RULING ON MOTION TO DISMISS INDICTMENT
Luis Colon Osorio, the defendant herein, has moved to dismiss the indictment filed against him on the grounds that the method of selecting jurors for his grand jury in the Hartford Division of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut violated (1) the equal protection component of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment by discriminating against racial and ethnic minorities (i.e., blacks and Hispanics), (2) the fair-cross-section requirement of the Sixth Amendment, and (3) the Jury Selection and Service Act of 1968, 28 U.S.C. § 1861, et seq. (“Jury Selection Act” or “the Act”). After carefully considering the parties’ extensive briefing and the evidence presented at a two-day hearing, the Court hereby grants the defendant’s motion to dismiss for the reasons stated below.
BACKGROUND
I. Procedural History
This case has followed a less than direct route toward trial, replete with procedural missteps and false starts. On April 14, 1992, a federal grand jury, H-91-2, drawn from the 1989 Hartford Division jury wheel returned an indictment against the defendant, charging him with two counts of failing to appear in response to a court order in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 3146(a)(1). Following the defendant’s arraignment before Magistrate Judge F. Owen Eagan on April 29, 1992, jury selection was initially scheduled for June 2, 1992. On May 22, 1992, attorney Susan Tipograph attempted to file a motion to dismiss the indictment or, in the alternative, to stay the proceedings, contending that the jury selection process in the District violated the Jury Selection Act in that the process systematically underrepresented, inter alia, blacks and Hispanics. The motion was returned undock-eted to attorney Tipograph, however, because she had failed to file an appearance in this case. 1
In view of Attorney Tipograph’s then pending request for admission to the bar of *969 the District, her refusal to apply for admission pro hac vice at the Court’s written suggestion, and the defendant’s request that she represent him, the jury selection scheduled for June 2, 1992 was continued. On June 5, 1992 and after her admission to the bar, attorney Tipograph filed her appearance in this case. At a hearing held on that day, the Court appointed her as defendant’s counsel pursuant to the Criminal Justice Act, continued the case again to the July 7,1992 calendar call and set a June 10, 1992 filing deadline for any defense motions. Attorney Tipograph resubmitted the defendant’s motion to dismiss on June 12, 1992. The Court denied the motion as untimely filed on the ground that it failed to comply with the Act’s seven-day filing requirement. See June 23, 1992 Ruling. Later reconsidering the decision at the defendant’s request, the Court adhered to the Ruling, noting that in addition to being untimely filed pursuant to the Act, the motion to dismiss was also untimely filed under the Court’s own scheduling Order.
In conjunction with his motion to reconsider, the defendant also moved to dismiss the indictment on newly raised grounds, contending that the jury selection system violated the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the United States Constitution. The motion was intended to be supported by a memorandum of law filed by attorney Jo-Nel Newman, a staff attorney with the Connecticut Civil Liberties Union. However, as this Court does not usually permit limited appearances absent some showing of good cause, attorney Newman’s motion for leave to file a limited appearance was denied without prejudice. Since attorney Newman’s motion was denied, the accompanying memorandum in support of the defendant’s motion to dismiss was returned to counsel by the Clerk of the Court. The Court then denied the defendant’s motion to dismiss because it lacked a supporting memorandum of law. See Loc.R.Crim.P. 1 (incorporating Loc.R.Civ.P. 9(a)(1)).
At the July 7, 1992 calendar call, attorney Newman moved to renew her motion to appear for a limited purpose and to renew the defendant’s motion to dismiss. The Court granted these motions and ordered the government to respond to the motion to dismiss by July 24, 1992. The defendant followed the government’s timely submission with a reply brief on July 27, 1992. After considering the parties’ submissions, and determining that an evidentiary hearing was appropriate, the Court held a hearing on July 28-29, 1992. The parties have since filed post-hearing memoranda, proposed findings of fact and proposed conclusions of law, as well as reply briefs in response to each side’s post-hearing pleadings. The Court now considers the Record in this matter closed and the defendant’s motion to dismiss ripe for determination.
In view of the Court’s prior Rulings twice denying the defendant’s challenge under the Jury Selection Act as untimely, the statutory claim will not be revisited. The two constitutional claims remain to be considered.
