Paul Riesselman was charged with conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine, distribution of methamphetamine, being an unlawful user of methamphetamine in possession of firearms, and unlawfully possessing an unregistered sawed-off shotgun. Riesselman filed a motion to suppress certain evidence, which the district court 2 denied in part and granted in part. Riesselman appeals, arguing the district court erred in denying the suppression of physical evidence seized pursuant to a search warrant he alleges was invalid, as well as statements he made following an illegal search of his person. We affirm.
I.
In March 2008, a confidential informant provided information to Special Agent Todd Jones of the Iowa Division of Narcotics Enforcement (“DNE”) indicating Riesselman possessed methamphetamine and weapons at his residence. Between *1075 March and June 2008, the informant continued to work with the DNE and met with Riesselman to discuss methamphetamine transactions. In May 2008, the informant purchased a small amount of methamphetamine from Riesselman.
In response to the information received from the informant, Jones contacted Special Agent Darin Heideman, a federally-certified task force officer, to assist in the preparation and signing of a federal search warrant for Riesselman’s home in Vail, Iowa. Heideman prepared an affidavit and application for a search warrant, which was signed by a magistrate judge on July 3, 2008. The items sought were indicated by a reference to “Attachment 1,” which included a list of documents, drug paraphernalia, weapons, and other items. The warrant did not authorize the search of any persons, only Riesselman’s residence.
Prior to the execution of the search warrant, Heideman provided Jones with a copy of the search warrant, including Attachment 1, and the affidavit in support of the warrant application. On July 9, 2008, Jones and Heideman, along with other officers, executed the search warrant on Riesselman’s property. There was no plan to arrest Riesselman, but during the search, officers detained him, searched him, and seized a small amount of methamphetamine found in his pocket. Officers also seized a cell phone found on his person.
Following the discovery of methamphetamine on Riesselman’s person, Jones— who was not involved in the search of Riesselman’s person — read Riesselman his Miranda rights, to which Riesselman replied he understood and was willing to speak with the officers. Jones then asked Heideman — who was also not involved in the search of Riesselman’s person — to interview Riesselman inside his residence. As they walked inside, Riesselman asked Heideman whether he should have an attorney present. Heideman responded they were “just talking,” but indicated he would inform the prosecutor if Riesselman cooperated with the questioning. When inside, Heideman again informed Riesselman of his rights, and Riesselman acknowledged he understood.
The interview began with only Heideman questioning Riesselman and with no recording. Heideman asked Riesselman about the drugs found in his pocket, his drug usage, his work history, and the weapons found at his residence. After approximately thirty to forty-five minutes, Jones joined the interview and recorded the remainder of the conversation. Jones also questioned Riesselman about his drug history and his drug transactions. Riesselman admitted to distributing about one pound of methamphetamine, using other drugs, and possessing firearms.
Following the interview and at the conclusion of the search, Jones and Heideman released Riesselman and provided him with a copy of the search warrant. However, the officers failed to provide Riesselman with Attachment 1 referenced in the search warrant. Jones returned Riesselman’s cell phone, left a copy of the inventory on the kitchen table, and photographed both items to show they had been left.
Riesselman was charged with conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A), 846, and 960(a); distribution of methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(C), and 860(a); being an unlawful user of methamphetamine in possession of firearms in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(3) and 924(a)(2); and unlawfully possessing an unregistered sawed-off shotgun in violation of 26 U.S.C. §§ 5841, 5845(a), 5861(d), and 5871. Riesselman filed a motion to suppress the evidence of the drugs and cell phone found on *1076 him during the search of his person because the search was not authorized by the search warrant. Also, Riesselman sought to suppress other physical evidence seized pursuant to the warrant because the incorporated Attachment 1 did not accompany his copy of the search warrant after the search concluded. Finally, Riesselman sought to suppress the statements he made during the interview following the search of his person, alleging they were a product of the illegal search.
The motion was referred to the magistrate judge, who conducted two evidentiary hearings on the matter and filed a report, recommending Riesselman’s motion be granted in part and denied in part. After Riesselman filed objections to the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation, the district court reviewed de novo the magistrate judge’s recommended disposition of Riesselman’s motion. The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s findings of fact and ultimately agreed with the recommendation, granting the motion as to the drugs and cell phone unlawfully seized from Riesselman, and denying the motion as to the fruits of the warrant and the statements obtained during the interview. With regard to the fruits of the search warrant, the district court determined the search warrant adequately referenced Attachment 1 and the attachment accompanied the search warrant, satisfying the Fourth Amendment’s particularity requirement. With regard to Riesselman’s statements made in the interview following the unlawful search of his person, the district court concluded Riesselman failed to prove the discovery of methamphetamine was the but-for cause of making his statements and the government successfully showed the statements were sufficiently attenuated by other circumstances to purge the taint of the unlawful search.
