United States v. Ragland

226 F. App'x 507

6th Cir.

2007

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Docket

UNITED STATES оf America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Reginald RAGLAND, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 05-6732

United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.

April 2, 2007

507 F.3d 507

BEFORE: NORRIS, COLE, and CLAY, Circuit Judges.

here). The form used by the district court also closely follows one approved by the Tennessee Judicial Conference. See 8 Tenn. Prac. Pattern Jury Instr. T.P.I.-Civil Appendix B, Form 3, at 579-80 (2006) (stating in relevant part: “Decide the total amount of damages sustained by plaintiff. . . . What amount of damages, if any, which have been proven by a preponderance of the evidence,” and listing the nine categories of dаmages at issue here).

The district court, moreover, removed any lingering risk of confusion from the use of this form through its instructions to the jury. The district court instructed the jury (1) that Lawrence was only “entitled to recover compensation for any injury that wаs legally caused by the negligent conduct of DuPont,” JA 481; (2) that the jury should “not duplicate damages for any element by also including that same loss or harm in another element of damage,” id.; (3) that if Lawrence had a preexisting condition, then he wаs “entitled to recover damages only for any aggravation of the preexisting condition,” JA 482; (4) that Lawrence had to “prove the future effect of [his] injury with reasonable certainty” and that the jury could not rely on “mere conjecture or possibility,” JA 483; and (5) that the jury should “enter either zero or an amount of money for the various kinds of injury” described on the verdict form, JA 485. These instructions thus properly made clear what the jury could, and could not, do in awarding each type of damages, removing any risk of confusion about the verdict form.

“To allow the jury to conclude that Lawrence has a permanent injury without specifying what injury he has,” DuPont persists, “forced the jury to speculate about Lawrence‘s current сondition.” Br. at 36. Yet a general verdict form—which, as DuPont acknowledges, is the norm—would not solve that problem. And DuPont offers no explanation why the special verdict used here required any more speculation than a general verdict would require. No less importantly, it did not take speculation to conclude that Lawrence suffered a permanent injury. As we have shown, Dr. Houston linked Lawrence‘s recurrent sinusitis to the accident at the facility and repeatedly asserted that Lawrence could work only in a “dust-free respiratory irritant free environment.” JA 210. And because of his long-term injuries, Lawrence testified that he now deals with sinus drainage; aggravated asthma; coughing attacks; a “burning sensation” in his throаt and chest, JA 124; and “blurred vision” in one eye, JA 153; and needs to take several medications that make him “very forgetful” and “confused,” JA 144, and give him “bad diarrhea” and “headaches,” JA 145. In the face of the medical evidence, it is speculation only on our part that would allow us to conclude that the jury based its decision on conjecture.

III.

For these reasons, we affirm.

OPINION

ALAN E. NORRIS, Circuit Judge.

Defendant Reginald Ragland appeals the 480-month sentence that he received after his case was remanded in light of the Supreme Court‘s decision in

United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005). He contends that he did not receive reasonable notice that the court was considering an upward variance pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(h). He also argues that there was an insufficient factual basis for imposing the variance. ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍For the reasons that follow, the district court‘s sentence is affirmed.

I.

In December 2003, Ragland was convicted of possessing more than five grams of cocaine base with the intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). The district court imposed a 300-month sentence based in part upon the Drug Quantity Table found in the United States Sentencing Guidelines Manual (“U.S.S.G.“) § 2D1.1 and a criminal history category of VI. Ragland appealed. In an unpublished decision, following the decision in

Booker, we affirmed his conviction but remanded for resentencing. See .

During the pendency of his appeal, Ragland met with his attorney, federal public defender Pat Brown, and assaulted him. Not surprisingly, Brown filed a motion to withdraw as counsel, which was granted. New counsel was appointed.

At his sentencing hearing upon remand, the district court did not use the Drug Quantity Table to calculate his advisory guidelines range. Rather, it used Ragland‘s status as a career offender under the guidelines. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. At the hearing, Ragland testified that hе had convictions for aggravated assault, kidnaping, evading arrest, attempted rape, a second kidnaping, and a second aggravated assault. Based on these convictions, Ragland qualified as a career offendеr, which resulted in the same advisory guidelines range used at his first sentencing hearing, which was 262-327 months. Because the guidelines were no longer mandatory, and because the evidence showed that Ragland was a violent career offender whо had recently attacked his own attorney, the government asked the court to impose an upward departure to the forty-year statutory maximum sentence allowed by 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)(iii). Ragland‘s attorney objected, arguing that it was likely Ragland would fаce separate additional charges for attacking Brown, and he had not received reasonable notice that the government intended to seek an upward departure, in violation of Rule 32(h) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.¹ However, Ragland‘s counsel did not state how he would have proceeded differently if he had been provided with additional notice. Moreover, other than Ragland himself, the only other ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍defense witness who was called to testify at the resentencing hearing, Ragland‘s sister, admitted to calling police in 2003 because Ragland was beating her with a broomstick.

Ultimately, the district court overruled Ragland‘s notice objection. After considering the factors identified by 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), his advisory guidelines range, and Ragland‘s recent conduct, the district court imposed the statutory maximum sentence. It provided the following rationale:

All right, Mr. Ragland, the guidelines recommend in your case—because you‘re a career offender, recommend a sentence of 262 to 327 months. I previously sentenced you to 300 months, but the Court of Appeals sent this back for resentencing.