II. The District’s Jury Selection Plan
As required by the Jury Selection Act, the District of Connecticut has adopted a “Plan for the Random Selection of Grand and Petit Jurors.” The District’s most recent plan (“the Plan”) was adopted on December 4, 1989
nunc pro tunc
November 19, 1988. Exh. 505 at 14. Except to the extent set forth below, the Court presumes familiarity with the jury selection procedures followed in the District of Connecticut and will not detail them herein.
See United States v. LaChance,
In April 1989, Kevin Rowe, Clerk of the Court for the District of Connecticut (“Rowe” or “the Clerk”), sent a letter to each town's Registrar of Voters, requesting that each registrar send a copy of either the entire voter registration list or, if within the town’s technical capabilities, ten percent of that list. See, e.g., exh. 531 (letter from Rowe to Shelton Registrar of Voters). Rowe included specific instructions in the letter regarding the procedure by which each town would select randomly ten percent of the names on its voter registration list, as well as the proper format for returning the list of names if a town was able to generate the list by computer. On returning the list of names to the Clerk, the Registrar of Voters was to certify in writing that he or she had complied with the procedures detailed in Rowe’s letter. If a town returned its entire voter registration list, the Clerk randomly selected ten percent of the names for inclusion in the Master Wheel in the same manner detailed in Rowe’s letter. If a town returned only ten percent of its list, that entire list was to be included in the Master Wheel.
By mid-September 1989, Rowe had received a list of names from each of the 84 towns within the Hartford Division. Some registrars provided Rowe with lists of names representing ten percent of the registered voters, while others provided him with a complete list of all the registered voters in their towns. Moreover, Rowe received the lists in varying forms. Some submitted the lists on either computer tape or diskette as set forth in Rowe’s letter; others simply provided the information on paper lists. These lists comprise the sole source of names for the Master Wheel in the Hartford Division. 2
Rowe compiled all the lists and delivered them in October 1989 to Richard Masotta (“Masotta”) at the Yale University Computer Center. Masotta, Associate Director of the Computer Center, has an arrangement with the District to build and maintain the master and qualified jury wheels on computer for each of the District’s three divisions. He has provided these services to the District since 1981. On receiving the lists, Masotta, with the help of his staff, entered the names into the computer. Access to the computer data base is limited to Masotta and his staff; a password, an identification number and a working knowledge of the computer program are necessary to gain access to the computerized jury lists. The names are entered into the data base by town. In order to “randomize” the list of names, Masotta sorts the list by different parameters, including name and street address, but not by town or zip code. In this way, Masotta testified, the names would be fully mixed and not stored geographically. The current Master Wheel for the Hartford Division contains approximately 68,000 names.
As the need arises, i.e., approximately twice a year, the Clerk directs Masotta to draw approximately 1500 names from the Master Wheel. Using a so-called “random number generator,” a sophisticated computer program that generates random numbers, Masotta “randomly” selects the names from the Master Wheel and prints the names and addresses on juror questionnaires to be mailed to prospective jurors. The questionnaires are then delivered to the Clerk, who, in turn, mails the questionnaires to prospective jurors as the pool of eligible jurors runs low.
The instructions on the questionnaire direct the recipient to complete the form and return it to the Clerk within ten days of receipt. The information on the questionnaires is used to determine whether or not *971 an individual is qualified for jury service. 3 When the questionnaires are returned, 4 they are sorted by the Clerk into three categories: qualified, unqualified and uncertain. These groupings are then reviewed for accuracy by the Honorable Peter C. Dorsey, a District Judge sitting in the Division who makes a final decision as to whether the assignments in the first two categories are proper and who decides in which of the two categories the “uncertain” names belong. Those who are unqualified are then “excused” from jury duty by the Clerk. The qualified questionnaires constitute the so-called “Qualified Wheel,” the source of prospective jurors for all grand and petit jury venires called in Hartford during the life of the Master Wheel. When jurors are needed, names from the Qualified Wheel are selected at random, and jury summonses are mailed to those individuals.
III. Composition of the Qualified Wheel
Pursuant to the Jury Selection Act and Local Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f)(2), the parties sought and received authorization from the Chief Judge of the District in June 1992 to review the juror questionnaires in the Hartford Qualified Wheel. The raw data compiled by the parties are substantially similar and do not lead to different results when the proper statistical analysis is applied. For the sake of simplicity, the Court adopts the data provided by the defendant.
