UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Joseph P. NACCHIO, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 07-1311.
United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.
Feb. 25, 2009.
555 F.3d 1234
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Joseph P. NACCHIO, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 07-1311.
United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.
Feb. 25, 2009.
Edwin S. Kneedler, Deputy Solicitor General, Office of the Solicitor General, Department of Justice, (Troy A. Eid, United States Attorney, and James O. Hearty and Kevin T. Traskos, Assistant United States Attorneys, District of Colorado; and Leo J. Wise and Stephan E. Oestreicher Jr., Attorneys, Criminal Division, Department of Justice, Washington, DC, with him on the briefs), for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Andrew H. Schapiro, Mayer Brown LLP, New York, NY; and Barbara E. Bergman, National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, Albuquerque, NM, filed an amicus curiae brief for the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers.
Before HENRY, Chief Judge, TACHA, KELLY, BRISCOE, LUCERO, MURPHY, HARTZ, McCONNELL, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.
HOLMES, Circuit Judge, joined by TACHA, BRISCOE, LUCERO, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.
A jury convicted Joseph Nacchio, the former CEO of Qwest Communications International, Inc. (“Qwest“), of nineteen counts of insider trading. On appeal, Mr. Nacchio challenged his conviction, his sentence, and the forfeiture of his assets. Regarding his conviction, he argued that the evidence was insufficient to convict him, that the jury was improperly instructed, and that the trial judge incorrectly excluded both expert-testimony evidence and classified information important to his defense. A divided panel of this Court affirmed on the sufficiency of the evidence, jury instruction, and classified information issues but held that the expert testimony had been improperly excluded. The panel did not reach the challenges that Mr. Nacchio raised to the forfeiture of his assets or his sentencing enhancement. Thus, the case was reversed and remanded for a new trial. See United States v. Nacchio (”Nacchio I“), 519 F.3d 1140 (10th Cir.2008).
We granted rehearing en banc to consider the expert testimony issue.1 In accordance with our local rule, the judgment was vacated, the mandate stayed, and the case was restored as a pending appeal. See
I. BACKGROUND
As the panel opinion provides a full recitation of the factual background, see Nacchio I, 519 F.3d at 1144-48, we discuss only the relevant events and rulings as needed to frame our analysis. The government had alleged that Mr. Nacchio, the former CEO of Qwest, made sales of shares of Qwest stock from January to May 2001 on the basis of material, nonpublic information. The jury trial commenced after more than a year of discovery and motions in limine, during which Mr. Nacchio disclosed no expert witness.
On March 16, 2007—three days prior to the start of trial—Mr. Nacchio first disclosed, pursuant to
Pursuant to Rule 16, Mr. Nacchio provided the government with a short summary of Professor Fischel‘s anticipated testimony as well as his curriculum vitae. Aplt.App. 460. The government objected that the disclosure did not satisfy the requirements of Rule 16 and requested a complete, proper disclosure. Aplee. Supp.App. 35. The government‘s objection additionally highlighted shortcomings of the disclosure under various rules of evidence, including FRE 702, and it included several references to the expert testimony requirements of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993).2 Aplee. Supp.App. 35, 38-42. The district court agreed that Mr. Nacchio‘s notice did not comply with Rule 16 because it “offer[ed] no bases or reasons whatsoever for Professor Fischel‘s opinions contained in the summary” and stated that “[t]he matter may be settled through analysis under Rule 16.” Aplt.App. 349-52. The district court also noted, however, the government‘s additional assertion that the disclosure did not satisfy “[FRE] 401, 403, 602, 702, and 704.” Aplt.App. 351. The district court instructed that “Defendant shall produce an expert disclosure compliant with the federal rules described herein by March 26, 2007.” Aplt.App. 352 (emphasis added).
On March 22, 2007, while the jury was dismissed, the district court granted Mr. Nacchio three extra days to provide his revised Rule 16 disclosure. In doing so, the district court judge stated that he was “flabbergasted . . . that [Mr. Nacchio] could think that was an adequate expert disclosure” and that “I think the rule is pretty clear, and . . . it‘s pretty close to what is required in the civil area.” Aplt.App.2038, 2041. The following exchange then took place:
[GOV‘T ATTORNEY]: [I]t‘s my concern at least based on the way the disclosure is raised right now, there could be Daubert issues that arise with respect to certain parts of the testimony. . . .
THE COURT: Probably not Daubert, but maybe Kumho Tire issues.
[GOV‘T ATTORNEY]: Yes, I misspoke.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: In Latin, forewarned is forearmed.
THE COURT: That‘s not Latin.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: No, but I don‘t speak Latin.
THE COURT: All right.
Aplt.App.2041-42 (emphasis added).
