UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. TAIROD NATHAN WEBSTER PUGH, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 17-1889
United States Court of Appeals For the Second Circuit
August 29, 2019
August Term, 2018. Argued: February 4, 2019.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. No. 15-cr-00116 — Nicholas G. Garaufis, Judge.
Before: DRONEY and CALABRESI, Circuit Judges, and UNDERHILL, Chief District Judge.*
Appeal from a judgment of conviction and sentence of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Garaufis, J.). Pugh was charged with attempting to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization (count one) and obstruction of justice (count two). At trial, the government admitted into evidence, over Pugh‘s objection, a draft letter that Pugh had purportedly written to his wife which, inter alia, professed his allegiance to the Islamic State. Pugh was convicted by a jury on both counts and sentenced to 180 months of incarceration on count one, and 240 months of incarceration on count two, the sentences to run consecutively, for a total effective sentence of 420 months of incarceration, the maximum allowable sentence. Pugh contends that the letter addressed to his wife should have been excluded from evidence pursuant to the marital communications privilege and, therefore, he is entitled to a new trial. Pugh also contends that neither of his two convictions was supported by sufficient evidence and, therefore, should be vacated. Lastly, Pugh contends that his sentence was procedurally and substantively unreasonable because the court (1) failed to sufficiently articulate its reasoning for imposing the statutory maximum sentence, and (2) failed to provide Pugh sufficient opportunity to address the court. We disagree with most of Pugh‘s arguments, but agree that further articulation of the sentence determination is required.
Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court‘s judgment of conviction, VACATE the sentence, and REMAND for resentencing.
Judge Calabresi concurs in a separate opinion.
JO ANN M. NAVICKAS, SAMUEL P. NITZE, MARK E. BINI, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS, for Richard P. Donoghue, United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, New York, for Appellee.
SUSAN G. KELLMAN, SARAH KUNSTLER, Brooklyn, New York, for Defendant-Appellant.
Defendant-appellant Tairod Nathan Webster Pugh appeals from a judgment of conviction entered by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Garaufis, J.), after a jury found him guilty of attempting to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization and obstruction of justice. Pugh advances three arguments in this appeal: (1) the district court erred in denying his motion to exclude from evidence a draft letter purportedly written to his wife; (2) the evidence was insufficient to support either conviction; and (3) his sentence was procedurally and/or substantively unreasonable. We disagree with most of Pugh‘s arguments, but agree that the court‘s articulation of its reasoning for imposing the maximum permissible sentence was insufficient.
Accordingly, the judgment of conviction is affirmed, the sentence is vacated, and the case is remanded for resentencing.
BACKGROUND
The jury could have found the following facts. Pugh is a United States citizen and Air Force Veteran who moved to the Middle East to work as a civilian contractor for different aerospace companies after he left the military. While living overseas, Pugh began researching the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (“ISIL” or “ISIS“) and downloading propaganda materials, as well as discussing ISIS tactics and activities online via Facebook. While abroad, Pugh also met and married an Egyptian woman, referred to as “M.H.S.” On January 10, 2015, Pugh flew from Cairo, Egypt to Istanbul, Turkey. Upon arrival at the Turkish airport, Pugh was denied entry into the country and apprehended by Turkish authorities. At the airport in Turkey, Pugh attempted to destroy, or succeeded in destroying, many of the electronic devices he was carrying with him, including a computer, multiple USB drives, and an iPod. Pugh was returned to Egypt where his electronic devices were given to the United States authorities. A search of his laptop revealed internet searches, videos, and pictures relating to ISIS and its presence in, inter alia, Turkey and Syria, as well as a letter purportedly drafted by Pugh to his wife in which he pledges his allegiance to ISIS. On January 15, 2015, Pugh was returned to the United States where he was briefly detained for questioning in Customs, and was released that day. He was arrested the next day at his father‘s home in New Jersey.