According to the defendant’s figures, there are a total of 1779 juror questionnaires in the Hartford Qualified Wheel. Ninety-two of the questionnaires do not indicate the race of the respondent at all. In an additional 852 questionnaires, the potential juror responded that he or she was “white” but did not indicate whether or not he or she was Hispanic. 5 See Appendix A-1 (sample juror questionnaire which provides a space for the race of the respondent and asks whether the respondent is Hispanic). Fifty-two individuals in the Qualified Wheel identified themselves as “black,” and thirteen individuals identified themselves as “Hispanic.”
Both parties agree that questionnaires in which there is no indication of race should be omitted in calculating the racial composition of the Qualified Wheel. The government argues further that the Court should also exclude from consideration the questionnaires in which the juror responded that he or she was white but did not respond whether he or she was Hispanic. The government contends that counting these individuals as non-Hispanic whites overstates the alleged underrepresentation of Hispanics in the Qualified Wheel. In support of this proposition, the government cites to
United States v. Biaggi,
wherein the district court excluded from its analysis those questionnaires that “either contained no answer to questions of race and ethnicity or were lost_”
As the Second Circuit has impliedly approved the use of the defendant’s suggested method, the Court finds that the questionnaires reflecting no race should be excluded from consideration but that those indicating that the respondent is white but not whether he or she is Hispanic should be considered submitted by non-Hispanic white individuals. So categorized, the Court concludes that 3.08% of the individuals in the Qualified Wheel are black and 0.77% of the individuals are Hispanic. See exh. 513. 6 These percentages stand in stark contrast to the 1990 United States Census data indicating that 6.34% of the voting-age population in the Hartford Division is black and 5.07% is Hispanic. See exh. 504.
IV. Exclusion of Hartford and New Britain Residents
Analysis of the Qualified Wheel by town reveals some startling anomalies. Over the life of the current Master Wheel, 4631 questionnaires have been mailed to prospective jurors by the Clerk in order to generate the Qualified Wheel. Not one questionnaire has been mailed to and thus returned from anyone residing in either New Britain or Hartford. The complete absence of either city from the Qualified Wheel, let alone both, raises particular concerns regarding the proper representation of both blacks and Hispanics in the Hartford Division's grand and petit jury veni-res. Hartford and New Britain are the two largest cities in the Hartford Division, accounting for 16.61% of the total population. More significantly, these two cities combine to account for 62.93% of the voting-age black population and 68.09% of the voting-age Hispanic population in the Division. See exh. 512. In other words, while the residents of Hartford and New Britain constitute approximately one-sixth of the total population of the Division, they constitute two-thirds of the minority population. The likelihood that random selection would result in not one Hartford or New Britain resident being drawn from the Master Wheel is less than one chance in 10 268. July 27, 1992 Waldfogel Affid. at ¶ 7. Statistically speaking, the absence of both Hartford and New Britain from the Qualified Wheel cannot be explained by random chance.
The record reveals two distinct reasons for the absence of Hartford and New Britain residents from the Qualified Wheel. With regard to New Britain, no residents’ names were ever entered into the Master Wheel. While the evidence is clear that the Clerk received a paper list of voters’ names from the New Britain Registrar of Voters and then delivered it to Masotta at the Yale Computer Center, Masotta does not have the list, and the names were never entered into the computer. As no New Britain names were even included in the Master Wheel, they could not logically be randomly selected from that Master Wheel. No New Britain resident thus received a juror questionnaire.
The absence of Hartford from the Qualified Wheel raises a different and even more troubling concern. The Hartford list, contrary to the fate of the New Britain list, actually made it into the computer. There are approximately 5500 Hartford names in the Master Wheel. Even so, out of the *973 4631 names purportedly “randomly” drawn from this Master Wheel to date, not a single Hartford resident has been selected to receive a juror questionnaire. The only evidence proffered by the government for the complete absence of Hartford from the Qualified Wheel is Masotta’s testimony that the absence is the result of random chance. That testimony is untenable. The likelihood that not a single Hartford name would be randomly drawn during the selection of 4631 names is less than one chance in 10174, a near statistical impossibility. Waldfogel test. The Court must conclude, therefore, that some other explanation accounts for Hartford’s absence.
DISCUSSION
The Supreme Court has recognized that under the Sixth Amendment, “petit juries must be drawn from a source reasonably representative of the community.”
