ORDER GRANTING MOTION FOR TEMPORARY STAY
I. INTRODUCTION
Defendants Anthony Pisarski and Sonny Moore have pleaded guilty to, and await sentencing for, conspiracy to manufacture and possess with intent to distribute marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C), and 846. They move,- however, to have- the Department of Justice- enjoined from expending any funds on their prosecution. The motion is made pursuant to Consolidated Appropriations Act, Pub. L. No. 115-31, § 537, 131 Stat. 135, 227 (2017) [hereinafter “§ 537”], which prohibits the Department of Justice from expending funds- to prevent a state from implementing its medical marijuana laws. Under United States v. McIntosh,
II. BACKGROUND
On July 10, 2012, law enforcement agents executed a warrant to search a Humboldt County, California, property оwned by defendants. Sonny Moore’s mother Pamela, along with the two defendants, apparently resided at the property. The search uncovered 327 marijuana plants, a total of $416,125 in cash, and two loaded firearms. A subsequent search in January 2013 revealed another ‘ firearm, ammunition, and various gold bars, gold coins, and silver bars worth $28,515.33. A final search in October 2013 revealed $189,615 welded inside a trailer on the property.
The government chargеd defendants by information with one count of conspiracy to manufacture and possess with intent to distribute marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C), and 846. Defendants both waived indictment, and on July 22, 2014, entered into guilty plea agreements. In those agreements, defendants made certain factual admissions, including:
Beginning at an unknown date and continuing to at least July 10, 2012, there was an agreement between me and another individual to manufacture and possess marijuana on property in Humboldt County. During this period, I knowingly grew and possessed marijuana on this property, and I did so with the intention to sell marijuana to others.
In December 2014, Congress enacted a rider in an omnibus appropriations bill prohibiting the Department of Justice from expending funds to prevent a state from implementing its medical, marijuana laws. The rider has been renewed many times since, and survives now as § 537, in essentially the same form as past iterations.
Prior to the hearing, the parties submitted various declarations and exhibits. In two declarations, Pisarski stated, among other things: that he had a physician’s recommendation' to grow 99 .plants; that Pamela Moore had a physician’s recommendation to grow 99 plants; that he was a mеmber of, and had provided excess marijuana to, two collectives—“the Covelo Cut Off Collective” and an informal collective with Sakina Ramrattan; that when he had provided marijuana to the collectives in the past, he had been reimbursed for his costs; that it was unclear how many of the 327 plants found on his property in July 2012 would have been usable; and that it was unclear if the plants would have produced sufficient excess yield to distribute to the collectives. Pisarski included with his declarations: a copy of his 2012 physician’s recommendation to grow up to 99 plants; a copy of Pamela Moore’s 2011 physician’s recommendation to use marijuana therapeutically; September 2011 agreements between Pisarski and Ramrat-tan, Joseph Augustine, and Laura. Labelle for Pisarski to grow marijuana for an entity called “Green Remedies”; and Augustine’s 2011 physician’s recommеndation to use medical marijuana,
Ramrattan also submitted a declaration, averring, among other things: that Pisar-ski' had been cultivating marijuana for her since 2010; that she had a physician’s recommendation to use marijuana for two years prior to October 2012; that she pooled her resources in a collective with other patients, including Laura Labelle
Moore submitted his own declaration, stating, among other things: that he had a 2011 physician’s reсommendation to possess up to 99 marijuana, valid in October 2012; that he was a caregiver for his mother Pamela, who had a physician’s recommendation to possess up to 99 marijuana plants; and that he had not profited and did not expect to profit from the plants found on his property in October 2012. He also submitted a 2017 physician’s recommendation to use medical marijuana, and records from a 2011 medical appоintment.
The government, meanwhile, submitted declarations from Jon Rasmussen, a Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) agent, and Chance Landreneaux, a former DEA agent. Rasmussen and Landreneaux participated in the search of defendants’ Humboldt County property, and spoke in their declarations of the marijuana, guns, ammunition, cash, silver, and gold those searches had uncovered. The government also submitted as exhibits photographs from those seаrches. At the hearing, the government called as a witness Jason Tin-dell, a business taxes specialist from the California Department of Tax and Fee Administration. Tindell testified to defendants’ compliance—or lack thereof—with California tax law.
III. LEGAL STANDARD
In order to prevail on their motion, defendants bear the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that “their conduct was completely authorized by California lаw,” meaning that “they strictly complied with all relevant conditions imposed by [California] law on the use, distribution, possession, and cultivation of medical marijuana.” Order Determining Burden of Proof at 2, 4 (quoting United States v. McIntosh,
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Relevant State Law
Before defendants’ strict compliance with all relevant conditions imposed by [California] law on the use, distribution, possession, and cultivation of medical marijuana can be determined, the relevant conditions must be established. Because thе compliance requirement imposed in McIntosh is presented in the past tense, see
‘Although section 11362.775 clearly provides for collective cultivation, it does not specify what [is] meant by an association of persons who engage in collective or cooperative cultivation for medical purposes. For example, there is no mention of formality requirements, permissible numbers of persons, acceptable financial arrangements, or distribution limitations.” People v. Orlosky,
Because Pisarski and Moore have pleaded guilty to conspiracy to manufacture and possess with intent to distribute marijuana, and have specifically admitted to possession with intent to distribute, they cannot show their strict compliance with California law by invoking the CUA; the CUA does not offer immunity from criminal sanction for possession for sale. See id. § 11362.5. To show their strict compliance with California law, defendants must demonstrate their entitlement to immunity under the MPAA, which protects against
B. Defendant’s Strict Compliance with California Medical Marijuana Law
! Pisarski and Moore’s case presents something of a temporal сonundrum. They have admitted and pleaded guilty to possession, cultivation, and possession for sale. They have -not been charged with or admitted to any sales, and the government has not offered any evidence of sales. The government has also failed to offer any evidence of an impending sale- as of July 2012, and the defendants have only offered limited evidence of such—evidence that Pi-sarski may have, sometime after July 2012, рrovided marijuana to the Covello Cut Off and/or Ramrattan collectives, should the 327. plants on the Humboldt County property have yielded' sufficient marijuana to distribute. The parties thus agree defendants’ strict compliance with California law can only be assessed as of the date of the charged conduct—July 10, 2012. It is not apparent, however, that the MPAA would have required on that date defendants show that any potential future sale would be fully compliant with its requirements.
