this appeal.
Appellant was convicted by a jury on three counts of an indictment, all based upon a single armed robbery of a bank. Following denial of appellant’s post-trial motions, he was sentenced on May 9, 1967 as follows:
Count I, under 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), charging entering a bank with intent to commit a felony — 10 years;
Count II, also under 18 U.S.C. § 2113 (a), charging robbery of the bank— 5 years, consecutive with the preceding sentence;
Count III, under 18 U.S.C. § 2113(d), charging bank robbery attended by jeopardizing life with a dangerous weapon — 5 years probation, to be served at the expiration of the sentence of Count II.
An appeal was taken, and this court affirmed the conviction in a per curiam opinion. United States v. Corson,
On August 31, 1969, while imprisoned, appellant sought to invoke the power of the district court under Rule 35, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, “to correct an illegal sentence at any time” by moving for vacation of the sentences imposed
I.
The sole question presented by this appeal is whether the district court’s Order of October 21, 1969 constituted a proper and lawful implementation of the Supreme Court’s holding in Prince v. United States,
Even before Prince, it was generally agreed among the circuits that a defendant could not be given multiple sentences under the bank robbery statute as punishment for a single bank robbery.
1. The Merger theory. The above-quoted merger language in Prince has been read by several circuits, including our own, as requiring a holding that sentence may validly be imposed only upon that count which charges the most aggravated form of the offense since, in theory, the less aggravated offenses have “merged” into it and ceased to exist as separate, punishable offenses.
2. The court’s intention. Other circuits, most notably the Eighth, have adopted a more flexible approach — that the sentence retained should be that which most clearly approximates the intention of the district judge at the time of the original sentencing. This theory assumes that the sentencing judge clearly intended to impose on the defendant at least as severe a penalty as that indicated for any single count. They have therefore permitted to stand the heaviest penalty, irrespective of whether it was imposed upon the most aggravated of the counts. They have therefore vacated all sentences but the longest.
II.
A review of the cases using these two approaches reveals the striking fact that, regardless of the approach used, the re-
The most inclusive offense in § 2113 is aggravated robbery, which offense also carries the heaviest maximum penalty. In those cases in which the defendant has been convicted on aggravated robbery as well as the lesser included offenses, the “merger” theory has generally worked well to correct an erroneous pyramiding of sentences. Since the heaviest sentence has usually been imposed on the aggravated count, it has done little violence to the intention of the sentencing judge to uphold that sentence on the ground that the lesser offenses merged into the most inclusive offenses and no longer formed a proper basis for sentencing.
Courts have had great difficulty with the merger theory, however, in cases in which the more severe sentence was not imposed on the most inclusive offense. Typically, such cases have involved two counts — one for entering with the intent to commit a felony and one for larceny.
There has been a common variation on this situation, arising (as in the instant case) when, despite a conviction on an aggravated count punishable by 25 years in prison and a fine, the trial judge has nonetheless imposed the heaviest sentence on one of the lesser counts. The
This court has had no reason, prior to this case, to question the wisdom of the merger theory, since Welty, Conway, McKenzie, and Chester all involved situations in which the application of that theory did not lead to the mischievous results outlined above. This case, however, reveals plainly the difficulties inherent in that approach. A defendant found guilty of aggravated bank robbery and upon whom the district judge intended to impose a sentence of no less than 15 years plus 5 years probation would incur a sanction of only 5 years probation because the district judge has erred. Therefore, we have been compelled to reexamine the underpinnings of the merger theory. Upon consideration of all the relevant authorities, we have concluded that the merger theory is inconsistent with sound judicial policy and ought not hereafter be followed.
III.
The merger theory stems from the Supreme Court’s decision in Prince v. United States, supra. There, the Supreme Court was faced with a situation in which the district court had sentenced a defendant convicted of a single bank robbery to 20 years for robbery and 15 years for entering to be served consecutively. Interpreting the statutory scheme to resolve an ambiguity in favor of leniency the Supreme Court held that when it established lesser included offenses in the Bank Robbery Act, Congress did not intend to permit the pyramiding of penalties imposed for a single robbery. In 1937 Congress had amended the Bank Robbery Act of 1934 to plug a glaring loophole by making unlawful entry and larceny from a bank federal crimes. Prior to the amendment it was possible to enter a bank and steal money from the till during the distraction of the teller without violating federal law. It was in this context of interpreting Congressional intent to create lesser included offenses without increasing the maximum penalty for the most inclusive offense that the Court stated:
“[T]he unlawful entry provision was inserted to cover the situation where a person enters a bank for the purpose of committing a crime but is frustrated for some reason before completing the crime. The gravamen of the offense is not in the act of entering. * * * Rather the heart of the crime is the intent to steal. This mental element merges into the completed crime if the robbery is consummated. To go beyond this reasoning would compel us to find that Congress intended, by the 1937 amendment, to make drastic changes in authorized punishments. This we cannot do.”352 U.S. at 328 ,77 S.Ct. at 406 (Italics added).