Taylor v. Louisiana,
I. Sixth Amendment’s Application to Grand Juries
Before reaching the merits of the defendant’s Sixth-Amendment claim, the Court must first address two preliminary issues raised by the government. Initially, the government contends that the defendant’s motion must be denied because the Sixth Amendment’s fair-cross-section protection does not apply, by its own force, to grand juries. Rather, the government submits, Congress has by statute extended the fair-cross-section requirement to grand juries by enacting the Jury Selection Act. Govt’s Mem. in Opp. at 18. Argues the government, “the fact that Congress drafted the Act so as to make the ‘fair cross section’ requirement available to both grand and petit juries, suggests that, absent the Act, a fair cross-section analysis would not be available in a constitutional challenge to the composition of a grand jury.” Id. In the government’s view, since the defendant’s challenge under the Act has been denied, the constitutional challenge must meet a similar fate because the Sixth Amendment will not extend to a grand jury absent statutory support.
The government primarily relies on the Second Circuit’s statement in
United States v. LaChance
that the Act “extends this fair cross section requirement of the Sixth Amendment to the pool from which the federal grand jurors are selected.”
*974
The Court is not persuaded that a Sixth-Amendment challenge against the representativeness of a grand jury venire is determined by the vitality of a similar claim brought under the Jury Selection Act. The government has not cited a single case in which a court has rejected a Sixth-Amendment challenge on the ground that the fair-cross-section protection does not apply to grand jury venires. In fact, the law of the Circuit is otherwise. Two district courts in the Circuit, in decisions affirmed on appeal, have considered on the merits Sixth-Amendment challenges to the composition of Qualified Wheels from which grand juries were drawn independent of a contemporaneous challenge under the Jury Selection Act.
See Biaggi,
Finally, the government has offered no explanation why the scope of the fair-cross-section requirement should be limited to petit juries alone and not extended to grand juries. Such a justification would appear particularly elusive especially where jurors for both grand and petit juries are selected from the same pool of names. For the reasons just stated, the Court finds that the Sixth Amendment’s fair-cross-section requirement applies to grand juries irrespective of the applicability of the Jury Selection Act. In view of this finding, the Court also rejects the government’s argument that merely because the statutory challenge was untimely filed, the defendant’s constitutional challenge was untimely filed as well.
II. Racial Composition of Defendant’s Grand Jury Venire
The government next contends that because this defendant’s grand jury venire allegedly had proper minority representation, he has no standing to assert a Sixth-Amendment violation based on alleged un-derrepresentation of blacks and Hispanics *975 in the Qualified Wheel. 8 In other words, because the defendant’s 50-person grand jury venire contained two Hispanics and one black, the government asserts that he has not been “injured” in any way by whatever underrepresentation may exist in the Qualified Wheel. The defendant counters that the degree of minority representation on his own grand jury venire is not legally relevant if the Qualified Wheel itself systematically underrepresents blacks and Hispanics. The Court finds the defendant’s position more tenable.
As already noted, the Sixth Amendment guarantees only the opportunity for a representative jury, not a representative jury itself.
Biaggi,
If the right were not to a “fair cross section procedure,” (one free of a systematically eliminating bias and drawing from a representative source) but to a particular outcome, a party would be entitled to challenge his particular jury panel if it did not fairly represent the community. But, as Taylor holds, a party is not so entitled. It follows that the dimensions of the right to an impartial jury are described in procedural terms.
McGinnis v. M.I. Harris, Inc.,
To hold that a litigant is not entitled to a representative jury when the jury veni-res are drawn from a fair cross section of the community, but that the cross-section requirement can be dispensed with when the dice fall a particular way in an individual case undermines the analytical foundation upon which the right to a jury drawn from a cross-section of the community is brought.
Barber v. Ponte,
The government insists that “[rjegardless of whether the constitutional guarantee was provided by chance or by design, the fact that it was provided must be the end of the question.” Govt’s Post-Hrg Mem. at 11. The Court finds the government’s proposed “no harm, no foul” rule particularly inappropriate, however, since the Supreme Court has recognized that more than just the defendant’s interest is at stake in a fair-cross-section claim. “ ‘[T]he broad representative character of the jury should be maintained, partly as assurance of a diffused impartiality and partly because sharing in the administration of justice is a phase of civic responsibility.’”