Pugh was arraigned on March 18, 2015 on a two-count indictment charging him
DISCUSSION
Pugh filed the instant appeal in which he argues: (1) the district court erred in denying his motion to exclude a draft letter purportedly written to his wife; (2) the evidence was insufficient to support either conviction; and (3) his sentence was procedurally and/or substantively unreasonable. Additional facts will be set out below where necessary.
I. Admission of the Letter
Pugh argues first that the district court erred in denying his motion in limine to exclude, pursuant to the marital communications privilege, the use of a draft letter found on his laptop. We disagree.
The following additional facts are relevant to this claim. Pugh, who speaks only English, met and married an Egyptian woman, M.H.S., who speaks only Egyptian Arabic. The couple communicated mostly via Facebook Messenger with the help of Google Translate and/or bilingual acquaintances who would translate messages between the pair. When Pugh‘s laptop was searched, pursuant to a search warrant, authorities found a saved document which purported to be a draft letter, addressed to M.H.S., which the parties refer to as the “My Misha Letter.” In the letter, Pugh expressed a desire to “use [his] talents and skills ... to establish and defend the Islamic State.” App‘x at 55. Further, the letter states, in relevant part: “I will escort you into Paradise and when you see the home paid for by my blood and your tears you will know it was all worth it“; “I defied my friends and family to become a Muslim, now I will defy Muslims to be a Mujahid2“; and “I am a Mujahid. I am a sword against the oppressor and a shield for the oppressed.” Id.
Pugh‘s attorney moved to preclude the draft letter pursuant to the marital communications privilege. The government, in opposition, argued that Pugh failed to establish that the letter was protected by the privilege because: (1) Pugh failed to establish that his Egyptian marriage would be recognized by the United States; (2) Pugh failed to establish that he intended the draft letter to be a marital communication; and (3) because Pugh and M.H.S. needed the assistance of interpreters to communicate, the letter was not intended to be kept
The district court issued a ruling on February 12, 2016 in which it rejected the government‘s argument that there was no marital privilege because Pugh‘s marriage was not valid or, even if it was valid, the couple was separated, breaking the privilege. Ultimately, though, the court denied Pugh‘s motion and found the “My Misha Letter” admissible for two reasons: (1) the draft letter was not intended to be a communication; and (2) even if it was, it was not intended to be confidential. The court determined that Pugh failed to establish that he intended to send the draft letter to his wife and, therefore, it was not a communication. As support, the court highlighted that Pugh and his wife routinely communicated via Facebook, and that there was “no indication that Pugh even once, much less regularly, typed his messages using a program on his laptop and then copied them into Facebook.” App‘x at 87. Further, the court stated that there
Alternatively, the district court found that, even if the draft letter was intended to be a communication, it was not intended to be kept confidential. The court concluded that using “an ad hoc network of informal translators destroys the marital communication privilege” and is “inconsistent with the scope of the marital communications privilege.” App‘x at 95, 99. As support, the court found that the letter, if sent, was likely to be translated by a translator, rather than Google Translate, given its length and contents, and that the couple was “unlikely to employ a trusted, confidential translator” to translate the message for them. Id. at 90-91. The court determined that “where a married couple evidences an intent to disclose communications to an ad hoc network of family, friends, and strangers for translation, the privilege is forfeited.” Id. at 92.
On appeal, Pugh argues that the district court erred in both of its determinations: that the letter was not a communication and, even if it were, that the letter was not intended to be confidential. The parties disagree about the standard of review we should apply in reviewing the district court‘s ruling. The government asserts that a claim of privilege should be reviewed for abuse of discretion. Pugh asserts that the applicable standard of review is that which applies to a denial of a suppression motion: factual findings are reviewed for clear error, and legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. We need not decide which standard applies, because the tests are very similar and lead to the same result in this case.