Following the district court’s denial of the motion to suppress, Riesselman entered a conditional plea of guilty to conspiracy to distribute as well as unlawful possession of an unregistered firearm and was sentenced to seventy-five months’ imprisonment. Riesselman reserved the right to appeal all issues raised in his motion to suppress and he now raises two issues on appeal. First, he claims the district court erred in denying the suppression of all the fruits of the search warrant. Second, Riesselman claims the district court erred in denying suppression of his incriminating statements made after an unlawful search of his person.
II.
We review the district court’s legal conclusions for the denial of a motion to suppress de novo, but its factual findings for clear error.
United States v. Van-over,
A.
Riesselman first argues the district court improperly denied suppression of physical evidence obtained from the search warrant because the search warrant was not sufficiently particular when the officers failed to provide him with the referenced Attachment 1 at the conclusion of the search. As required by the Fourth Amendment, search warrants must particularly describe a place to be searched and things to be seized.
See
U.S. Const, amend. IV (“[N]o Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
*1077
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be search, and the persons or things to be seized.”). Although a search warrant must be particular, adequate reference to an affidavit or attachment listing items to be searched or seized can satisfy the requirement.
United States v. Hamilton,
The district court determined a clear incorporation of Attachment 1, including a full list of items subject to seizure, and the presence of Attachment 1 with the search warrant at the search scene satisfied the Fourth Amendment’s particularity requirement. That the copy of Attachment 1 was not provided to Riesselman after the search concluded was of no consequence because a complete copy of the search warrant was present at the time of the search, limiting the items the officers could seize. Based on the facts, we agree the search warrant was sufficiently particular for several reasons.
First, the search warrant in this case indicated Attachment 1 in the space designated for items to be searched. Such a reference sufficiently incorporated the attachment.
See United States v. Curry,
Second, the record supports the finding that the officers brought the attachment to the scene of the search. Although it is not entirely clear whether a referenced attachment is required to accompany a search warrant from its issuance to the conclusion of the search,
compare Curry,
Based on the absence of the attachment from the copy of the warrant he received, Riesselman argues suppression is warranted because he was not provided with the knowledge of what items were to be seized, nor was he ensured the search was lawfully authorized and conducted. We are not persuaded by this argument. Here, the referenced attachment accompanied the warrant application, and was reviewed by the magistrate judge when the warrant was issued. Riesselman does not contest the validity of the warrant at the time it was issued. We recognize Riesselman’s concern as to the search possibly exceeding the scope of the warrant if he is not privy to the list of items to be seized; however, we conclude a val
*1078
idly issued search warrant adequately referencing an attachment and the availability of the attachment at the scene of the search prevent the type of impermissible officer conduct Riesselman is concerned about because items seized beyond the purview of the warrant are subject to suppression.
See Baranski v. United States,
Therefore, we hold the district court properly found the warrant to be sufficiently particular despite the failure to provide the attachment to Riesselman at the conclusion of the search.
B.
Having rejected Riesselman’s Fourth Amendment challenge, we turn to his argument contending the fruits of the search should nevertheless be suppressed under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(f)(1)(C). The rule states, “[t]he officer executing the warrant must give a copy of the warrant and a receipt for the property taken to the person from whom, or from whose premises, the property was taken or leave a copy of the warrant and receipt at the place where the officer took the property.” Fed.R.Crim.P. 41(f)(1)(C). As the district court found, Attachment 1 was not included with the search warrant copy given to Riesselman and, thus, we agree the officers failed to “give a copy of the warrant” to Riesselman at the conclusion of the search in violation of the Rule.
However, even if Rule 41 is violated, exclusion of evidence acquired during the search “is required only if a defendant is prejudiced or if reckless disregard of proper procedure is evident.”
United States v. Spencer,
III.
Riesselman also challenges the district court’s unwillingness to suppress statements he made subsequent to an unlawful search of his person. Evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment is subject to the exclusionary rule and, therefore, “cannot be used in a criminal proceeding against the victim of the illegal search and seizure.”
United States v. Calandra,
However, the evidence should only be excluded if the “illegality is at least a but-for cause of obtaining the evidence.”