Taylor,
In considering a petitioner’s assertion that Missouri petit juries unconstitutionally underrepresented women, the Supreme Court in
Duren v. Missouri
appeared to hold that if the actual venire has proper minority representation, a defendant cannot establish a
prima facie
Sixth-Amendment violation: “[I]n order to establish a prima facie case, it was necessary for petitioner to show that the underrepresentation of women, generally
and on his veni-re,
was due to their systematic exclusion in the jury-selection process.”
Recent Second Circuit decisions support the conclusion that the racial composition of this defendant’s venire is irrelevant to an evaluation of a Sixth-Amendment claim grounded in the contention that the Qualified Wheel systematically underrepresents blacks and Hispanics in grand jury venires. In both
Maldonado-Rivera
and
Biaggi,
the district courts and Second Circuit omitted any reference to, let alone any analysis of, the racial composition of the particular defendant’s grand jury venire.
Maldonado-Rivera,
In sum, as the defendant herein alleges that the Qualified Wheel systematically un-derrepresents blacks and Hispanics, the Court must analyze the racial composition of that “pool” of names, not the composition of the defendant’s own venire.
III. Sixth Amendment Claim
The Supreme Court has established a three-part test for evaluating a fair-cross-section claim. In order to establish a pri-ma facie violation of the Sixth Amendment’s fair-cross-section requirement, the defendant must show
(1) that the group alleged to be excluded is a “distinctive” group in the community; (2) that the representation of this group in venires from which juries are selected is not fair and reasonable in *977 relation to the number of such persons in the community; and (3) that this under-representation is due to systematic exclusion of the group in the jury-selection process.
Duren,
The second prong requires the Court to determine whether either or both of these two “distinctive” groups is “substantially underrepresented” in the Qualified Wheel.
Biaggi,
A preliminary step in measuring the degree of underrepresentation in the qualified wheel is the calculation of the relevant “benchmark,” that is, the basis of comparison from which to measure the extent of the underrepresentation of the group in the qualified wheel. “[T]he defendant must demonstrate the percentage of the community made up of the group alleged to be underrepresented, for this is the conceptual benchmark for the Sixth Amendment fair-cross-section requirement.”
Duren,
The government argues that using voting-age population as a benchmark artificially inflates the level of minority under-representation in the Qualified Wheel because that benchmark includes individuals who are ineligible for jury service, while *978 the qualified wheel does not {e.g., convicted felons, non-citizens, persons who do not understand or speak English). In its stead, the government suggests that the Court adopt the pool of registered voters as the applicable benchmark because it is a “better estimate of the percentage of qualified prospective minority jurors in the Hartford division_” Govt’s Post-Hrg Mem. at 15 n. 5 (emphasis added). Even assuming that use of the voting-age population as a benchmark would overstate the degree of minority underrepresentation in the Qualified Wheel, the Court rejects the alternative use of registered voters as an appropriate benchmark. Simply put, the government’s evidence does not reliably establish that this alternative benchmark would be a better estimate of the jury-eligible population than the voter-age population would be. The extent of the statistical problems with the government’s expert’s outdated and otherwise unreliable evidence is well presented in the defendant’s post-hearing submission, and the Court will not endeav- or to recapitulate that discussion here. See Deft’s Post-Hrg Mem. at 14-18. Accordingly, for the reasons set forth herein and in the defendant’s post-hearing memorandum, the Court adopts the voting-age population in the Hartford Division, as reported in the 1990 Census, as the benchmark for properly calculating the extent of the un-derrepresentation of blacks and Hispanics in the Qualified Wheel.
Applying the absolute disparity test to the applicable data, see supra p. 11, reveals that the underrepresentation is 8.26% for blacks (6.34% - 3.08%) and 4.30% for Hispanics (5.07% — 0.77%). To eliminate these disparities, the District would have to add two blacks and two Hispanics to a typical fifty-person grand jury venire. This level of underrepresentation has been found to be in substantial for Sixth Amendment purposes. Biaggi, 909 F.2d at 678-79 (holding that disparity of two blacks and two to three Hispanics in a fifty- to sixty-person venire comports with the fair-cross-section requirement).
The Court finds, however, that the Biag-gi holding is not controlling on this record. Initially, the Court notes Biaggi’s warning regarding the use of the “absolute numbers” analysis:
The risk of using this approach is that it may too readily tolerate a selection system in which the seemingly innocuous absence of small numbers of a minority from an average array creates an unacceptable probability that the minority members of the jury ultimately selected will be markedly deficient in number and sometimes totally missing. Of course, the Sixth Amendment assures only the opportunity for a representative jury, rather than a representative jury itself, ... but that opportunity can be imperiled if venires regularly lack even the small numbers of minorities necessary to reflect their proportion of the population.
