Riсardo Rusan appeals his convictions for bank robbery and bank larceny pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), (b), contending that the district court 1 erred in denying his Batson 2 challenge to the Government’s use of peremptory strikes during jury selection and that there was insufficient evidence to establish that the bank involved was insured by the Federаl Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). After careful review, we affirm.
I.
During the morning hours of November 12, 2004, a man wearing a skull cap and sunglasses and carrying a backpack entered a branch of the Southern Commercial Bank in St. Louis. Upon entering the bank the man approached one of the teller windows and inquired about opening an account. He was directed to the customer service desk and walked away, but then immediately returned and again approached the window of teller Dianne San- *991 born. When he returned to Ms. Sanborn’s window, he put the backpack on thе counter and told her to start filling it with cash. As he spoke to Ms. Sanborn, the man kept his hand in his pocket, pointing it at Ms. Sanborn’s chest. After she filled the backpack with over two thousand dollars in cash and a dye pack, the man picked up the backpack and walked out of the bank. While this was оccurring, the bank alarm was activated by another bank employee. The police arrived shortly after the man left. Witnesses reported seeing the man walking down the street carrying a backpack from which red smoke was billowing, but the man could not be identified.
No suspects were arrеsted in the time immediately after the robbery, and the police began trying to discern images from the bank security cameras to develop leads. In early January 2005, the police received a tip from an employee of the Missouri Department of Corrections who recognizеd Rusan after seeing images from the security camera tapes and who identified Rusan as the person who committed the November 2004 bank robbery. After police received this information, they put out notice that Rusan was wanted for questioning regarding the bank robbery.
A few days later, the poliсe took Rusan into custody on a different matter, and then also questioned him about the robbery. Rusan initially denied any involvement in the November 2004 robbery and offered an alibi. However, after being told by police of the mounting evidence pointing toward him as the perpetrator, Rusan recаnted his alibi and confessed to robbing the bank. That same day, Ms. Sanborn identified. Rusan in a multi-person lineup as the man who had approached her teller window and robbed the bank on November 12.
A grand jury returned a one-count indictment, charging Rusan with bank robbery. Rusan pleaded not guilty, and the case рroceeded to trial. The day trial began, Rusan waived indictment, and one count of bank larceny was added in order to allow Rusan to argue for the lesser charge of bank larceny instead of bank robbery. The district court overruled Ru-san’s Batson objection to the Government’s use of its peremptory strikes to remove three African-American venireper-sons during the jury selection process.
After a two-day trial, Rusan was convicted by a jury on both counts. The district court sentenced Rusan to 240 months of imprisonment on the bank robbery count and 120 months of imprisonment on the bank larceny сount, with the sentences to run concurrently. Rusan filed this timely appeal, challenging his convictions on two grounds: (1) that the district court violated the separation of powers doctrine during its ruling on the Batson challenge, and (2) that the evidence at trial was insufficient to establish that the Southern Commerciаl Bank branch was federally insured.
II.
A. Batson Challenge
At the start of trial there was a panel of 39 potential jurors, six of whom were African-American. The Government removed four African-American venirepersons in total, striking one for cause and using three of its six peremptory challenges against the others. Rusan also struck one African-American venireperson, leaving one on the panel. After the Government exercised its three peremptory challenges against African-Americans, Rusan made a Batson objection, claiming the strikes were improperly motivated by race. The Governmеnt responded, first challenging whether Rusan had even made a prima facie showing of discrimination by the mere fact that it had used three peremptory strikes against African-Americans and *992 then articulating several nondiscriminatory reasons for the strikes.
Rusan did not challenge the adequacy or factual correctness of the nondiscriminatory explanations offered by the Government except to argue that they were a pretext for discrimination because the Government had failed to strike Juror Two, who Rusan maintained was a similarly situated white venireperson. Rather thаn requiring the Government to respond to this assertion of pretext, the district court relied upon the explanations already offered by the Government to note that Juror Two was not similar in all legitimate factors to the three African-Americans struck by the Government. (See Trial Tr. at 122-23). The district court then сoncluded that the Government’s nondiscriminatory reasons for exercising its peremptory strikes were adequate and overruled Rusan’s Batson objection.
On appeal, Rusan argues that a separation of powers concern arises from the district court’s
Batson
analysis, but because he did not raise this argument bеfore the district court, we review only for plain error.
See United States v. Mohr,
There are three steps in a
Batson
analysis: (1) the district court must determine whether the challenger has made a prima facie showing that the peremptory strikes were based upon race; (2) if the court so finds, then the exercising party must provide its reasons for dismissing the potential jurors; and (3) the district court must then determine if the challenger has satisfied the burden of proving purposeful discrimination.