“A court abuses its discretion if (1) it relies on an erroneous view of the law, (2) its decision rests on a clearly erroneous finding of fact, or (3) its decision—though not necessarily the product of a legal error or a clearly erroneous factual finding—cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.” United States v. Yannai, 791 F.3d 226, 242 (2d Cir. 2015). A review of the district court‘s evidentiary rulings is deferential. United States v. Hendricks, 921 F.3d 320, 326 (2d Cir. 2019). Issues of law are reviewed de novo. United States v. Sewell, 252 F.3d 647, 650 (2d Cir. 2001). Questions of fact are reviewed for “clear error,” which is “deferential” and “does not entitle [a reviewing court] to overturn a finding simply because [the court is] convinced that [it]
“[T]he applicability of a privilege is a factual question, [but] determining the scope of a privilege is a question of law.” United States v. Mejia, 655 F.3d 126, 131 (2d Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). The distinction, then, is “whether the district court based its decision on a consideration of the application of the privilege to the communication or on an understanding of the privilege‘s scope.” Id. A determination is factual when it “involves the application of the privilege as our case law has already developed it to the novel set of facts before us [rather than] address[ing] the scope of the privilege itself in a novel way.” Id. (question of whether communicating through client‘s sister waived attorney-client privilege was factual).
The marital communications privilege applies when (1) the parties were in a valid marriage at the time of the communication3; (2) the “utterances or expressions” were “intended to convey information between spouses” (communication prong); and (3) the communications were intended to be confidential (confidentiality prong). In re Witness Before Grand Jury, 791 F.2d at 237-39. “[T]he party invoking a privilege bears the burden of establishing its applicability to the case at hand.” In re Grand Jury Subpoenas, 318 F.3d 379, 384 (2d Cir. 2003). However, confidentiality is presumed, and, therefore, the party challenging the applicability of the privilege “[bears] the burden of defeating this presumption by showing that the communication was not made privately.” United States v. Taylor, 92 F.3d 1313, 1332 (2d Cir. 1996).
“It is well settled that the communications to which the privilege applies have been limited to utterances or expressions intended by one spouse to convey a message to the other.” United States v. Smith, 533 F.2d 1077, 1079 (8th Cir. 1976) (citing Pereira v. United States, 347 U.S. 1, 6 (1954)). The confidential communications privilege applies “where the conduct was intended to convey a confidential message from the actor to the observer.” United States v. Estes, 793 F.2d 465, 467 (2d Cir. 1986); see also United States v. Sykes, 697 F.2d 87, 98 n.1 (2d Cir. 1983) (citing cases, including Smith, that hold “the marital communication privilege applies only to communications or acts intended to convey a message“).
The district court found “no evidence that Pugh intended the letter to be a communication” because there was “no evidence that [he] intended to send the draft.” App‘x at 86. Pugh argued (as he does on appeal) that it was “no great stretch to infer” that he intended to send M.H.S. the letter, but the court found that
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Pugh claims next that there was insufficient evidence to support either of his two counts of conviction, and, therefore, they should be reversed.
This Court reviews a sufficiency of the evidence challenge using the same standard utilized by the district court in ruling on a Rule 29 motion. United States v. Eppolito, 543 F.3d 25, 45 (2d Cir. 2008).
In sum, “[a] defendant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction faces a ‘heavy burden.‘” Glenn, 312 F.3d at 63 (quoting United States v. Matthews, 20 F.3d 538, 548 (2d Cir. 1994)).
Pugh argues first that there was insufficient evidence that he took a substantial step in furtherance of the intended crime, as required to sustain his conviction for attempt to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization. We disagree.
“In order to establish that a defendant is guilty of an attempt to commit a crime, the government must prove that the defendant had the intent to commit the crime and engaged in conduct amounting to a substantial step towards the commission of the
crime.” United States v. Yousef, 327 F.3d 56, 134 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). “For a defendant to have taken a ‘substantial step,’ he must have engaged in more than ‘mere preparation,’ but may have
Because the substantial step need not be the “last act necessary” before commission of the crime, “the finder of fact may give weight to that which has already been done as well as that which remains to be accomplished before commission of the substantive crime.” United States v. Manley, 632 F.2d 978, 987 (2d Cir. 1980). Further, “[i]n order for behavior to be punishable as an attempt, it need not be incompatible with innocence, yet it must be necessary to the consummation of the crime and be of such a nature that a reasonable observer, viewing it in context could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that it was undertaken in accordance with a design to violate the statute.” Id. at 987-88. For purposes of the statute under which Pugh was charged, “a substantial step towards the provision of material support need not be planned to culminate in actual terrorist harm, but only in support—even benign support—for an organization committed to such harm.” Farhane, 634 F.3d at 148.
