UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Jacquan Lee RICHARD, Defendant-Appellee. United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jacquan Lee Richard, Defendant-Appellant.
Nos. 06-10377, 06-10380
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
Argued and Submitted Aug. 13, 2007. Filed Oct. 12, 2007.
1109
HAWKINS, Circuit Judge
Anne R. Traum, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Federal Public Defender, Las Vegas, Nevada, for the defendant-appellee (06-10377), defendant-appellant (No. 06-10380).
Before: DIARMUID F. O‘SCANNLAIN, HAWKINS, and KIM McLANE WARDLAW, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge HAWKINS; Dissent by Judge O‘SCANNLAIN.
HAWKINS, Circuit Judge:
Jacquan Richard (“Richard“) appeals his jury conviction for being a felon in possession of a firearm under
Richard was a backseat passenger in a vehicle lawfully stopped by Las Vegas Police Officer Mark Prager (“Officer Prager“) for displaying defective registration tags. Officer Prager requested identification from the vehicle‘s four occupants and was able to accurately identify three: (1) the vehicle‘s owner and driver, David Martin (“Martin“); (2) backseat passenger Michael Schneider (“Schneider“); and (3) front seat passenger Nikole Reeder (“Reeder“). Officer Prager was unable to immediately identify Richard because Richard did not have physical identification and the information he provided to Officer Prager could not be confirmed via a local, national, and Department of Motor Vehicles record check.
After issuing two vehicle citations to Martin, Officer Prager released him, along with Reeder and Schneider, permitting them to enter an adjacent casino, but detained Richard in order to ascertain his identity. While detained, Richard volunteered that Martin was a pimp who was pandering Reeder, prompting Officer Prager to request vice backup assistance.1 Although not fully developed in the record, it appears that support officers subsequently retrieved Martin, Reeder, and Schneider from the casino for questioning. During this follow-up questioning, Schneider informed Detective Aaron Stanton (“Detective Stanton“) that there was a
Richard, Martin, and Reeder were then arrested on charges unrelated to the оriginal traffic stop,2 Schneider was let go, and Martin‘s vehicle was impounded. No gun was discovered during a routine impound inventory search. However, Schneider later provided the police with additional information concerning the gun, stating that it was located inside the rear seat of Martin‘s vehicle. Schneider then accompanied Detective Stanton to the impound lot, where he pointed to the gun‘s location, evidenced by a small bulge in the backseat. Based on this information, Detective Stanton obtained a search warrant and searched the vehicle the following day, locating the gun inside the rear passenger seat. Detective Stanton subsequently interviewed Richard at the Clark County Detention Center. During this interview, Richard repeatedly denied ownership or possession of the gun, but acknowledged that he may have previously touched or hеld it.3
Reeder then testified that when Officer Prager activated his lights to stop Martin‘s vehicle, Richard exclaimed that “he had to run, he had warrants, and a gun” and that she saw him pull a gun from his pants and place it under or around the backseat. On cross-examination, defense counsel questioned Reeder about the relatively brief period of time she observed the gun and her ability to describe the gun in detail. In addition, defense counsel inquired further into Reeder‘s relationship with Martin, the relationships (or lack thereof) between the vehicle‘s other occupants, and Schneider‘s state of inebriation at the time of the stop.4
In the course of its deliberations, the jury made several requests,5 including to “have Nikole Reeder‘s testimony and cross-examination.” In response, the judgе explained that there was no then-available transcript of the testimony and advised the jury:
If you want to hear a readback of somebody‘s testimony you have to let us know what part you want to hear, and then I‘ll have the court reporter find that in her notes, and then we will bring you back into court and read that back to you.
The court also noted that there was an audiotape, but informed the jury that it would take some time to cue up. The jury was advised to “let [the court] know what portion” of testimony it wanted to hear and temporarily excused. Upon its return, the jury stated that it “would like to either hear back the tape or have read... Ms.
