3 M.J. 177 | United States Court of Military Appeals | 1977
Lead Opinion
Opinion
This case has a long history. The appellant was originally convicted by a general court-martial on March 28, 1970, of unpremeditated murder, larceny, and consummated assault with a dangerous weapon (five specifications) in violation of Articles 118, 121, and 128, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. §§ 918, 921, and 928, respectively. On July 13, 1971, the United
While this case was in the course of review, the áppellant was convicted by another general court-martial on May- 20,1971, of escape from Confinement and was sentenced to a dishonorable discharge and confinement at hard labor for 14 months. That conviction ’ became final on February 25, 1972, and the sentence was ordered executed. As a result, the service of the sentence adjudged by the first court-martial was interrupted. United States v. Bryant, 12 U.S.C.M.A. 133, 30 C.M.R. 133 (1961). On' March' 13, 1972, pursuant to the sentence adjudged by the second court-martial, the appellant Was dishonorably discharged. He completed his term of confinement as to the second sentence on April 26, 1972, and the service of the confinement adjudged by his original court-martial resumed the next day.
As authorized by our mandate in this case, the court-martial convening authority at' Fort Leavénworth directed a rehearing on the charge's .involved in the original court-martial. They were referred to a general, court-martial which convened on November 1, 1972. After arraignment, defense counsel moved to dismiss the charges on the ground that the appellant’s discharge and completion of the confinement adjudged at the second court-martial divested the military of jurisdiction over him. This motion was granted by the military judge. However, on November 30, the court reconvened at the direction of the convening authority. The military judge indicated the convening authority had disagreed with his ruling, and, acceding to the convening authority’s instructions, he reversed his earlier ruling on the motion to dismiss.
On February 1,1973, the appellant filed a petition for extraordinary relief in this Court alleging a lack of jurisdiction. The jurisdictional question was resolved against the appellant, and an earlier order staying the court-martial proceedings was vacated. Peebles v. Froehlke, 22 U.S.C.M.A. 266, 46 C.M.R. 266 (1973). The court-martial reconvened on August 1, 1973. The appellant was not present. Defense counsel objected to the continuation of the proceedings in the appellant’s absence, but the judge ruled that the appellant was voluntarily absent after arraignment, and he could, therefore, be tried in absentia. Appellant was convicted of unpremeditated murder (inherently dangerous act) and consummated assault with a dangerous weapon (five specifications),
Paragraph 11c, Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1969 (Rev.), provides:
Effect of voluntary absence from trial. The accused’s voluntary and unauthorized absence after the trial has commenced in his presence and he has been arraigned does not terminate the jurisdiction of the court, which may proceed with the trial to findings and sentence notwithstanding his absence. In such a case the accused, by his wrongful act, forfeits his right of confrontation.
This Court held in United States v. Houghtaling, 2 U.S.C.M.A. 230, 8 C.M.R. 30 (1953), that where an accused was arraigned and subsequently escaped from confinement, a trial in his absence was permissible.
Turning to the facts of the present case, we note that the trial proceedings adjourned on November 30, 1972, but did not reconvene until August 1, 1973. During this period, the appellant was released from confinement and thereafter was not under the control of the military. The appellant submits the requirement in paragraph 11c, MCM, that his absence be unauthorized can never be satisfied under such circumstances, i. e., the appellant must be absent without authority within the meaning of Articles 85 or 86, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 885 or 886. I do not read this requirement of paragraph 11c in the manner urged by the appellant. Rather, as that term is concerned with an accused’s obligation to be present for his trial, I perceive “unauthorized” to merely mean that no one in authority has excused him from the proceedings.
Nevertheless, appellant’s absence must be voluntary as well as unauthorized. The record reflects that during the delay occasioned by the appellant’s petition for extraordinary relief, the appellant was released from confinement and allowed to return to his home without any form of restraint. He was aware, however, of his obligation to return for this trial if his petition for extraordinary relief was resolved against him. During this period, the trial defense counsel requested that all communication with the appellant be made through him. However, the defense counsel lost contact with his client. The trial counsel asserted during the trial that he contacted the police authorities in appellant’s hometown,
It is apparent from the aforementioned information that the record does not reflect the appellant was actually notified of the trial date. Although the defense counsel sent a letter to a specified address, this was during a period when he had lost contact with his client, and the trial counsel acknowledged that his own efforts were unsuccessful, too. Furthermore, the primary responsibility for notifying the parties concerned of the trial date rests with the trial counsel. Paragraph 44f(2), MCM. While the defense counsel requested that communications with the appellant be made through him, notice to the defense counsel is not sufficient where the appellant has not specifically granted his counsel the authority to waive his right to be present. See United States v. Crutcher, 405 F.2d 239 (2d Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 394 U.S. 908, 89 S.Ct. 1018, 22 L.Ed.2d 219 (1969); Evans v. United States, 284 F.2d 393 (6th Cir. 1960). Cf. United States v. Larneard, 3 M.J. 76 (C.M.A.1977). Furthermore, the appellant was never instructed by anyone involved in the proceedings to report any change in his residence or to keep someone advised of his location. While such a requirement may have been desirable, no obligation of this nature was imposed upon the appellant. Thus, there was no misconduct on his part in failing to notify the authorities of any change in his address. The requirement that the appellant’s absence be voluntary necessarily requires an informed and intentional choice in the matter, which, in turn, requires the appellant’s knowledge of the trial date. Appellant’s knowledge of such date was not adequately demonstrated on the record. As the Court noted in United States v. Staten, 21 U.S.C.M.A. 493, 495-96, 45 C.M.R. 267, 270-71 (1972), the right of an accused “to be present during trial is fundamental” and I am unwilling to invoke a waiver of such right under the circumstances.