In the meantime, the Supreme Court issued its ruling that the guidelines are now advisory only. So I don‘t necessarily have to follow those guidelines. They are a good starting point for a sentence, but the court can also look at Section 3553 of Title 18 of the United States Code and consider other factors in deciding what your sentence should be.

Most of those factors have already been taken into account, but factor (a)(2)(C), to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant, the court can take that into account. It‘s my judgment, Mr. Ragland, that society needs to be protected from you. Yоu are a violent, dangerous person. It‘s been your history that every time something happens that you don‘t like or people don‘t do to suit you that you hurt them. That‘s how you operated up to this point.

Now, I have to hear the evidence, your evidence and Mr. Brown‘s evidence, about what happened in that cell. Now, you certainly aren‘t charged in this case with assaulting Mr. Brown, but the court can consider that incident in deciding whether or not the public needs to be рrotected from you.

. . . .

Now, the guidelines in your case, in my judgment, are not sufficient to protect society from you. I find that the need to protect society is a factor that must be taken into account in connection with the guidelines. Givеn your long history of assaultive behavior, your lack of truthful testimony here today in trying to blame this on Mr. Brown, and your assault of the only person who was trying to help you leads me to believe that only the maximum sentence is appropriate fоr you.

So, Mr. Ragland, I‘m going to commit you to the custody of the Bureau of Prisons for a term of 480 months.

II. A. Reasonable Notice

“When reviewing sentencing decisions, we review the district court‘s factual findings ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍for clear error, while reviewing the district court‘s conclusions of law de novo.”

United States v. Hazelwood, 398 F.3d 792, 795 (6th Cir.2005) (citing ). “[We] review[] de novo the legal issue of whether the notice received by [the defendant] was sufficient notice of grounds for a departure under Rule 32(h).” .

Ragland argues that the district court erred when it sentenced him in excess of the advisory guidelines range without giving him pre-hearing notice that it would be considering an upward variance based on

Burns v. United States, 501 U.S. 129, 111 S.Ct. 2182, 115 L.Ed.2d 123 (1991). The government argues that holding only applies to pre-Booker mandatory sentencing guidelines cases and that Ragland was on notice that the district court would consider his assault on Brown becаuse he was well aware of his own conduct.

Burns’ notice requirement continues to apply to cases arising after and has been codified in Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(h). See ; . All that is required is reasonable notice; what constitutes reasonable notice will vary depending on the circumstances of the particular case. . If the grounds for imposing a variance are not “reasonably contemplated by the defendant, then more time is necessary.” (citing ). Rule 32(h) is designed to ensure that a defendant‘s sentence is the “produсt of ‘focused, adversarial development.‘” (citing ).

As already stated, Ragland knew that his recent violent assault on his own attorney was being considered by the district court as evidenced by Brown‘s motion to withdraw and from his testimony at the hearing. Ragland stated that his new attorney met with him and discussed the assault prior to his second sentencing hearing. Further, during Ragland‘s testimony, his counsel explicitly stated that they had talked about the testimony Ragland would give at the hearing about the incident. Unlike the situаtion in

Burns, where the sentencing judge, sua sponte, varied upward without notifying any of the parties, here, Ragland had some prior notice that the incident would be discussed at the hearing. Moreover, Ragland was given an opportunity at the hearing to present evidence in support of his position. Under the facts of ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍this case, the notice Ragland received that the district court was considering an upward variance, was reasonable. Moreover, Ragland has failed to demonstrate that he suffered any prejudice, as the result of having received notice at the sentencing hearing. See (stating that, if the court found the notice deficient, the defendant had simply failed to make any showing that he was prejudiced). Ragland has failed tо suggest how he would have proceeded differently had he been given greater notice.

B. Sentencing

Ragland next argues that the factual basis relied on by the district court is insufficient to support the variance imposed, claiming in part that the injuriеs defendant inflicted on Brown were not severe enough to warrant the variance. Post-Booker, appellate courts are instructed to review a district court‘s sentencing determination for reasonableness.

United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373, 383 (6th Cir.2005) (quoting ). District courts are directed to consider the advisory guidelines range as well as the factors identified in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), to arrive at a sentence no “greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes set forth in that section.” (quoting ). It is undisputed that Ragland attacked his аttorney and that Brown was injured as a result of the assault. The extent of those injuries is not what is at issue. It is Ragland‘s consistent pattern of violent conduct that concerned the district court. The district court considered Ragland‘s advisory guidelines rаnge and the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). At the sentencing hearing, the court provided a reasoned explanation for variance and concluded that Ragland was likely to commit violent crimes in the future and that the public needed protеction from him. The sentence imposed was reasonable.

III.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

Notes

This rule states in pertinent part: (h) Notice of Possible Departure from Sentencing Guidelines. Before the court may dеpart from the applicable sentencing range on a ground not identified for departure either in the presentence ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍report or in a party‘s prehearing submission, the court must give the parties reasonable notice that it is contemplating such a departure. The notice must specify any ground on which the court is contemplating a departure. Fed.R.Crim.P. 32(h).