United States v. One Parcel Of Property, Located At 755 Forest Road, Northford, ConnecticutUnited States v. One Parcel Of Property, Located At 755 Forest Road, Northford, Connecticut
H. Gordon Hall, Asst. U.S. Atty., New Haven, CT (Albert S. Dabrowski, U.S. Atty. for the D. of Connecticut, New Haven, CT, of counsel), for plaintiff-appellee.
WINTER, Circuit Judge:
Sheila A. Franco appeals from the granting of summary judgment forfeiting her residence at 755 Forest Road, Northford, Connecticut. The property had been seized pursuant to
BACKGROUND
The Franco home was seized after cocaine and various drug distribution paraphernalia had been discovered in it during a search. The search was conducted pursuant to the consent of James Franco, Sheila Franco‘s husband, who was the target of a narcotics investigation and also resided in the home. In the Francos’ shared bedroom, police officers found several plastic bags of cocaine, an Ainsworth electronic gram scale, inositol (a white powder commonly used by drug traffickers to cut cocaine), fifty-one 2 1/2” by 2 1/2” sheets of paper, eleven pre-folded sheets of paper of the same size, $676 in cash, and a funnel, sifter, and grinder with drug residue. The officers discovered these items on the top of a dresser, in a jewelry box on the top of the dresser, in a drawer of the dresser, and on a closet floor.
According to an affidavit of Drug Enforcement Administration Special Agent David J. Hoyt, Franco stated during the search that “she was aware of [her husband‘s] involvement in narcotics.” In her affidavit, Franco contends that her statement to Hoyt indicated only that she knew about her husband‘s drug use, not that she knew about the use or presence of narcotics in her home. Franco further states that she had requested that his drug activities cease, including a specific request that he not use or keep narcotics in the home. She professes not to have been aware of, nor to have consented to, any continued drug activities or storage of narcotics or paraphernalia in the home since that request. Finally, she maintains that any drugs and drug paraphernalia “were concealed there by my husband against my wishes and without my knowledge or consent.”
The district court held that there was no genuine issue of material fact under
DISCUSSION
In reviewing a grant of summary judgment, we conduct a de novo review. See, e.g., Bryant v. Maffucci, 923 F.2d 979, 982 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. 152, 116 L.Ed.2d 117 (1991). Summary judgment may be granted if, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, “there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Suburban Propane v. Proctor Gas, Inc., 953 F.2d 780, 788 (2d Cir.1992); see also Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Servs., Inc., --- U.S. ----, ----, 112 S.Ct. 2072, 2077, 119 L.Ed.2d 265 (1992) (stating that ” ‘all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [the nonmovant‘s] favor’ “) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2513, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). The nonmovant, however, “may not defeat a motion for summary judgment merely by pointing to a potential issue of fact“; instead, specific facts must establish “a genuine issue of material fact.” City of Yonkers v. Otis Elevator Co., 844 F.2d 42, 45 (2d Cir.1988). To avoid summary judgment, the nonmovant “may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of [her] pleading.”
The pivotal factual issue posed by Franco‘s affidavit is whether she had knowledge of narcotics activities within her home. That affidavit is, however, insufficient as a matter of law to establish the requisite lack of knowledge. Most notably, it does not contest the government‘s evidence that the drugs and drug paraphernalia were discovered throughout the bedroom she shared with her husband. It is thus uncontested that they were found on top of a dresser, in a jewelry box on the top of the dresser, in a dresser drawer, and on a closet floor, places to which she had easy and continual access. Her counsel hypothesizes, without support from her affidavit or other evidence in the record, that her husband had exclusive control of the dresser, closet, and jewelry box. Even if that heroic assumption were the case, however, the sifter, grinder, sheets of paper, and funnel were in plain view on top of the dresser, a fact that utterly belies her ignorance of drug activities in the bedroom. Her purported ignorance is thus at best “willful blindness,” at worst perjurious. In Bryant, we noted the “caution [normally exercised] in granting summary judgment where state of mind is at issue.” 923 F.2d at 985. Such caution is unnecessary, however, where, as here, the claimed state of mind is so inconsistent with the uncontested facts.
With regard to the issue of consent, the abundance and visibility of the narcotics evidence contradict any contention that Franco took all reasonable steps to prevent the illegal use of the property. A denial of the existence of drug paraphernalia that is in a person‘s plain view is not consistent with a claim that the person made all reasonable efforts to eliminate drug activity. See 141st Street, 911 F.2d at 879-80. The visible drug evidence thus distinguishes 418 57th Street, where we found a genuine dispute to exist as to whether contacting an attorney to learn of various options constituted a taking of “all reasonable steps.” 922 F.2d at 132.
We agree with Judge Daly that, given the evidence, “more detailed factual substance in support of her claim of ignorance” was required for Franco to meet her burden. United States v. 15 Black Ledge Drive, 897 F.2d 97, 102 (2d Cir.1990) (affirming a summary judgment ruling and rejecting a wife‘s claim of no knowledge because “a bare denial was insufficient to create a genuine triable issue” given the apparent evidence of drug activity).
We therefore affirm.
VAN GRAAFEILAND, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
This case is a glaring example of the Government‘s draconian use of civil forfeiture. It is not the usual real property forfeiture case, where law enforcement officers maintain a watch on premises and, in the process, satisfy themselves that unlawful drug activity is taking place thereon. So far as we know, prior to October 10, 1990, the date on which Mrs. Franco‘s husband was arrested, the police did not even know where he lived. Admittedly, when he took them to his wife‘s home, they found some drug paraphernalia there. However, there has been no showing as to how long it had been there or whether any drug transactions ever had taken place on or around the premises.
I doubt very much that the Government could point to any date prior to October 10, 1990 as the date when title vested in the United States as provided in
Assuming that despite Mrs. Franco‘s denial under oath she could be charged with knowledge of the narcotic‘s existence in her home, she still should be entitled to show that she had made reasonable efforts to eliminate it. Because reasonableness varies according to surrounding facts and circumstances, the issue of what is reasonable does not always lend itself to summary disposition. See Shifrin v. Wilson, 412 F.Supp. 1282, 1299-1300 (D.D.C.1976). We are dealing here with a wife and mother, not a Cosa Nostra godfather. If I were asked what Mrs. Franco did that justified the Government in taking her home from her, I would be hard put to answer. I would find it even harder to justify the district court‘s approval of what the Government did without first having given Mrs. Franco an opportunity to be heard. See United States v. One Parcel of Real Estate, 963 F.2d 1496, 1505-06 (11th Cir.1992); United States v. Certain Real Property, 922 F.2d 129, 131-32 (2d Cir.1990).
Accordingly, I dissent.