Pugh argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain a finding that he took a substantial step toward providing material support to ISIS because he only indulged in an online interest in ISIS propaganda, expressed his political views, and bought a ticket to Turkey from Egypt. The evidence, however, supports a different conclusion, particularly when viewed in the light most favorable to the government. When Pugh‘s electronic devices were searched, authorities recovered ISIS propaganda videos and materials, as well as research into ISIS’ control of border crossings between Turkey and Syria and its presence in both countries. Among those materials were maps and articles titled “The secret jihadi smuggling route through Turkey,” “Where ISIS is Gaining Control in Iraq and Syria,” and “Syria‘s border posts and who controls them.” Gov‘t. App‘x at 424, 446-47, 454. Further, the jury heard evidence that at the time of his arrival in Turkey, Pugh was carrying with him a “tactical backpack” filled with materials that would be unnecessary in a large city like Istanbul, but would be beneficial in traveling through Turkey to the Syrian border. Further, Pugh was not equipped with materials that would be suitable for searching for work, his alleged
Pugh argues that without an ISIS contact in Turkey and/or Syria to help him cross the border, he could not have taken a substantial step toward providing material support. The jury heard testimony, however, that although most people seeking to join ISIS make connections ahead of time, it is not necessary for someone to secure assistance in Turkey before reaching Syria.
The evidence, taken together and viewed in the light most favorable to the government, provides ample support for the jury‘s conclusion that Pugh engaged in a substantial step toward providing material support to ISIS. Although he was apprehended by Turkish officials before he was able to complete his plan, the evidence supports the finding that he was traveling to Turkey to cross the Syrian border in an effort to join ISIS. Although he did not
b. Count Two: Obstruction of Justice
Pugh argues next that there was insufficient evidence of a nexus between his obstructive conduct and official proceedings in the United States to support his conviction for obstruction of justice. Specifically, Pugh argues that when he was denied entry into Turkey, “there was no reason for him to believe that any judicial proceeding had been initiated [or] would be initiated in the future.” Appellant‘s Br. at 49. The government asserts that Pugh destroyed, or attempted to destroy, USB thumb drives and the files contained thereon in order to preclude the government from being able to use the materials at a federal grand jury proceeding to indict Pugh for his attempt to provide material support to ISIS.
Pugh was charged in count two of the indictment with obstruction of justice pursuant to
In order to prove obstruction of justice in violation of
Here, Pugh has “failed to show that the evidence was insufficient to establish a nexus between his actions and obstruction of the proceeding.” Reich, 479 F.3d at 186. The evidence supports the jury‘s conclusion that Pugh acted with intent to destroy his devices to impair their use in a reasonably foreseeable official proceeding.
The jury heard testimony from a number of witnesses, including United States officials and experts on foreign terrorist organizations, about the cultural climate in America regarding terrorist organizations, including the prevalence of American citizens becoming radicalized via social media and attempting to join ISIS and other terrorist groups overseas, as well as the United States’ response to and handling of those types of situations. On the basis of the evidence presented, the jury reasonably could have concluded that at the time Pugh was detained, it was or should have been reasonably foreseeable to Pugh that being held in Turkey, a well-known and frequently utilized pathway to Syria, while attempting to travel to Syria to join ISIS would subject him to official proceedings in the United States. Further, the government introduced evidence of Pugh‘s knowledge, before he was detained in Turkey, of at least one other American citizen who was arrested at JFK Airport for attempting to join ISIS in Syria and criminally charged in the United States with providing material support to a foreign terrorist group (and thus subjected to an official proceeding). Accordingly, the jury could have reasonably concluded that a similar proceeding was foreseeable to Pugh at the time he was detained.