Outside the jury‘s presence, and after having learned for the first time of the jury‘s intended focus on Reeder‘s testimony in support of the government‘s case, Richard objected to playing only a portion of Reeder‘s testimony and moved to have her testimony replayed in its entirety. The judge denied the motion as untimely, expressing concern that reversing course at that point and requiring the jury to hear all of Reeder‘s testimony would make him “look like an idiot.” He also rejected Richard‘s argument that, because Reeder‘s credibility was at issue, it was important for the jury to hear her entire testimony, and stated that he would also overrule the objection on the merits because it was not his “place” to instruct the jury that it was required to hear “the entire testimony of everybody, or of Ms. Reeder, or anyone else.”
After rehearing a portion of Reeder‘s testimony in open court, the jury resumed its deliberations, returning one hour later with a guilty verdict. At sentencing, the district court concluded that Richard did not qualify as an “armed career criminal,” and sentenced Richard to 120 months imprisonment—the statutory maximum for violation of
II.
We review a district court‘s decision to replay (or reread) witness testimony during jury deliberations for an abuse of discretion.7 United States v. Binder, 769 F.2d 595, 600 (9th Cir.1985), overruled in part on other grounds by United States v. Morales, 108 F.3d 1031, 1035 (9th Cir. 1997). “The [district court‘s] determination to allow a rereading or rehearing of testimony must be based on [the] particular facts and circumstances of the case” and “[u]ndue emphasis of particular testimony should not be permitted.” Id. “Under the abuse of discretion standard, we will not reverse unless we have a definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a clear error in judgment.” Unitеd States v. Hernandez, 27 F.3d 1403, 1408 (9th Cir.1994).
III.
Richard contends that the audiotape replay of selected portions of Reeder‘s testimony comprising the core of the government‘s case unduly emphasized this testimony. We agree. Although the district court is generally afforded a great deal of discretion in determining whether testimony should be replayed (or reread) in a particular case, United States v. Sacco, 869 F.2d 499, 501 (9th Cir.1989), that discretion is not boundless. Although there is no panacea for the inherent risk of undue emphasis resulting from the playback (or rereading) of witness testimony during jury deliberations, certain precautions must generally be taken to avoid that
For example, we have consistently noted that it is preferable to have the testimony reheard (or reread) in open court with all parties present. See, e.g., Hernandez, 27 F.3d at 1408 (“[T]he preferred method of rehearing testimony is in open court, under the supervision of the court, with the defendant and attorneys present.“); Binder, 769 F.2d at 601 n. 1 (“If it is appropriate to let the jury hear the testimony of a witness a second time at all, the preferred procedure would require the preparation of a transcript ... and a rereading of that testimony to the jury in the courtroom with all parties present.“).
In addition, the jury should ordinarily be provided with the witness‘s entire testimony—i.e., direct and cross-examination, and should be admonished to weigh all the evidence and not focus on any portion of the trial. See Hernandez, 27 F.3d at 1408-09. Such precautions are especially important where the jury has exhibited an “obvious intent to emphasize a specific portion of [testimony].” Id. at 1409. Finally, in deciding whether to allow testimony to be replayed, we have noted that a district court should consider the “quantum of other evidence against the defendant” and “the importancе of the [testimony to be replayed] in relation to other evidence.” Sacco, 869 F.2d at 502.
In Richard‘s case, though the district court replayed Reeder‘s abridged testimony in open court, it took none of the additional precautions we have previously identified to ensure that the jury did not unduly emphasize the testimony. To the contrary, despite the jury‘s initial request to “have Nikole Reeder‘s testimony and cross-examination,” the district court did not provide her entire testimony, but instead requested the jury to select the portion it wanted to hear. The portion replayed primarily consisted of the core of the government‘s case against Richard—i.e., Reeder‘s ultimate courtroom identification of Richard and testimony that he possessed the gun. Specifically, the replayed portion contained the following critical exchange:
Q: What, if anything, did the defendant say when [the рolice activated their lights and sirens]?
