United States v. Riley, 74 F. 210

74 F. 210 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Kentucky | 1895

TAFT, Circuit Judge.

I have no doubt what my duty is in this case. It is a duty which I perform with great reluctance. The evidence in the case strongly tends to show that the defendant was a party, perhaps the chief party, to a conspiracy to evade a very important criminal statute of the United States, — that which denounces the offense, in a government officer or employ!», of collecting for political purposes assessments or contributions from other employes. The evidence seems to show that there was an elaborate and deliberate conspiracy for that purpose, and that the defendant was perhaps the masterhand in carrying it out, and in devising the plan by which its discovery and proof should be difficult. Wliat would be developed in his defense of course the court cannot state. Tiie case for the government, however, is a strong one, and in that riew the court is naturally reluctant to direct a verdict on what is, raider the circumstances of this case, a technical ground.

It is objected that the defendant has not been given a fair opportunity to make out a defense, because he could not know' until the trial the particular persons from whom these assessments were charged to have been collected. In this case the merits of that contention- have no great weight. The assessment proven here is shown to have been a general assessment, with respect to which the defendant would seem to have had full knowledge or information. But the constitution requires that an indictment: shall set forth the nature and character of the offense charged with sufficient particularity to enable Mm to make a defense, and certain rules have been laid down by the authorities which fix what are the material averments and what are the material specifications. With respect to larceny, it is necessary to state whose property it is which the thief has taken. With respect to embezzlement, or all crimes against: properly, the same rule obtains. With respect to Ibis statutory offense, it seems to me by analogy that the name of the officer or einployé of the United States from whom the political assessment: has been received is equally essential to the validity of the indictment. The framer of this indictment was evidently of that opinion, because he attempted to explain the omission' of the names by the usual averment: that the names of the storekeepers or gangers from whom this assessment" was collected or received were unknown to the grand jury. Mr." Jolly, who was district attorney at the time this indictment was found, has explained the reason why this course was taken,, which was that the grand jury and he did not think that they could trace the assessments collected from any particular gauger into the particular funds received by the defendant. But it seems to me that the evidence before the grand jury, as the evidence here, made a case against Riley, showing that he was unlawfully concerned in receiving all the assessments which are proven to have been here collected. If that is the case, then the proof before the grand jury that any particular gauger paid an assessment was proof of the name of a person which should have been inserted in the indictment. My theory, and it seems to me the only proper theory, of the evidence is that Sheltman’s reception of this money by direction of Riley, and under his control and supervision, was an unlawful reception of the moneys indirectly by Riley himself; at least that it showed Riley was unlawfully concerned in receiving indirectly the money; and therefore, if it could be definitely stated by the grand jury from what persons Sheltman’s money was received, then it could be definitely stated from what persons Riley was concerned indirectly in receiving money; and as unquestionably it did appear to the grand jury that Sheltman had received political contributions from some 25 or 30 storekeepers and gaugers whose names were known to the grand jury, there is a fatal variance between the averment in the indictment that the names were unknown to the grand jury and the proof adduced before this jury. All the authorities sustain this view. Rex v. Walker, 3 Camp. 264; State v. Wilson, 30 Conn. 500; White v. People, 32 N. Y. 465; Guthrie v. State, 16 Neb. 667, 21 N. W. 455; Whart. Cr. Pl. & Prac. § 112. I shall therefore direct a verdict in favor of the defendant in this case. The acquittal thus directed will not bar prosecution under an indictment in which the names of the persons solicited ,shall be correctly set out, and, but for the fact that the statute of limitations has now run against a new indictment, I should deem it my duty to direct the district attorney to begin proceedings looking to a reindictment of the defendant.

The opinion which I have already filed in the case upon the demurrer I shall modify in one respect, because I think, from an examination of the authorities, that it perhaps states the case too strongly. What I said was that it must appear in proof, to sustain the indictment, that the persons referred to were not actually known to the grand jury. I do not think that quite states the law; at least it may mislead. If it does not appear in proof one why or the other, then the finding of the indictment, and the averment in it that the necessary names were unknown, raise the presumption that the persons referred to were not known, even if they appear on the stand at the trial. It must appear affirmatively in proof that they were known to the grand jury before that can be used as a reason for asserting a variance, and therefore I ■ shall modify the language of'the opinion to read thus:' “If it appear in proof, however, that the persons referred to as unknown were actually known to the grand jury, then there is a fatal variance.” Guthrie v. State, 16 Neb. 667, 670, 21 N. W. 455; Com. v. Gallagher, 126 Mass. 54; Com. v. Hill, 11 Gush. 137; Rex v. Bush, Russ. & R. 372; Whart. Cr. Pl. & Prac. § 113.

The foregoing opinion was delivered in the absence of ‘the jury. After the return of the jury, the court continued as follows: Gen-1 lumen of the Jury: After listening to the arguments of counsel, and giving a consideration to the allegations of the indictment, I find that there is a fatal variance between the proof offered here and the averments of the indictment, in this: that the indictment, avers that the names of the storekeepers and gaugers from whom the assessments were received by Rilev were unknown to the grand jury. In my opinion, all the evidence in the case tends to show— I moan the evidence for the government (what the evidence for the defendant would be I cannot say) — all the evidence now before the court tends to show that Riley was unlawfully concerned in the receiving of the money which Sheltman received, and Shell man is shown by the evidence to have received, with the exception of a percentage collected by Barnes, Heinig, a.nd Neiman, all the assessments which Barnes and Heinig collected. The evidence brought out before yon also shows that tin1 grand jury were advised by the witnesses sworn before them of the names of some 25 or 30 storekeepers and gaugers from whom these assessments were collected. In my view of the law, it was therefore the duty of the grand jury to have included in the indictment the names of those who were known, and, this not. having been done, the proof here does not: sustain the indictment as it is charged. I must, therefore, direct you to return a verdict for the defendant. You do this upon the, responsibility of the court.