United States v. Olivera-Mendez,
A.
In Riesselman’s case, the prosecution conceded the pat-down search was neither authorized by the search warrant nor reasonable under the circumstances. Thus, the search of Riesselman’s person violated his Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches and seizures, and any evidence stemming from the search may be excluded as “fruits” so long as Riesselman is able to first prove a “factual nexus between the constitutional violation and the challenged evidence.”
Marasco,
Riesselman contends his statements were made as a direct result of the officers’ discovery of the drugs on his person. Moreover, he argues the district court improperly relied in part on the officers’ motivation for questioning him in its analysis. We agree with Riesselman’s latter assertion regarding the district court’s focus on the officers’ motivation because the proper inquiry focuses on whether Riesselman would have made the statements to the officers if the officers had not illegally searched and seized drugs from his person.
See Wong Sun,
Particularly, the district court noted Riesselman offered no other evidence beyond his own testimony that he would not have spoken to the officers if the drugs had not been discovered. The district court rejected Riesselman’s testimony, agreeing with the magistrate judge that the statement was “self-serving” and “smacks of recent invention” as Riesselman did not make such an assertion until after the magistrate judge found “if Riesselman had testified that he was so fearful or otherwise swayed by emotion at the discovery of the drugs in his pocket that he was motivated to speak to the officers, then a different result might be warranted.” Furthermore, the district court determined the officers questioned Riessel *1080 man about drug transactions with the confidential informant and weapons found at his residence rather than solely about the drugs found on his person. Based on the district court’s findings and the entire record, we agree Riesselman failed the but-for test because he did not provide sufficient evidence to prove a nexus between the illegal search of his person and his statements made to the officers. Therefore, we hold the district court did not err in denying suppression of the statements made after the illegal search of Riesselman’s person.
B.
Even if Riesselman was correct and the district court did err in finding no nexus between the illegal search of his person and his statements made thereafter, we nevertheless uphold the district court’s decision because the government successfully showed the statements were sufficiently attenuated from the illegal search such that the statements were voluntarily provided by Riesselman.
As previously stated, once the defendant comes forward with specific evidence demonstrating taint, the government has the ultimate burden of persuasion to show the evidence is not tainted.
Alderman,
Three of these four factors indicate Riesselman’s statements were voluntary. First, Riesselman received
Miranda
warnings twice: the first from Jones after the illegal discovery of methamphetamine on his person, and the second from Heideman before questioning began. Riesselman acknowledged his rights by signing a form in the presence on Heideman. These events occurred before the statements were made but after the illegal search and thus they tend to indicate the voluntariness of Riesselman’s statements.
See Rawlings v. Kentucky,
Second, several intervening circumstances occurred in the admittedly short time between the illegal search and the statements, making it more probable the statements were a product of Riesselman’s free will rather than of the illegal search. To start with, there was a change of location. After an officer found drugs on Riesselman’s person, Heideman alone escorted Riesselman indoors.
See Vega-Rico,
Third, as to “the purpose and flagrancy of the official misconduct,” no evidence indicates the search of Riesselman’s person was conducted in bad faith. Although the officers had a copy of the search warrant, which did not authorize a search of Riesselman’s person, the officers had a valid search warrant for other purposes. Also, as the district court determined, the officers did not focus their questioning on the discovery of drugs on his person but rather on drug transactions and weapons generally, and the record supports the finding that the officers already planned, before finding the drugs on his person, to interview Riesselman the day of the search.
Contra Brown v. Illinois,
The only factor to the contrary is the “temporal proximity” of the illegal search and the statements made. This factor weighs less in favor of finding the statements were voluntary because Riesselman made the incriminating statements shortly following the illegal search of his person.
See Lakoskey,
Based on the analysis of the factors listed above, we are convinced the government was able to show that the statements were acquired by means sufficiently distinguishable from the illegal search of Riesselman’s person and Riesselman voluntarily provided his incriminating statements.
See Wong Sun,
*1082 IV.
We affirm the district court’s decision to grant in part and deny in part Riesselman’s motion to suppress.
Notes
. The Honorable Mark W. Bennett, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Iowa, adopting the report and recommendations of the Honorable Paul A. Zoss, United States Magistrate Judge for the Northern District of Iowa.
. The only contrary evidence presented was Riesselman's testimony regarding his feeling of being compelled to speak because the drugs were found in his pocket. However, the district court found his testimony not credible.
See United States v. Carothers,