We do not read this language, however, either as reflecting the common law doctrine of merger of offenses,
If the merger theory is to be rejected, how then should sentence be imposed when there are multiple convictions arising out of a single bank robbery?
The most obvious alternative to the merger theory is the approach implicitly
Since the convictions on the various counts would not “merge” under this approach, the defendant would presumably be entitled to appeal his conviction on all the counts. To enable him to do so, judgment would have to be entered on each of them. The entry of a valid ap-pealable judgment of conviction on each count required that sentence be imposed thereon. (For purposes of determining appealability, the term “sentence” includes probation with suspension of the imposition of any other penal sanctions. Korematsu v. United States,
We must also reject the single-sentence approach because there are situations in which it would lead to results as anomalous as those which would be produced by the merger approach in the instant case. For example, were this court on an appeal to reverse only the conviction supporting the one sentence upon which a prison term had been imposed, the district court would be unable subsequently to salvage its original sentence by transferring the prison sentence to one of the other counts on which only probation had been imposed. Rule 35 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure provides no remedy, since it is expressly limited to the correction of “illegal” sentences, and the law is clear that a valid sentence may not be altered once it has been affirmed on appeal and become final. See Castle v. United States,
For these reasons, we think that the only practicable way of implementing Prince is to impose a general sentence on all counts for a term not exceeding the maximum permissible sentence on that count which carries the greatest maximum sentence. Should there be a reversal of one or more counts, there would be no bar to the district court’s imposition of a new sentence so long as it did not exceed the maximum authorized by any of the remaining counts. Moreover, there would be no double jeopardy problem so long as the new sentence was the same as or less than that originally imposed.
We are aware that this Court has, for good reason, expressed a dissatisfaction with general sentences and has declared it “highly desirable that the trial judge in imposing sentence on an indictment containing more than one count deal separately with each count.” United States v. Rose,
IV.
In this case, the trial court erroneously imposed separate sentences on all three robbery counts. It is impossible to say that certain of these sentences rather than others were “illegal” under Rule 35. Rather, it was the cumulation of sentences, the sentencing in its entirety which was “illegal.” It was therefore error for the district court merely to have vacated the sentences on counts II and III and to have left standing the sentence on count I. Thus, all the sentences originally imposed were invalid and ought to have been vacated in their entirety, so that the appellant could then be resentenced.
Notes
. For the sake of clarity, we set out here the relevant subsections of 18 U.S.C. § 2113:
(a) Whoever, by force and violence, or by intimidation, takes, or attempts to take, from the person or presence of another any property or money or any other thing of value belonging to, or in the care, custody, control, management, or possession of, any bank, or any savings and loan association [hereinafter “robbery”] ; or
Whoever enters or attempts to enter any bank, or any savings and loan association, or any building used in whole or in part as a bank, or as a savings and loan association, with intent to commit in such bank, or in such savings and loan association, or building, or part thereof, so used, any felony affecting such bank or such savings and loan association and in violation of any statute of the United States, or any larceny [hereinafter “unlawful entering”]—
Shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both.
(b) Whoever takes and carries away, with intent to steal or purloin, any property or money or any other thing of value exceeding $100 belonging to, or in the care, custody, control, management, or possession of any bank, or any savings and loan association [hereinafter “larceny of a sum in excess of $100”], shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; or Whoever takes and carries away, with intent to steal or purloin, any property or money or any other thing of value not exceeding $100 belonging to, or in the care, custody, control, management, or possession of any bank, or any savings and loan association [hereinafter “larceny of a sum less than $100”], shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.
' * * * * *
(d) Whoever, in committing, or in attempting to commit, any offense defined in subsections (a) and (b) of this section, assaults any person, or puts in jeopardy the life of any person by the use of a dangerous weapon or device [hereinafter “aggravated robbery”], shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than twenty-five years, or both.