Id. at 678 (emphasis in original). More importantly, the Second Circuit recognized that the degree of underrepresentation experienced in Biaggi “press[ed] the Jenkins ‘absolute numbers’ approach to its limit” and stated that it “would find the Sixth Amendment issue extremely close if the underrepresentations had resulted from, any circumstance less benign than use of voter registration lists.” Id. at 679 (emphasis added).
The facts herein reveal circumstances far less benign than the use of voter registration lists. Biaggi was not faced with a situation where roughly one-third (27 of 84) of the towns within the division were not represented on the Qualified Wheel. Furthermore, Biaggi did not see the total exclusion from the Qualified Wheel of the two largest cities in the Division, cities accounting for one-sixth of the total population and two-thirds of the minority population in the Division. Finally, this case illustrates the problem in applying the “absolute numbers” approach followed in Biaggi. Given the small percentage of voting-age blacks and Hispanics residing within the Hartford Division (6.34% and 5.07% respectively as compared to 19.9% and 15.7% within the Manhattan Master Wheel of the Southern District of New York in Biaggi), the absence of a representative sample of blacks and Hispanics in the Qualified Wheel leads to the “unacceptable *979 probability” that the minority members of the jury ultimately selected will be markedly deficient in number and, in most cases, totally missing. See id. at 678. 12
The government misses the lesson in
Biaggi
when it argues that even though Hartford and New Britain were inadvertently excluded from the Qualified Wheel, their absence was sufficiently counterbalanced by the exclusion of a number of towns with large white populations and the over-inclusion of towns with above-average minority populations,
e.g.,
Bloomfield. The under-representation of blacks and Hispanics was held to be “benign” in
Biaggi
because there was no evidence that any circumstances other than the random selection of names from voter registration lists created that underrepresentation.
The lack of random selection in the compilation of names for the Qualified Wheel is what makes the circumstances here less benign than in Biaggi. Accordingly, as Biaggi’s holding does not control in this case and as circumstances less benign than voter registration lists have led to minority underrepresentation in the Qualified Wheel, the Court finds that, on the facts in this case, a racial disparity requiring the addition of two blacks and two Hispanics to an average grand jury venire constitutes substantial underrepresentation under the Sixth Amendment.
The final element the defendant must establish in order to make out a
pri-ma facie
Sixth-Amendment violation is that the substantial underrepresentation is the result of a “systematic exclusion in the jury-selection process.”
Duren,
The exclusion of Hartford and New Britain satisfies the last element of the defendant’s
prima facie
claim. The Court finds that the exclusion of approximately two-thirds of blacks and Hispanics in the Division as a source of names for jury selection constitutes “systematic exclusion” of those groups from the jury-selection process.
Duren,
In view of the foregoing, the Court finds that the defendant has established a
prima facie
fair-cross-section violation. This finding does not, however, end the inquiry into whether the Sixth Amendment has been violated.
Duren,
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated herein, the Court finds that the defendant has been denied his Sixth-Amendment right to a fair cross section of the community in the Hartford Division Qualified Wheel. Accordingly, the defendant’s motion to dismiss is hereby GRANTED on that basis and the indictment in this matter hereby ORDERED dismissed.
SO ORDERED.
*981 APPENDIX A
[[Image here]]
*982 [[Image here]]
*983 [[Image here]]
*984 INSTRUCTIONS TO GROUNDS FOR REQUESTING EXCUSE
1 — Over 70 years of age — give date of birth in “remarks” section on reverse of questionnaire.
2 — A Person who has served as a juror within the last 2 years (give name of Court and dates of service in “remarks” section on reverse of questionnaire)
3 — Person having active care and custody of a child or children under 12 years of age whose health and/or safety would be jeopardized by your absence for jury service;' or a person who is essential to the care of aged or infirm persons, (explain fully in “remarks” section on reverse of questionnaire)
4 — Persons whose services are so essential to the operation of a business, commercial, or agricultural enterprise that it must close or cease to function if you are required to perform jury duty, (explain fully in “remarks” section on reverse of questionnaire)
5 — Attorney
6 — Physician
7 — Dentist
8 — Registered Nurse
9 — Member of the Clergy or a Religious Order
10 — School Teacher
Notes
. Magistrate Judge Eagan had earlier permitted attorney Tipograph to appear pro hac vice for the limited purpose of representing defendant at his arraignment and in connection with matters concerning the conditions of his confinement pretrial.