Moreover, the evidence supports a conclusion that when Pugh was denied entry
Viewed in the light most favorable to the government, and drawing all reasonable inferences in its favor, as we must, a rational trier of fact could have viewed the evidence against Pugh and found that an official proceeding regarding his actions abroad was reasonably foreseeable and that he destroyed his electronic devices in an effort to keep them from being used against him. Accordingly, Pugh‘s conviction on Count Two is affirmed.
III. Sentencing
Pugh‘s last argument on appeal is that his sentence was both substantively
a. Right of Allocution
The following additional facts are relevant here. Pugh appeared for sentencing on May 31, 2017 and, after hearing from the government, the court allowed Pugh to deliver his prepared remarks in which he discussed the difficulty of being a black Muslim man in America, set out his own version of the facts of the case, and accused the government of lying and setting him up. The amount of time Pugh was given to speak is unclear from the record, but after over seventeen uninterrupted transcript pages of Pugh‘s remarks, the court interrupted him to suggest that Pugh tailor his remarks to sentencing, rather than his version of the facts. The court then allowed Pugh and his counsel a five-minute recess, and when they returned, Pugh‘s attorney continued with the sentencing argument, rather than Pugh. Pugh argues that the court‘s decision to stop him from finishing his remarks amounted to procedural unreasonableness. We disagree.
A court is required to provide a defendant with an opportunity to speak at sentencing to offer mitigating information.
b. Statement of Reasons
Pugh also claims the sentence was procedurally unreasonable because the district
In making a sentencing determination, the district court must reach “an informed and individualized judgment in each case as to what is ‘sufficient, but not greater than necessary’ to fulfill the purposes of sentencing.” United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc) (quoting
In addition, the court must consider the “need for the sentence imposed ... (A) to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense; (B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct; (C) to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and (D) to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational training, medical care, or other correctional treatment in the most effective manner.”
After consideration of the
A district court commits procedural sentencing error when it “does not consider the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors [or] if it fails adequately to explain its chosen sentence[.]” Cavera, 550 F.3d at 190. The sentencing record must be sufficient for an appellate court to “be confident that the sentence resulted from the district court‘s considered judgment as to what was necessary to address the various, often conflicting, purposes of sentencing.” Id. at 189-90. On review, “just as we do not insist upon ‘robotic incantations,’ we require more than a few magic words.” Corsey, 723 F.3d at 376. Requiring judges to articulate their reasons for a specific sentence “is a precondition for ‘meaningful appellate review‘” and allows a reviewing court to “have confidence that the district court exercised its discretion and did so on the basis of reasons that survive our limited review.” Cavera, 550 F.3d at 193 (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 50). “Without a sufficient explanation of how the court below reached the
At sentencing, after hearing from both sides, the district court stated that there was “ample evidence” admitted at trial for the jury to find Pugh guilty of both counts and commented on portions of the evidence, including Pugh‘s military service, which the court called “commendable,” Pugh‘s time overseas in the Middle East, and ultimately Pugh‘s decision to attempt to join ISIS. App‘x at 570-72. The court mentioned the defendant‘s possession of videos taken from the defendant‘s hard drive and maps of the border crossings into Syria. After roughly two pages of comments, the court stated that the case was about Pugh‘s choice between standing up for or betraying the United States, a country which had “done so much” for him. Id. at 572. The court addressed Pugh stating “You‘ve made your choice, sir. I have no sympathy.”
Most of the court‘s comments on the record relate to Pugh‘s guilt rather than to an appropriate sentence. Without further explanation for its sentencing determination, the court sentenced Pugh to two consecutive terms of incarceration: 180 months on count one and 240 months on
The sentence of 420 months represents the statutory maximum, which fell within the Sentencing Guidelines range of 360 months’ to 420 months’ imprisonment. The fact that it was a Guidelines sentence may explain the district court‘s spare explanation of the sentence imposed. But district courts are not permitted to assume that a Guidelines sentence is substantively reasonable. Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 351 (2007) (“[T]he sentencing court does not enjoy the benefit of a legal presumption that the Guidelines sentence should apply.“) (citing United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 259-60 (2005)). Indeed, a sentence within the properly-calculated Guidelines range can be substantively unreasonable. United States v. Dorvee, 616 F.3d 174, 183 (2d Cir. 2010).