. See, e. g., Ward v. United States,
. A few of the older eases have used yet a third approach, holding that, by imposing sentence upon the first count of an indictment, a court “exhausts its power” to sentence and that the sentences on any subsequent counts are therefore void. Holbrook v. Hunter,
For a discussion of all three approaches, see Annot.,
. United States v. Welty,
Several cases employed the merger theory even before Prince. See, e. g., Price v. United States,
. Sawyer v. United States,
The Supreme Court may, arguably, have endorsed this approach in Green v. United States,
. Two examples will suffice. In United States v. McKenzie, supra (“merger”), tiie defendant was sentenced to ten years for robbery, seven years for larceny, and twenty years on an aggravated count, all three sentences to be served concurrently. This court held that “it was error to sentence appellant on counts one and two, because, for sentencing purposes, offenses under sections (a) and (b) of the Federal Bank Robbery Act become merged with the more aggravated offense under section (d).”
. As noted in footnote 1, robbery and aggravated robbery both carry potential prison terms at least as great as that for unlawful entering (unlawful entering, 20 years; robbery, 20 years; aggravated robbery, 25 years). Larceny, on the other hand, carries a significantly lower potential prison term (10 years or, in some cases, only one year).
. See, e. g., Prince v. United States, United States v. Welty, United States v. Conway, United States v. McKenzie, United States v. Chester, Bayless v. United States, United States v. Machibroda, United States v. Trumblay, all supra.
. See, e. g., Hardy v. United States, supra, and the cases cited after it in footnote 6, supra.
. See e. g., Sawyer v. United States; United States v. Leather, both supra, Coy v. Johnston,
. Accord, Purdom v. United States, supra. Under the merger of offenses doctrine, if the same criminal act constitutes both a felony and a misdemeanor, the misdemeanor merges into the felony and the defendant can be punished only for the latter. The doctrine does not apply where, as here, both offenses are felonies. See, generally, 22 C.J.S. Criminal Law § 10, pp. 42-46.
. “[Tlliere is nothing in the language or operability of [§ 2113] to suggest that either [unlawful entry or larceny], where both have been present in a situation, was intended to be deprived of its identity or status as a basis for making violative charges; but that, in respect to the imposing of punishment on them, they are so related in their nature and object that, under the doctrine of the Prince case, sentence may be meted out on only one of them, within the choice which the trial court deems appropriate in the circumstances.” Hardy v. United States,
. Two cases which reach the opposite conclusion, Kitt v. United States,
. Since a general sentence is not prorated among the various counts, Vautrot v. United States,
. There is some authority for permitting the district court to impose concurrent sentences on each count and then vacate all but one when the conviction becomes final after appeal. United States v. Spears,
. The remedy of resentencing is expressly required by Prince,
. Ex parte Lange, and the cases cited therewith, supra.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting).
I dissent because I believe the law does not permit the solution of the dilemma of this case that this court is now sanctioning.
The sentence of 5 years probation that the district court imposed on Count 3 for the most aggravated of three crimes charged in the present indictment was beyond doubt a lawful sentence, as I believe all members of the court recognize. After this court affirmed the conviction, 1968,
It is my understanding of the law that a sentencing judge’s power to modify a valid sentence that he has imposed is of limited duration. At common law and in our federal system before the adoption of the present Rules of Criminal Procedure, such power expired with the relevant term of court. United States v. Mayer, 1914,
by the court of a mandate issued upon af-firmance of the judgment or dismissal of the appeal. * * * ”
Thus, 120 days after it received our mandate issued pursuant to our 1968 af-firmance of McCullough’s conviction, the district court’s power to modify the sentence on Count 3 expired. Yet, more than a year later in October 1969, the district court vacated that sentence and this court now sanctions that action.
The dilemma of this ease arises because so long as the valid sentence on Count 3 shall remain in force, the sentences on Counts 1 and 2, charging lesser crimes based upon parts of the total transaction covered by the charge in Count 3, are invalid. Heflin v. United States, 1959,
The same is true when the mistake is discovered on direct appeal. The reviewing court can remand the case for correction of sentence since under Rule 35 judicial power to correct the sentence or sentences has not yet expired. See, for example, United States v. Chester, 3rd Cir. 1969,
The prisoner is, in my view, entitled to precisely the remedy he is seeking, relief from the two invalid sentences. I do not object to the method of sentencing proposed by the court for the avoidance of the problems of this case in the future.