A: He said he had to run, he had warrants, and he had a gun.
....
Q: Did you at any point turn around to see if, in fact, he had a gun?
A: Yes, your Honor—or yeah.
....
Q: And what did you see when you turned around?
A: I seen the black part, the barrel of the gun.
A: It was a handgun.
A: He was pulling it from his pants part.
....
Q: So he had it in his hand?
A: Yes.
Q: Did you see the defendant do anything with that gun?
A: He was putting it—I don‘t know whether it was under the seat, behind the seat, in the seat, but it was somewhere regarding the seat.
Notably, the excerpt omitted: (1) portions of Reeder‘s testimony that Martin, the vehicle‘s owner and driver, was her boyfriend at the time; (2) Reeder‘s extraordinary difficulty in identifying the backseat passenger she claimed to have seen with the
The portion of Reeder‘s testimony replayed was especially damaging to Richard as she was the only witness—indeed, the only evidence—directly connecting Richard to the gun. Yet, despite the clearly one-sided nature of the portion to be replayed, the district court did not admonish the jury against unduly emphasizing the testimony or otherwise attempt to minimize the risk of undue emphasis. This failurе constituted clear error, and we therefore conclude that the district court abused its discretion in permitting Richard‘s jury to rehear that portion of Reeder‘s testimony. See Hernandez, 27 F.3d at 1408.
An examination of our prior cases confronting this issue confirms our conclusion:
In United States v. Sacco, we held that the district court did not abuse its discretion in permitting a video replay of the deposition testimony of a prosecution witness. 869 F.2d at 500, 503. Although the testimony at issue in Sacco was videotaped, like the audiotape in Richard‘s case, it was played in open court with all parties present. Id. at 502. However, in contrast to Richard‘s case, the Sacco court required that all of the witness‘s testimony be replayed, id. at 501-02, whereas the district court here permitted the jury to rehear only a portion of Reeder‘s direct examination, excluding both direct and cross-examination that arguably undermined Reeder‘s credibility.
In Sacco, we further noted that “there was ample physical [and corroborative] evidencе, aside from the videotape, of Sacco‘s criminal conduct” and “[r]eplay of the videotape did not, therefore, effectively repeat the entirety of the government‘s case.” Id. at 502. In contrast, Reeder was the only witness to directly testify to Richard‘s possession of the gun—the only issue before the jury—and there was no physical evidence linking the gun to Richard. Thus, in all material respects, the portion of Reeder‘s testimony replayed did “effectively repeat the entirety of the government‘s case” against Richard. See id. Even worse, as noted above, the portion replayed contained only the core of the government‘s case against Richard, entirely omitting large portions of Reeder‘s testimony on both direct and cross-examination that may have impeached her credibility, thereby increasing the risk that the jury would unduly emphasize thе portion replayed.
In United States v. Lujan, we similarly found no abuse of discretion in the provision of a trial transcript to the jury during its deliberations. 936 F.2d 406 (9th Cir. 1991). Like the reading of a provision of a witness‘s entire testimony in Sacco, the Lujan jury was provided with the entire trial transcript, greatly reducing the likelihood that it would unduly emphasize any particular portion. Id. at 411. In addition, the district court allowed counsel to note any inaccuracies in the transcript beforehand and expressly admonished the jury “to weigh all the evidence and not to use the transcript to focus on any portion of the trial.” Id. at 412. Finally, the jury was instructed that the transcript was not authoritative and that the jurors’ memories should prevail in their deliberations.