A lengthy explanation is not generally necessary “when a judge decides simply to apply the Guidelines to a particular case.” Rita, 543 U.S. at 356. But as a general rule, the “sentencing judge should set forth enough to satisfy the appellate court that he has considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decisionmaking authority.” Id.
When a defendant has been convicted of multiple counts, it is important for the sentencing judge to articulate why a sentence equal to the statutory maximum on one count will not produce a sufficient sentence within the meaning of
A district court should explain the reasons justifying the total punishment as sufficient, but not greater than necessary, taking into account the particular characteristics of the defendant and the circumstances of the offense. That justification should guide the determination whether to impose sentences on multiple counts consecutively, partially consecutively, or concurrently. Explaining why concurrent sentences would not achieve a “sufficient” sentence is particularly important where, as here, each of the two sentences are quite long, the district court imposed the statutory maximum for each sentence, and, therefore, the defendant was sentenced to the longest legal sentence available.
The present record does not permit meaningful appellate review of the substantive reasonableness of Pugh‘s sentence. Without more, we cannot be confident that the district court appropriately exercised its discretion in crafting the sentence. Accordingly, Pugh‘s sentence reflects procedural error and is vacated. We remand the case for resentencing, including an articulation of the court‘s reasons for whatever sentence it imposes.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of
GUIDO CALABRESI, Circuit Judge, concurring:
I agree with the majority opinion, which I join in full. I write separately to emphasize
The case before us illustrates how dangerously far
It is ironical—more than ironical, potentially dangerous—that the government was able to take what is already a very serious crime—attempting to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization—and, on the basis of some not overly strong facts, bring an obstruction charge that more than doubled the maximum sentence otherwise available.
The majority is correct that, here, the evidence was enough to support the prosecutor‘s obstruction of justice charge and the jury‘s verdict. On the basis of the facts presented at trial, a jury was licensed to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant corruptly altered, mutilated, or destroyed digital media with the intent to impair their availability for use in a foreseeable official United States proceeding, in violation of
But is it really justifiable, because of this conduct, to turn Defendant‘s 15-year sentence into a 35-year one? In this case, there was no evidence to suggest that the destroyed USB drives or deleted iPod data contained information that was valuable or significant in itself or for ISIS. Indeed, the evidence at trial established that Defendant did not have a relationship with current
This is not to downplay the seriousness of Defendant‘s crime. For a skilled aircraft mechanic like Defendant to offer his services to a barbaric terrorist organization is a criminal act of the highest order. That is the gravamen of Defendant‘s criminal conduct, and, accordingly, it should be the primary determinant of Defendant‘s punishment, which Congress limited to 15 years maximum (now raised to 20 years, see USA FREEDOM Act of 2015, Pub. L. No. 114-23, 129 Stat. 268 § 704).
But Defendant here was sentenced to 35 years. And the additional term of 20 years of imprisonment seems incongruous. Obstruction of justice can, of course, in some circumstances, be a very serious crime. But we have to look at the context. And here, in this specific context, the record does not establish the seriousness of that crime. Indeed, it looks as though the court imposed the sentence it did based on the heinousness of Defendant‘s attempted terrorism and simply used the obstruction conviction as a means to go beyond the statutory maximum of that terrorism count.
The majority recognizes the problems with the District Court‘s decision and remands this case for greater explanation—a procedural ground. This is perfectly proper. We have stated en banc that an appeals panel will not usually reach questions of
My belief is reinforced by a concern with how broad obstruction of justice prosecutions under
It is at least arguable that this law was never intended to be used so broadly.
Accordingly, as judges, we should be careful, in examining obstruction of justice cases, to make our review searching and contextual. A sentence for obstruction of