United States v. Thompson,
As we understand Rusan’s argument on appeal, hе complains that the district court violated the separation of powers doctrine by, in effect, shouldering the Government’s burden of providing nondiscriminatory reasons when the court did not require the Government to respond to his assertion of pretext. We see no error, let alone рlain error. The district court did not create its own race-neutral reasons to satisfy the Government’s burden. The Government had provided race-neutral reasons before Rusan asserted that Juror Two was similarly situated. Because the district court could determine from the voir dire procеeding it had conducted and the race-neutral reasons already articulated by the Government that Juror Two was in fact not similarly situated, there was no need for it to delay its ruling to allow further rebuttal argument by the Government as to pretext. The district court did not err by relying on the record alreаdy made, which demonstrated that Rusan had not met his burden of proving purposeful discrimination. Rusan’s claim of pretext was apparently so meritless based on the record already made before her that the district judge had no need to hear further *993 argument from the Government. No separаtion of powers concerns arise from the district court’s disposition of the Batson challenge.
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Rusan further argues that there was insufficient evidence to prove that Southern Commercial Bank was federally insured at the time of the robbery. “We review challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the verdict, resolving any evidentiary conflicts in favor of the prosecution, and accepting all reasonable inferences that support the verdict.”
United States v. Osuna-Zepeda,
“Bank robbery [and larceny are] federal crime[s] only if the institution robbed is a federally chartered financial institution or is insured by a federal deposit insurer.”
United States v. Davis,
The Government offered a photocopy of a plaque on display at the bank that notifies customers the bank is insured by the FDIC, and the testimony of Marcia Eller-beck, an employee of Southern Commercial Bank for over 31 years. The photocopy of the plaque that was entered into evidence depicted the plaque displayed in the bank on the day of the robbery. Ms. Ellerbeck testified that the bank was insured on the day of the robbery and that her knowledge of that status came through informаtion disseminated from the bank. She also testified that part of her work responsibilities included explaining the concept of FDIC insurance to new bank customers. Rusan contends that this evidence is insufficient, based upon our prior caselaw, to establish that the bank was FDIC insured. We respectfully disagree.
We first question whether we even need to look at the merits of this claim. While Rusan now contends that there was insufficient evidence presented by the Government to prove the bank was FDIC insured, at trial Rusan’s counsel conceded that the Government had met its burden on this element. During closing arguments, Rusan’s counsel argued that the Government had failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt all the elements of bank robbery. (Trial Tr. at 243.) His counsel then went on to state that “[a]s to bank larceny, ... I would concede that the government has proved those elements.”
(Id.)
Becausе one element of both crimes is the bank’s federally insured status, by conceding that the Government satisfied the elements of bank larceny, Rusan’s counsel conceded that the Government had sufficiently proven that the bank was FDIC insured as to both counts. While statements made by counsel during closing arguments are not evidence,
United States v. Lowrimore,
We have not previously articulated a minimum standard of proof of insured status in the prior cases that addressed this issue, but the evidence before us may well be approaching what we would consider the bare minimum. We have stated that a copy of the insurance certificate issued by the FDIC, proof of payment of the insurance premium, and the testimony of a bank officer (or other knowledgeable employee) that the bank’s deposits are insured is sufficient to prove that the bank was insured by the FDIC.
See United States v. Mitchell,
The photocopy of the plaque itself is likely not enough to establish Southern Commercial’s insured status, but when admitted in conjunction with the testimony of Ms. Ellerbeek, an employee (as opposed to a manager or officer) of the bank for over 30 years, it is enough to satisfy us that a jury could have reasonably found that the bank was insured on the day of the robbery. Ms. Ellerbeek was asked at trial if through her work she was “familiar with whether or not the deposits of that bank [were] insured by the federal government.” (Trial Tr. at 176.) Ms. Ellerbeek replied that the deposits were insured and always had been while she had worked there. (Id.) Not only did she know this through her work in customer service, but she also knew of the insured status through training and information she received from her superiors. Ms. Ellerbeek then identified a photocоpy of the plaque as one that hangs in the bank to notify customers that the bank is FDIC insured. Rusan objected to the admission of the photocopy of the plaque under the best evidence rule, and the district court, treating the objection as going to the fact that a photocopy and not the original plaque was being used, overruled Rusan’s objection. At no time did Rusan make any further objections or contend that the court had misconstrued his original objection.
The issue of proof of insured status arises more frequently than it should. As we stated in
Hadamek,
“we are at a loss to understand why the government did not
*995
introduce more specific evidenсe regarding the bank’s insured status on the date of the offense, including a copy of the certificate of insurance.”
III.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.