Partial read-backs have rather consistently met with disfavor. We held in United States v. Binder that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the abridged replay of testimony during jury deliberations, concluding that the “[f]ailure to replay the taрe in its entirety may have placed an undue emphasis on the portion [replayed].” 769 F.2d at 601. As in Richard‘s case, there was no physical evidence linking Binder to the crime charged and the government‘s case therefore rested primarily on the credibility and testimony of witnesses to the crime. Id. at 600-01. Accordingly, “[t]he replay [of key witness testimony] allowed the repetition of the government‘s case against Binder and may [therefore] have taken on inappropriate significance in the jury‘s deliberations.”9 Id. The Binder trial court, like the district court here, took no additional precautions to ameliorate the risk of undue emphasis.10
Even full read-backs, absent appropriate precautions, can prove problematic. United States v. Hernandez found an abuse of discretion where the district court provided the jury with a transcript of key witness testimony describing the suspect without taking the neсessary precautions to ensure that the jury did not unduly emphasize the testimony. 27 F.3d at 1409. We concluded that the district court‘s “minimal protections“—utilizing a transcript as opposed to an audiotape and providing the jury with the witness‘s entire testimony—“were insufficient to prevent undue emphasis of[the witness‘s] testimony.” Id. at 1408. We noted that Hernandez‘s jury had “clearly indicated ... that its final decision turned on [the witness‘s] testimony, specifically his description of the suspect,”11 and, in light of this “obvious intent to emphasize a specific portion of the transcript, the district court permitted undue emphasis when it failed to admonish the jury to weigh all the evidence and to instruct that the transcript was not authoritative.” Id. at 1409.
The case against Richard similarly relied primarily on the identification of one witness as no physical evidence linked the gun to Richard. The failure, over Richard‘s objection, to provide this key witness‘s entire testimony is exacerbated by the jury‘s initial request for all of Reeder‘s testimony. Thus, not only did Richard‘s jury indicate its “obvious intent” to rely on a particular portion of Reeder‘s testimony, it did so at the request of the district court. That the jury selected the portion of testimony to be replayed does not lessen the risk it will unduly emphasize the selected testimony, but rather crystallizes it, triggering the district court‘s obligation to
IV.
Although the district court replayed Reeder‘s testimony in open court, in light of the importance of that testimony to the government‘s case given the relative dearth of evidence connecting the gun to Richard, this precaution alone was insufficient to amеliorate the risk that Richard‘s jury would unduly emphasize the testimony. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court committed clear error, and thereby abused its discretion, when it permitted the jury to rehear a portion of Reeder‘s testimony without taking any additional precautions—e.g., playing Reeder‘s entire testimony or admonishing the jury against unduly emphasizing the portion played. We therefore reverse and remand for a new trial or other appropriate disposition.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.13
O‘SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
I begin with what one would think an unassailable proposition: An abuse of discretion standard of review presupposes that the district court has some amount of discretion. Apparently, however, that proposition is no longer true in this circuit in the context of whether and how to permit a replay of trial testimony in a criminal case. For under the court‘s reasoning, if a district judge is to allow a replay at all without inviting reversible error, three requirements must be met. First, the district court must replay the testimony in open court with all parties present. Second, if the district court decides to allow a replay, it must replay the witness‘s entire testimony, including cross-examination. Finally, the district court must give a limiting instruction, sua sponte, counseling the jury not to place undue emphasis on such testimony.
Although district courts might be well advised to observe these precautions, the majority‘s rigid, rule-based approach effectively usurps the trial court‘s function, transforming our abuse of discretion standard into a de novo review. Since I cannot conclude that the district court in this case abused its discretion by allowing an audio replay in open court of the specific portion of testimony requested by the jury, I respectfully dissent.
I
During deliberations, the jury requested to “have Nikole Reeder‘s testimony and cross examinatiоn.” Since no transcript was yet available, the judge informed the jury that “[i]f you want to hear a readback of somebody‘s testimony you have to let us
The court then replayed the requested excerpt, which comprised 10 pages of the 42-page testimony. Prior to the excerpted testimony, Reeder had testified twice that she did not recognize anyone in the courtroom as the pеrson sitting behind her in the car when it was pulled over. During the excerpted testimony, the government produced a photograph, which Reeder had identified as Richard during the grand jury proceedings, and asked her if she saw the person in the photograph in the courtroom. Reeder testified that she did not. Then the government directed her to look at the “person sitting at the defense counsel table as the defendant,” and Reeder replied, “I don‘t think he‘s in here.” After another round of prompting by the government, Reeder replied that the picture looked like the defendant, but his weight and hairstyle had changed. Three pages into the replayed excerpt, Reeder finally identified the defendant.