Although the MPAA offers immunity from prosecution for possession for sale, its relevant provision does not speak to the issue of prospective compliance, but rather seems concerned with contemporaneous conditions. California case law does not offer much" further guidance with respect to how compliance can be assessed prospectively in such circumstances, except establishing that the collective cultivation defense embodied in section 11362.775(a) may not be invoked when the proffered members of an alleged collective are conclusively not qualified patients, persons with valid identification cards, or primary caregivers. See People v. Frazier,
This case falls between these two extremes, but toward thе latter end of that spectrum; defendants may, at some date after July 10, 2012, have distributed marijuana to the Covello Cut Off and/or Ram-rattan collectives. Neither, party has brought forth any evidence with respect to when or under what conditions such sales would have occurred, how much marijuana would have been sold, or what it would have been sold for.
Defendants have not made an exhaustive or optimal evidentiary showing, but have sufficiently indicated that, to .the extent any of the yield of their 327 marijuana plants would have been sold, it would have been sold to a collective on a not-for-profit basis. Their evidence indicates that, had any sale occurred, "it would have been to the Covello Cut Off and/or Ramrattan col
The government has not offered any evidence to the contrary. It argues defendants fail to establish any sale would have been not-for-profit, but defendants have proffered, through declarations, that any sales to the Covello Cut Off and/or Ram-rattan collectives would have been for reimbursement of costs. The government likewise arguеs the cash, silver, and gold recovered - from defendants’ property— along with defendants’ admissions those assets were “derived from proceeds obtained, directly or indirectly, as a result of the violation [pleaded. to], and/or [were] used or intended to be used, in any manner or in part, to commit or to facilitate the commission of the violation,” Pisarski Plea at 5; Moore Plea at 5—are evidence a future sale would have been for profit. Yet it is unclear how defendants could have obtained' profit from an unconsummated future sale, and unclear why the use of such monetary assets to facilitate a sale indicate the sale would have been for profit. Moreover, the presence of those assets is wholly consistent with Pisarski and Moore having been reimbursed for past sales, especially given that marijuana transactions—even those legal under state law—áre often made in cash because banks are unwilling to help facilitate the business. The government similarly argues Pisarski and Moore have offered no evidence they or the two collectives paid state-mandated sales tax on any marijuana transaction. Yet. again, it is not apparent how defendants: could have paid sales tax on an intended future sale, and the government has advanced no authority suggesting such tax would have to be paid any time before such a sale wаs completed. The government also suggests the cash, silver, gold, guns, and ammunition found on defendants’ property are indicia of noncompliance with state law. Although nonbinding California Attorney General guidelines promulgated pursuant to the MMPA opine that weapons and excessive amounts of cash are indicia of an unlawful marijuana operation, see California Attorney General, “Guidelines for the Security and Non-Diversion of. Marijuana Grown for Medical Use” at 11 (August 2008), the presence of cash, precious metals, and weapons is equally consistent with the operation of a rural, cash-intensive enterprise.
The government’s best argument is that Pisarski and Moore have not shown all members of the Covello Cut Off and Ram-rattan collectives were qualified .patients or primary caregivers. Yet the government fails to identify, any authority requiring defendants’ to establish the status of аll collective members well before any sale, and it is not apparent that, in July 2012, defendants knew who the members of each collective would be at the time, of any future sale such that their qualified patient or caregiver status could be established. Relatedly, the government has-not identified a single member of either collective who was not a qualified patient or caregiver.
In this context—where defendants are charged with intent to sell marijuana, but
V. CONCLUSION
Defendants Pisarski and Moore have proven, by a preponderance of the еvidence, their strict compliance “with all relevant conditions imposed by [California] law on the use, distribution, possession, and cultivation of medical marijuana.” McIntosh,
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Notes
. In its current form, § 537 reads: “None of the funds made, available in this Act to the Department of Justice may be used, with respect to any of the States of Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming, or with respect to the District of Columbia,' Guam) or Puerto Rico, to prevent any of them, from implementing their own laws that authorize the use, distribution, possession, or cultivation of medical marijuana.”
. Contemporary California law pertaining to non-medical marijuana cultivation, possession, distribution, and use is not relevant here, both because it was not in place in July 2012, and because § 537 explicitly extends only to "medical marijuana.”
. The MMPA extends the same immunity to other classes of defendants, but it does not appear Pisarski and Moore can prove by a preponderance of the evidence their inclusion in any such class. See id. § 11362.765(a).
. Defendants’ evidence contemplates only Pi-sarski distributing marijuana to the Covello Cut Off and/or Ramrattan collectives, and neither party has offered any evidence as to Moore’s potential sales activities. Yet because Pisarski and- -Moore operated on the same properly and both pleaded guilty to conspiracy to manufacture and possess with intent to distribute marijuana, the only inference the record supports is that Moore’s plea and admissions contemplate sales, with Pisarski, to the Covello Cut Off and/or Ramrattan collectives. Thus, his ability to invoke the collective cultivation defense is evaluated on this basis.