2 Ct. Cust. 167 | C.C.P.A. | 1911
delivered the opinion of the court:
The collector of customs at the port of New York classified certain dressed sheepskins, sewed into rectangular shapes, 64 inches long by
439. Furs dressed on the skin, not advanced further than dyeing, but not repaired, twenty per centum ad valorem; manufactures of furs, further advanced than dressing and dyeing, when prepared for use as material, including plates, linings, and crosses, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; articles of wearing, apparel of every description, partly or wholly manufactured, composed of or of which fur is the component material of chief value, fifty per centum ad valorem. Furs not on the skin, prepared for hatters’ use, including fur skins carroted, twenty per centum ad valorem.
The importer objected to the classification and the duty assessed and among other grounds of protest set up that the goods were dutiable at 20 per cent ad valorem under paragraph 439 either as furs dressed on the skin, not repaired, and not advanced further than dyeing or at the same rate as partly manufactured articles not provided for under paragraph 480, the part of which relevant to the case reads a’s follows:
480. That there shall be levied, collected, and paid * * ’ * on all articles manufactured, in whole or in part, not provided for in this section, a duty of twenty per centum ad valorem.
A majoi’ity of the Board of General Appraisers decided that the merchandise was unquestionably fashioned into the form of rugs and as such were manufactures of fur, but that they did not belong to the group of manufactures of furs described in that portion of the paragraph under which they were classified and assessed for duty, for the reason that they were not prepared for use as material. As there was no general provision for manufactures of fur in the tariff act of 1909, the majority of the board felt obliged to hold that the goods were dutiable at 2Q per cent ad valorem, either as furs dressed on the skin or as nonenumerated manufactured articles. The minority of the board was of opinion that the importation was one of fur skins in the form of unfinished rugs temporarily sewn together for convenience in transportation and to guard against the inclusion of undersized or defective skins in the shipment; that the ultimate use of the unfinished rugs was the manufacture of carriage robes, the outside of fur garments, and similar purposes; that the so-called rugs had not been “prepared for use as materials, inasmuch as the flanks and defective skins have to be discarded, the skins matched, and then permanently sewn to fit them for such use,” and that the goods were dutiable as furs dressed on the skin, not advanced further than dyeing, at 20 per cent ad valorem.
From the decision of the board the Government appealed.
The appraiser returned the merchandise as “pieces of dressed natural sheepskins which were sewed into rugs,” dutiable as manufactures of fur. The evidence produced by the importer on the hearing was to the effect that the wares in question were dressed pieces of
The goods in this case are made up of furs dressed on the skin and their nature is such that if dutiable at all under the provisions of paragraph 439 of the tariff act of 1909 they must fall within one of the following classes therein specified, namely:
(1) Furs dressed on the skin, not advanced further than dyeing, hut not repaired, twenty per centum ad valorem; or
(2) Manufactures of furs, further advanced than dressing and dyeing, when prepared for use as material, including plates, linings, and crosses, thirty-five per centum ad valorem.
The importer contends, first, that thej? are not manufactures of furs; second, that they are not further advanced than dressing and dyeing; third, that they have not been prepared for use as material; and fourth, that they are not plates, linings, and crosses which are manufactures of fur.
In support of the first point counsel for appellants argue that the rugs are at best furs manufactured, and that within the principle laid down in Dejonge v. Magone (159 U. S., 562, 568) and Hartranft v. Wiegmann (121 U. S., 609, 615) they can not be regarded as manufactures of fur. The cases cited do hold that to constitute a manufacture the material must be converted into a new and different article having a name, character, or use distinct from that of the original substance subjected to manufacturing processes. It will be noted, however, that they do not go so far as. to say that for a manufacture it is necessary that the original material should pass from its condition as a material into a finished article not destined as the material for something else. To so limit the meaning of “ a manufacture” would bring about the odd result of making the language in paragraph 439, “manufactures of furs * * * when prepared for use as material” a contradiction of terms. Ordinarily a manufactured article takes a different form, or at least'subserves a purpose different from the original materials out of which it is made and. usually it takes a different name. Tidewater Oil Co. v. United States (171 U. S., 210, 216). That does not mean, however, that its usefulness as a material has necessarily ended and that as a manufacture it can not serve the purpose of material for some other manufacture. Iron ore is converted into iron; iron is turned into steel; and steel into thousands of articles of indüstrial usefulness. The iron is a manu
But are the rugs manufactures of fur prepared for use as material? That they are suitable as material for the making of lined rugs, carriage robes, and fur coats, and are chiefly used for that purpose, seems to be established by the two witnesses produced on the hearing, both of whom testified on behalf of tbe importer. It is contended, however, that the goods are not prepared for use as material; that whatever preparation the 'merchandise has received has been given wholly for convenience in transportation, and that the articles must be taken apart, poor pieces cut out, and the good ones rematched and resewed before they can be used for making rugs or anything else. We think the contention is a little broader than is justified by the. whole evidence. The rugs are taken apart and they are resewn, but poor pieces are not always found, and neither is it always necessaiy to rematch the pieces, although in many cases such a course is pursued. The sample received in evidence is that of a rug much more strongly sewed than mere convenience of transportation required. The pieces composing it seem to be well matched and if some of them are poor in quality that fact is not disclosed by the evidence. Neither is it apparent to the eye of the layman; but whether the original sewing is removed and the pieces, without changing their relative position, are resewed into a better-stitched rug, or whether the pieces are rematched and resewed into a better-matched and a better-stitched rug, or whether poor pieces are replaced by others of better grade and resewed with those remaining into a bettor quality of rug, or whether the piec s are made up into a carriage robe or other articles, the fact remains that the components of the rugs as they came into the country were not promiscuous bits of dressed fur, but parts of a whole, cut to shape, fitted one to the other, joined together into a definite article, namety, a rug, which can be and is used in the trade as material to make better rugs. We do not think that either the evidence or the sample justifies us in inferring that the constituent parts of the rug are so badly matched and so mixed in grade that they have been sewed together as pieces of waste or refuse fur. Inferior pieces, and poorly matched pieces may be and are in many cases found, but that condition affects the quality of the article and not its status as a rug or its availability as material prepared in some degree for lined rugs or for carriage robes, which do not differ substantially from rugs.
The goods which are the subject of this appeal are made of dressed fur skins which have not been dyed, and the point is made that they
The decision of the Board of General Appraisers is reversed.