Reeder then established that she had met Richard for the first time that night through her “man” Martin, the driver of the car. She proceeded to describe what happened while the pоlice pulled over the car, including hearing Richard say that “he had to run, he had warrants, and he had a gun,” and witnessing Richard pull a black handgun from his pants and put it in or under the seat.
After replaying the excerpt for the jury, the judge asked, “Was that sufficient for the jury then?” The foreman answered, “I think so, your honor.”
II
Our cases establish that when an objection is raised at trial, we review a district court‘s decision to replay testimony for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Binder, 769 F.2d 595, 600 (9th Cir.1985) (“A decision to replay testimony during jury deliberations will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion.“).1
Applying this deferential standard of review, I would affirm Judge Mahan‘s ruling.
A
Although the court performed the replay in open court, as we have preferred, see United States v. Hernandez, 27 F.3d 1403, 1408 (9th Cir.1994), it failed either to give a limiting instruction or to replay Reeder‘s testimony in its entirety. Nevertheless, because I find no support in our case law for blanket rules requiring such precautions sua sponte, the district judge‘s failure to adhere to the rules newly imposed by the majority does not compel the conclusion that the replay was unduly prejudicial.
1
The “facts and circumstances of the case” dictate whether the district judge should allow a replay and if so, which precautions are necessary to avoid “[u]ndue emphasis of particular testimony.” Binder, 769 F.2d at 600.2 In our previous cases, we have noted that providing the jury with “both the direct and cross-examination” of a witness‘s testimony can serve as a “precaution” against undue emphasis. Hernandez, 27 F.3d at 1409; see also United States v. Barker, 988 F.2d 77, 80 (9th Cir.1993) (approving of the replay of “both the entire direct and the entire cross examination“); United States v. Sacco, 869 F.2d 499, 502 (same). But the majority today converts this precaution into what can only be described as a prerequisite. See Maj. Op. at 1114. There is no support in our case law, until now, for such an affirmative requirement; indeed, our cases have noted that the district court may permit portions of certain testimony to be reread, United States v. King, 552 F.2d 833, 850 (9th Cir.1977), and it “is not required to reread all of a particular witness’ testimony.” Binder, 769 F.2d at 604 (Wallace, J., dissenting) (citing King for the proposition).
The lack of a rigid rule requiring all testimony of a given witness to be read or played back finds support in cases decided by our sister circuits, which have emphasized the great discretion that a district court is given in rereading or replaying testimony, especially when the jury does not request it. See, e.g., United States v. Bennett, 75 F.3d 40, 46 (1st Cir.1996) (Boudin, J.) (citing United States v. Wright-Barker, 784 F.2d 161, 174 (3d Cir. 1986)) (noting that “no inflexible rule exists that the cross must always be read“); United States v. McElroy, 910 F.2d 1016, 1026 (2d Cir.1990) (finding the court “well within thе bounds of discretion in declining
While there admittedly is a danger that a partial replay may cause the jury to overemphasize certain testimony, I disagree with the majority‘s assertion that the trial court “crystallize[d]” the risk of undue emphasis when it asked the jury to select what portions to hear. Maj. Op. at 1116; see also Hernandez, 27 F.3d at 1409 (inferring the “jury‘s obvious intent to emphasize a specific portion of the transcript” after naming what part of the testimony it wanted excerpted). If the very act of naming which portions to rehear creates the risk of undue emphasis, then by that logic any replay request that fails to encompass the entire trial should be denied. We have already recognized the absurdity of such a proposition in United States v. De Palma, 414 F.2d 394, 396 (9th Cir.1969) (“Perhaps if any evidence is read, all should be read. Any trial could thus be almost endless.“).
