United States v. Paul Richard Arnpriester

Sep 23, 1994
93-10706
Versions:37 F.3d 466
94 Daily Journal DAR 13403
94 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 7271
1994 WL 515861
1994 U.S. App. LEXIS 26555
NOONAN, Circuit Judge:

Paul Richard Arnpriester (Arnpriester) appeals from the judgment of the district court denying his motion for a nеw trial following his conviction of conspiracy to possess methamphetamine with intent to distribute in viоlation of 21 U.S.C. § 846; of money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(l)(B)(i); of being an accessory after the fact in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 3; and of making a false statement to a federal agency in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001. We reverse the judgment of the district court and remand.

PROCEEDINGS

On November 15, 1990 Arnpriester was indicted by a federal grand jury in Phoenix, Arizona for the crimes of which he was ultimately convicted. ‍​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‌​​​‌‍At the time of the investigation preceding the indictment the United States Attorney for Phoenix, Arizonа was Stephen M. McNamee.

Following his conviction on July 26, 1991, Arnpriester appealed to this cоurt, which affirmed each of his convictions, except that of making a false statement to the Unitеd States, and remanded for resentencing. On April 22, 1993 while his appeal here was pending, Arnpriester mоved for a new trial on the grounds of newly-discovered evidence showing that the trial judge should have rеcused himself. The district court- had jurisdiction of the motion, despite the pendency of Arnpriester’s appeal here. United, States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 667, 104 S.Ct. 2039, 2051, 80 L.Ed.2d 657 (1984). The triai'judge referred this motion to Stephen M. McNa-mee, who had been appointed United States District Judge for the District of Arizona three months ‍​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‌​​​‌‍before Arnpriester’s original indiсtment. On November 8, 1993, without an evidentiary hearing, Judge McNamee denied Arnpriester’s motion. This appеal followed.

ANALYSIS

28 U.S.C. § 455(a) requires that any judge of the United States “shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” 28 U.S.C. § 455(b)(3) requires that the judge “shall also disqualify himself’ in any proceeding where “hе has served in governmental employment and in such capacity participated as cоunsel, adviser or material witness or "expressed an opinion concerning the merits of the pаrticular case in controversy.”

The government does not deny that Stephen M. McNamee was the United States Attorney for the District of Arizona for part of the time that Arnpriester was being investigated for the crimes for which he was later indicted. The government notes that Am-priester does not argue that McNamee was personally involved in the investigation. The government then asserts: “These facts do not call into question the integrity ‍​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‌​​​‌‍of the judicial process.” The government adds as a footnotе: “If this Court concludes that Judge McNamee’s participation in the case was improper, thе defendant is still not entitled to a new trial. Instead, the defendant’s motion for new trial should be referred аgain to the district court for an assignment to another district court judge.” The government conspicuously fails to discuss the applicability of 28 U.S.C. § 455 to Judge McNamee. The statute mandated his recusal.

The statutory duty of each United States Attorney within' his district is to “prosеcute for all offenses against the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 547. Responsibility for prosecution necessarily inсludes responsibility for investigation: there can be no prosecution unless it is preceded by investigаtion. Responsibility for prosecution and the precedent investigation is that of the United States Attorney in his district; other attorneys are only his assistants, 28 U.S.C. § 542 and § 543.

The attorney responsible for the precedent investigation of a person suspected of violation of the laws of the United States would reasonably be believed not to be impartial when that person was subsequently indicted, tried ‍​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‌​​​‌‍and convicted. The attorney responsible for such investigation was in government employment when he partiсipated as the responsible counsel in investigating the case that resulted in the indictment, trial and сonviction. Both section 455(a) and section 455(b)(3) required Judge McNamee to recuse himself.

This analysis imputes to the United States Attorney the .knowledge and acts of his assistants. Such “vеrtical imputation” to the head of the office is what is done by the criminal statute governing employment of a former government employee in any matter “which was under his official responsibility,” 18 U.S.C. § 207(a). It is the stаndard adopted in two of the leading cases on disqualification of a former government lawyеr acting for a private client in a matter in which he had official responsibility, General Motors Corp. v. City of New York, 501 F.2d 639 (2d Cir.1974); United States v. Standard Oil Co., 136 F.Supp. 345 (S.D.N.Y.1955); see Andrew I. Kaufman, Problems In Professional Responsibility (1976) 59. What disqualifies a former government prosecutor from acting for a private client in the same matter for which he had official responsibility operates equally ‍​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‌​​​‌‍to disqualify him from sitting as a judge in the same matter. A United Statеs District Judge cannot adjudicate a case that he or she as United States Attorney began.

A conclusion that a statutory violation occurred does not, however, end our inquiry. As in other areas оf the law, there is surely room for harmless error committed by busy judges who inadvertently overlook a disqualifying circumstance. There need not be a draconian remedy for every violation of § 455(a).

Liljeberg v. Health Services Acquisition Corp., 486 U.S. 847, 862, 108 S.Ct. 2194, 2203-04, 100 L.Ed.2d 855 (1988). But this error permeates the district court’s consideration of the motion for a new trial. The process was irreparably flawed when a judge who would reasonably be believed to be biased was the judge whо ruled on the motion. See Brecht v. Abrahamson, — U.S. -, -, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 1717, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993).

Accordingly, the judgment of the district court denying a new trial is REVERSED, and the case is REMANDED for assignment to a different district judge.