. The Master Wheel is emptied and refilled at least once every four years. Exh. 505 at 7.
. Any person is qualified to serve on either a grand or petit jury in this Judicial District so long as he or she is a United States citizen, at least 18 years old, a resident of the District, able to read, write, speak and understand the English language with a reasonable degree of proficiency and neither mentally or physically infirmed, nor convicted of a felony or currently facing a felony charge. Exh. 505 at 3-4. The Plan also provides for three automatic exemptions from jury service and eight excuses from jury service that may be obtained on individual request. Id. at 4-5.
. Questionnaires that are returned to the Clerk by the United States Postal Service ("USPS") marked "undeliverable” are retained in storage by the Clerk, who makes no further efforts to contact the addressees. Questionnaires returned by the USPS noting a new address for the addressee are mailed by the Clerk to the new address. Questionnaires that go unanswered are followed up by the Clerk when time permits, but the amount of follow up is generally minimal. See Dkt. No. 95 (stipulation regarding the Clerk’s handling of undelivered or unre-turned juror questionnaires).
.As neither party has offered as an exhibit a sample juror questionnaire, the Court takes judicial notice of the content and the format of the District’s juror questionnaires and attaches a copy of such questionnaire to this Ruling as Appendix A. See Appendix A at pp. A-l through A-4.
. Racial Composition of Hartford Qualified Wheel
Total Jurors 1779
No Race Indicated 92
Adjusted Total 1687
Black 52 (3.08%)
Hispanic 13 (0.77%)
. The defendant criticizes this argument, noting that as Congress enacted the Jury Selection Act over a decade before the
Duren
decision was issued, the federal legislature could not have “had a view of
Duren
in mind when it acted." Deft’s Reply Mem. at 6 n. 6. The defendant’s criticism is misplaced.
LaChance
does not hold, as the defendant suggests, that the Jury
*974
Selection Act extended a constitutional protection
first
recognized in
Duren.
The right to a fair-cross-section of the community on a federal petit jury is a long-recognized right dating back to at least
Smith v. Texas,
. As the Court finds that the actual degree of minority representation on the defendant’s veni-re is constitutionally irrelevant where the defendant is challenging the composition of the Qualified Wheel, the Court need not reach the question of whether the defendant’s actual venire had proper minority representation. See infra pp. 975-76. Thus, for purposes of this Ruling, the Court assumes arguendo that the defendant's actual grand jury venire did, in fact, reflect a fair cross section of the community.
. The Supreme Court did take note of the number of women on the petitioner’s venire (5 out of 53 people) but made no further reference to the composition of that venire, nor analyzed whether there was a substantial underrepresen-tation of women on that venire.
Id.
at 363,
. To the extent the defendant asks the Court to apply a different statistical method in evaluating his Sixth-Amendment claim, the Court rejects the request. The Second Circuit has recently declined to abandon the test adopted in
Jenkins,
and this Court is bound to follow its lead.
See Maldonado-Rivera,
. As the Court in Gerena explained,
[f]or example, an absolute difference [between the number of Hispanies in the corn-munity and the number of Hispanies in a typical venire] of 1% as applied to a panel of 100 jurors would result in an absolute impact of 1 juror. If these figures were applied to the instant challenge, a jury panel of 100 members would have to include one more [Hispanic] juror to be considered truly representative.
Id.
. For example, assuming random selections from the Qualified Wheel, 85% of all grand and petit jury panels will not have a single Hispanic individual as compared to approximately 30% of all grand jury panels drawn from a properly representative wheel. Exh. 509, Waldfogel test. Similar percentages for blacks on the Qualified Wheel were not presented to the Court.
. There is no evidence in the record to support the government’s assertion that the exclusion of the Hartford names in the Qualified Wheel was the result of a "correctable, mechanical error." The only direct evidence on this exclusion is Masotta’s testimony that it was due to random chance. Neither he nor any other witness testified that the exclusion of the Hartford names was the result of any other cause.
. In view of this finding, the Court declines to reach the merits of the defendant's Fifth-Amendment claim.