The trial court must balance the danger of undue emphasis crеated by partial replays against the delays caused by replaying a witness‘s testimony in its entirety. United States v. Zarintash, 736 F.2d 66, 69-70 (3d Cir.1984). Here the portions requested by the jury encompassed about a quarter of the roughly hour-long testimony given by Reeder. While Richard argues that replaying the rest of the testimony would not have unduly delayed the proceedings, I see no reason that the jury should be forced to listen to “additional, related testimony that the jury made clear it did not need to rehear.” Bennett, 75 F.3d at 46.
Here the trial judge asked after replaying the excerpt whether it had been “sufficient for the jury,” and the foreman responded that it was. Having afforded the jury the opportunity to request additional testimony, which the jury declined,4 the court did not abuse its discretion when it failed to provide the remaining 45 minutes of the Reeder testimony. See Wright-Barker, 784 F.2d at 174 (finding no abuse of discretion even when the “[a]dditional testimony cited by dеfendants [was] only 4-5 pages long,” since “it was not within the jury‘s description” and the “jury did not request any additional testimony” when prompted); see also McElroy, 910 F.2d at 1026 (finding no abuse of discretion when the court refused to allow additional testimony reread, since the court asked the jury whether the reread portion was “what [it] requested” and the jury answered in the affirmative); United States v. Rosenberg, 195 F.2d 583, 598-99 (2d Cir.1952) (same).
The majority also faults the district judge for failing to include a limiting instruction to minimize the risk of undue emphasis. While I agree that providing a limiting instruction might have been prudent, see United States v. Lujan, 936 F.2d 406, 411 (9th Cir.1991), I cannot say on this record that the failure to do so warrants reversal of Richard‘s conviction. First, Richard failed to request such an instruction. See Bennett, 75 F.3d at 46 (dismissing a claim of error for failure to provide a limiting instruction that the defense did not request). Further, in asking for a portion of the testimony and failing to request more when prompted, the jury may have “merеly desired a confirming clarification on one point” in reaching “a verdict properly based on the totality of the evidence.” King, 552 F.2d at 850.
B
The majority opinion takes issue not only with the form of the replay but also with the substance of the testimony that was replayed. As we noted in United States v. Sacco, 869 F.2d at 502, “the quantum of other evidence against the defendant” and “the importance of the [replayed] testimony in relation to other evidence” also factor into the abuse of discretion analysis.
According to the majority, the district court committed clear error by “‘effectively repeat[ing] the entirety of the government‘s case’ against Richard,” given that “Reeder was the only witness to directly testify to Richard‘s possession of the gun—the only issue before the jury—and there was no physical evidence linking the gun to Richard.” Maj. Op. at 1115 (quoting Sacco, 869 F.2d at 502). The majority analogizes this case to Binder, in which the government‘s entire case hinged on witness credibility, and distinguishes it from Sacco, in which ample additional evidence supported the replayed testimony.
In Binder, the defendant was accused of child molestation, and the parties agreed to substitute the children‘s videotaped testimony to relieve their apprehension about testifying in open court. “None of the other witnesses corroborated the specific allegations of the children,” making their credibility “a crucial issue.” 769 F.2d at 598, 601. Consequently, replaying the videotaped testimony indeed “allowed the repetition of the government‘s case against Binder.” Id. at 601.
In Sacco, the key issue was whether Sacco knew that a large quantity of money was hidden in the trunk of his car. Since customs officials testified they had seen Sacco “do[ing] something with his hands inside the trunk” and his hands showed traces of fluorescent powder used to mark the money, replaying one witness‘s deposition “did not, therefore, effectively repeat the entirety of the government‘s case against Sacco.” 869 F.2d at 502.