The parties have informed us that the appellant was returned to military control on April 15, 1974, and continuously confined until August 12, 1975, when he was released on parole. In view of the protracted nature of the proceedings, the appellant’s discharge from the military, and the appellant’s service of a substantial portion of the confinement, we deem it appropriate to terminate the proceedings. See United States v. King, 2 M.J. 4 (1976); United States v. Robbins, 18 U.S.C.M.A. 86, 39 C.M.R. 86 (1969); United States v. Sheeks, 16 U.S.C.M.A. 430, 37 C.M.R. 50 (1966).
The decision of the United States Army Court of Military Review is reversed, and the charges and their specifications are ordered dismissed.
. Contrary to earlier decisions, this Court held in United States v. Ware, 1 M.J. 282 (1976), that a military judge is not required to accede to the determination of the convening authority reviewing a trial ruling grant- . ing a defense motion to dismiss that does not amount ,to a finding of not guilty. See Article 62(a), Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 862(a).
. A motion for a finding of not guilty was granted as to a charge of larceny.
. The Secretary of the Army reduced the confinement to 8 years.
. The appellant’s petition for a new trial was denied by the Court.
. In this case, the appellant was arraigned at an Article 39(a) session convened pursuant to Court-Martial Convening Order #10, dated September 1, 1972. The trial on the merits took place before a court-martial convened by Court-Martial Convening Order # 23, dated July 26, 1973. On appeal, the defense submits the arraignment of appellant did not survive the second court-martial convening order. Our disposition of the case renders it unnecessary to resolve this issue.
. We note that the appellant submitted a post-trial affidavit from the chief of police of his hometown which contradicted the statement of the trial counsel as to his contacts with the police department. The trial counsel, in turn, submitted an affidavit which supported his trial statements. Our disposition of the case moots any issue presented by the conflicting affidavits.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring in the result):
While a military accused has both a statutory
The accused’s voluntary and unauthorized absence after trial has commenced in his presence and he has been arraigned does not terminate the jurisdiction of the court, which may proceed with the trial to findings and sentence notwithstanding his absence. In such a case the accused, by his wrongful act, forfeits his right of confrontation.
This military practice is consistent with that prevailing in civilian federal courts. Fed.R.Crim.P. 43 after recognizing in sub
. The further progress of the trial to and including the return of the verdict shall not be prevented and the defendant shall be considered to have waived his right to be present whenever a defendant, initially present,
(1) voluntarily absents himself after the trial has commenced (whether or not he ha[d] been informed by the court of his obligation to remain during the trial).
Thus, while in military courts there is the added requirement that the absence of the accused be unauthorized if trial is to proceed in absentia, both military and civilian federal court practice require the absence to have been a voluntary one on the part of the accused if trial is to proceed without him. Diaz v. United States, 223 U.S. 442, 32 S.Ct. 250, 56 L.Ed. 500 (1912); United States v. Cook, supra.
While a court may not presume an accused’s waiver of a constitutional right, see United States v. Partlow, 428 F.2d 814 (2nd Cir. 1970), it may draw an inference that his absence was voluntary — and, hence, his right to be present waived — by the facts of a given case, including the conduct of the accused. See United States v. Tortora, 464 F.2d 1202 (2nd Cir. 1972); Phillips v. United States, 334 F.2d 589 (9th Cir. 1964), cert. denied, 379 U.S. 1002, 85 S.Ct. 723, 13 L.Ed.2d 703 (1965). For instance, it may be inferred, sans evidence to the contrary,
I agree with Judge Cook that any inference that the appellant was voluntarily absent from the courtroom when the proceedings against him in the instant case resumed nearly 8 months after they had been continued for an unspecified period of time, is rebutted adequately by the facts and circumstances of record. See Cureton v. United States, 130 U.S.App.D.C. 22, 396 F.2d 671, 676 (1968), quoted with approval by the Supreme Court in Taylor v. United States, supra, 414 U.S. at 19 n. 3, 94 S.Ct. 249. As I am not convinced that this denial of the appellant’s constitutional right to confrontation was harmless, see United States v. Ward, 23 U.S.C.M.A. 572, 50 C.M.R. 837, 1 M.J. 176 (1975); see also Wade v. United States, 142 U.S.App.D.C. 356, 441 F.2d 1046 (1971), I am constrained to agree that reversal is required. Moreover, for the reasons stated by Judge Cook, I agree that dismissal of the charges is appropriate.
. Article 39(b), Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 839(b).
. U.S.Const. amend. V-VI.
. See United States v. Cook, 20 U.S.C.M.A. 504, 43 C.M.R. 344 (1971).
. In light of our disposition, I reach neither the question whether the appellant’s absence was “unauthorized” within the meaning of paragraph 11c, Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1969 (Rev.), nor the question whether the court which tried the appellant in absentia must have been the same court which arraigned him.
