293 F. 657 | 9th Cir. | 1923
The complaint in this case contains 18 causes of action, each cause of action charging a violation of the Safety Appliance Act and the orders of the Interstate Commerce Commission made and issued pursuant thereto. The answer of the defendant admitted the interstate character of its business and denied each and every other allegation of the complaint. By way of an affirmative defense, but not as a defense to any particular cause of action, the answer averred that on the 1st day of July, 1922, the joint shop craft employees of the railway company, including those engaged in the work of inspecting and repairing cars and the doing of general mechanical work in connection with their upkeep, ceased their employment and withdrew from the service of the company in protest of an award made by the United States Labor Board; that such employees left the service of the company without fault on its part, and notwithstanding the order and findings of the Labor Board; that the defendant, pursuant to the directions of the Labor Board, used its best efforts to obtain the services of other employees, and endeavored to perform its duties to the shipping public and its other duties as a common carrier; that it used many of its official staff for the purpose of keeping its railway system in operation; that by reason of the withdrawal of its employees, it was impossible for seveial weeks to keep an. accurate record of the condition of its cars; that all cars were properly inspected; that it handled its equipment in a reasonable manner, and did not permit the use of any equipment that would endanger the safety of operation, or of its employees or others having business with the company; that if any of the cars were defective, as alleged in the complaint, the defects were the result of an emergency beyond the control of the defendant; that the defects, if any, were remedied as soon as consistent, in view of the emergency and after movement made necessary thereby, at the then nearest and most available point therefor.
This affirmative defense was moved against and demurred to, but the motion and demurrer were overruled. The. assignments of error are based on these rulings, upon the admission and exclusion of testimony over objection, and upon the charge of the court and the refusal to charge as requested.- The jury fetumed a verdict in favor of the defendant as to the first 17 causes of action and a like verdict as to the eighteenth cause of action by direction of the court.
The act under which the action was brought declares that any com
Measured by this statute, it becomes at once apparent that the affirmative answer states no defense and that the ruling on the demurrer was erroneous. Under the statute only two defenses are permissible: First, a denial of the use of the defective car as charged; or, second, an affirmative dpfense stating that the car had been properly equipped, that such equipment became defective or insecure while in use by the carrier upon its line of railroad, that the car was being hauled from the place where the equipment was first discovered to be defective or insecure to the nearest available point where the defect could be repaired, that such movement was necessary to make the repairs, and that the repairs could not be made except at such repair point. But the two defenses will not lie to the same charge. They are repugnant to each other. The affirmative defense under the statute is in the nature of a plea in avoidance. It of necessity admits the hauling of the defective equipment, with knowledge of the defect, and is therefore inconsistent with a denial of the charge. In discussing the amendment in question in Chesapeake & O. Ry. Co. v. United States, 249 Fed. 805, 162 C. C. A. 39, the court said:
“To relax somewhat the rigid rule prescribed by the original act, which did not exempt the necessary movement to a point where repairs could be made, the amendment of April 14, 1910, was enacted. Although the amendment measurably grants relief to and enlarges the right of interstate railroads, it nevertheless is limited by its express terms and manifest intent, and its further extension is unwarranted. It only permits the hauling, without penalty, of a car which becomes defective while the car is in use by the carrier on its line of railroad, to the nearest available point where such car can be repaired (if such movement is necessary to make repairs) after the defect has been discovered. Any other hauling of such a car, and consequently a hauling of it before its bad order condition is discovered, although the carrier be without fault in not making the discovery, is a violation of the statute.” (Certiorari denied, 248 U. S. 580, 39 Sup. Ct. 67, 63 L. Ed. 431.)
Under the statute as thus construed, it is manifest as already stated that the affirmative answer states no defense, and the proof on the pail of the defendant in error was equally deficient. Of the 18 cars mentioned in the complaint, the answer admits that 4 were hauled from Auburn to Tacoma, 6 from Auburn to Narco, 1 from Auburn to Eagle Gorge, 1 from Auburn to Renton, 1 from Centralia to Tacoma, 1 from Centralia in a southerly direction, 3 from Centralia in a northerly direction, and 1 in switching service in the city of Seattle. We will refer
Turning, now, to the car hauled from Auburn to Renton, mentioned in the eighth cause of action, and the car hauled in switching service in the city of Seattle, mentioned in the eighteenth cause of action, it was admitted on the trial that the wheel was missing from the hand brake on the car hauled from Auburn to Renton, as charged in the complaint, and the defendant in error utterly failed to prove that such a defect could not be repaired at Auburn. In fact, the inferences are all the other way, because it appears-that the car was being hauled to Renton for general repairs, and the employees of the company did not deem it necessary to take the time or trouble to repair the hand brake before going there. As to the other car, it appears that the Great Northern Railway Company hauled tbe car over its lines and placed it on the exchange track in Seattle for delivery to the defendant in error. The defendant in error received the car in its defective condition, and hauled it from the exchange track to its pwn yards,, a distance of half a mile or more. -
Under the law the defendant in error was forbidden to haul this car over its lines any distance, for any purpose, because the defect arose on the lines of another carrier. United States v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co. (C. C. A.) 287 Fed. 780. True, the act does not prohibit a mere incidental movement, such as a movement for the purpose of reaching other cars on the exchange track, as held in Baltimore, etc., Ry. Co. v. United States, 242 Fed. 420, 155 C. C. A. 196; but this was not such a movement. The defendant in error received the car in its defective condition from another carrier, and hauled it over its own lines in that condition, thus violating the law, whether the haul was long or short., The court erred, therefore, in refusing to instruct the jury to return a verdict in favor of the plaintiff in error as to the eighth cause of action, and in instructing a verdict in' favor of the defendant in error as to the eighteenth cause of action.
As to the remaining 16 causes of action, there was testimony on.the part of the plaintiff in error tending to show that each car was defective as alleged, and on the part of the defendant in error tending to show that the cars were all inspected before leaving the terminals at Centraba and Auburn, and that no such defects existed. The question of defects was therefor for the jury. But the court admitted testimony, over objection, tending to support the affirmative defense contained in the answer, and submitted to the jury over like objection the abstract right of the defendant in error to haul defective cars over its bneB to the nearest available repair point, where no such question was at issue. For reasons already stated, these rulings were erroneous, and it only remains for us to consider whether the errors were prejudicial.
• The consideration of testimony relating to conditions arising from the strike was expressly limited by the court to the single question
The writer cannot reconcile himself to this view. He is of the opinion that the mistrial was such as to call for a complete reversal, especially in view of the fact that the jury returned a verdict for the defendant in error as to the eighth cause of action, where the hauling of the-car with defective equipment was expressly admitted.
The judgment of the court below is affirmed as to all causes of action except the eighth and the eighteenth, and as to the latter two the judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.