Here, while Reeder‘s testimony was undoubtedly important, it did not comprise the “entirety” of the government‘s case against Richard. Indeed, the government presented other strong circumstantial evidence corroborating Reeder‘s testimony. First, the police recovered the weapon from inside the seat where Richard had been sitting in the car. He does not dispute the relative positions of the car‘s occupants, nor does he dispute that the gun was found in his seat. Second, Detective Stanton testified that the other backseat passenger, Schneider, had seen Richard with the weapon. In addition, Detective Stanton testified that Schneider was the one who initially tipped off the police that Richard had a gun in the car and that
Given the quantum of corroborating evidence against Richard, the majority‘s analogy to Binder seems strained at best. The replayed testimony was far from the only evidence implicating Richard, and the government‘s case did not hinge entirely on the credibility of Reeder‘s account of the events.5 In my view, the facts of this case and the quantum of evidence set forth by the government are more akin to Sacco, where we affirmed the district court‘s discretionary decision to allow a partial replay of testimony.
C
The majority also contends that the “portion replayed contained only the core of the government‘s case against Richard, entirely omitting large portions of Reeder‘s testimony ... that may have impeached her credibility.” Maj. Op. at 1115. Specifically, the majority contends that the replay omitted “(1) portions of Reeder‘s testimony that [the driver] was her boyfriend at the time; (2) Reeder‘s extraordinary difficulty in identifying the backseat passenger she claimed to have seen with the gun; and (3) Reeder‘s entire cross-examination.” Id. at 1115-16. Consequently, in the majority‘s view, “the clearly one-sided nature” of the replayed excerpt warranted additional precautions.
However, as the majority reluctantly acknowledges in a footnote, Maj. Op. at 1115 n. 8, the replayed portion of Reeder‘s testimony was not uniformly damaging to the defense, since it included several pages’ worth of Reeder‘s failed attempts to identify Richard,6 and also noted the nature of her relationship with the driver Martin (whom she repeatedly referred to as “my man“).7 Thus, the excerpt captured key
III
There can be little doubt that “[t]he district judge is in a better position than we are to determine whether the benefits of allowing the jury to review the ... testimony outweigh[] the risk that the jury would give undue weight to that portion of the evidence.” Binder, 769 F.2d at 603 (Wallace, J., dissenting). I am therefore deeply troubled by the majority‘s substitution of rigid rules for the sound discretion of our many able district judges. Moreover, in this particular case, while the conditions of the playback were not ideal, the additional corroborating evidence, the jury‘s determination that the replayed portion was sufficient, and the mixed nature of the testimony significantly reduced the risk of undue emphasis by the jury. In short, I cannot say that the replay of a portion of Reeder‘s testimony in this case warrants reversal of Richard‘s conviction.
Accordingly, I must respectfully dissent.
DIARMUID F. O‘SCANNLAIN
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT JUDGE
Notes
Reeder eventually admitted during the replayed excerpt that Richard “looks like him” and in fact was the same person in the picture, though his current hair and size made him “look[] different.”Q: And is it your testimony today that you don‘t see that person here in the courtroom today?
A: No.
Q: The person sitting at the defense counsel table as the defendant, is that the person in that exhibit?
A: A boy over there looks like him, but I‘m not sure because he was smaller. So I don‘t think he‘s in here.
Reeder then explained that she “just met him that night,” and that she met him “[t]hrough my man.” Presumably, she had originally misunderstood the government‘s question to refer to her relationship to Martin rather than Richard.Q: And how did you come to meet [Richard] that night?
A: Through my man.
Q: And that‘s David Martin?
A: Yes.
Q: Describe the nature of your relationship to[Richard] at that time?
A: He was my man. I was his girl.
Q: I‘m sorry, maybe you didn‘t understand the question. I‘m asking you to describe the nature of your relationship with [Richard] on that date?
A: Oh, my relationship with him?