Mr. Nacchio provided a revised Rule 16 disclosure on March 29 which summarized Professor Fischel‘s qualifications as an academic, his research and teaching in law and finance, and his previous experience both consulting and testifying. The disclosure outlined the bases for Professor Fischel‘s opinions and highlighted specific expected areas of testimony as well as the documents and data reviewed by Professor Fischel in connection with this matter. Aplt.App. 425-34. This revised Rule 16 disclosure explained that in reaching his conclusions, Professor Fischel had conducted a “study of the Questioned Sales in relation to various benchmarks and other relevant criteria.” Aplt.App. 427. The revised disclosure also noted that Professor Fischel had analyzed Qwest‘s guidance, its actual stock performance, and reaction from the investment community; Qwest‘s guidance history compared to the guidance history of other telecommunications firms; and various facets of Qwest‘s revenue from indefeasible rights of use. Aplt.App. 430-32.
On Tuesday, April 3, the government filed a 63-page motion to exclude Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony. Aplt.App. 362. In this motion, the government thoroughly addressed the standards and case law of Rule 16 and FRE 401, 403, 602, 702, and 703, and discussed them in the context of Professor Fischel‘s qualifications and relative to each of his opinions as set forth in the revised Rule 16 disclosure. Aplt.App. 367-418. Included throughout were references to Professor Fischel‘s methodology and arguments regarding the role of Daubert3 and FRE 702‘s reliability requirement in establishing the admissibility of expert testimony. See, e.g., Aplt.App. 385, 388, 390, 405, 408. The government asserted that not only had Mr. Nacchio failed to comply with Rule 16, but that Mr. Nacchio had not established the admissibility of the evidence with respect to any of the proposed opinions due to, inter alia, failure to comply with FRE 702, and thus Professor Fischel‘s testimony should be excluded. The government further requested that, if the district court was inclined to allow any portion of the expert testimony “based on the disclosures to date,” the court grant a hearing prior to the admission of the testimony “in order to [permit the government to] challenge its admissibility out of the presence of the jury.” Aplt.App. 421 (“taking note of ’Daubert‘s requirement that some reliability determination must be made by the trial court before the jury is permitted to hear the evidence‘” (quoting Dodge v. Cotter Corp., 328 F.3d 1212, 1229 (10th Cir.2003))). The government additionally requested that in advance of such a hearing, Professor Fischel should provide the reasons and bases of his opinions for the government‘s review. Aplt.App. 421-22.
Mr. Nacchio filed a seven-page response to the government‘s motion to exclude the following day. Aplt.App. 463. Mr. Nacchio‘s response asserted that: (1) the revised disclosure complied with Rule 16; (2) Professor Fischel‘s opinions were proper under FRE 702 and 602; and (3) Professor Fischel was qualified to give the opinions set forth in the “expert report.” While Mr. Nacchio did not specifically cite Daubert in the FRE 702 discussion—titled “Professor‘s Opinions Are Proper Under Rule 702“—or use the term “methodology,” the response asserted that Professor Fischel would opine on “specialized knowledge as contemplated under Rule 702, which will assist the trier of fact” and that Professor Fischel has undertaken “extensive review” “to formulate opinions that go well beyond ‘simple inference.‘” Aplt.App. 466.
After the ruling was announced, Mr. Nacchio‘s attorney asked if he could be heard, and the district court refused his request, saying, “I have your motion, I have the Government‘s motion, I have your response. Any argument that you wish to make could have been put in the response.” Aplt.App. 3921. Mr. Nacchio‘s attorney then requested and received permission to put Professor Fischel on the stand as a nonexpert witness. The court recessed over Friday and the weekend. Over the weekend, Mr. Nacchio filed a motion requesting, inter alia, permission for Professor Fischel to testify as an expert in rebuttal to the testimony of two financial analysts that the government presented as witnesses, or alternatively to strike the testimony of those two analysts.5 Aplt.App. 474. Mr. Nacchio included a footnote requesting reconsideration of the
On Sunday, April 8, the government filed a motion to exclude the rebuttal testimony, and Mr. Nacchio responded. On Monday, April 9, after Professor Fischel had provided some nonexpert testimony, the district court dismissed the jury and ruled from the bench. The district court denied Mr. Nacchio‘s motion to permit Professor Fischel‘s expert rebuttal testimony and to strike the government analysts’ testimony, granted the government‘s motion to exclude Professor Fischel‘s rebuttal testimony in part, and then dismissed Professor Fischel. In denying Mr. Nacchio‘s motion, the district court stated that an expert was not necessary to rebut the analysts’ opinions, that it “continue[d] to have the same difficulty with this methodology and non-disclosure of the methodology as it had with respect to the original expert report,” and that “even if it were reliable, . . . the testimony is of no relevancy.”6 Aplt.App. 4075–76.
Following the sixteen-day trial, the jury deliberated for six days and convicted Mr. Nacchio on nineteen counts of insider trading covering trades that he had made in April and May 2001. Mr. Nacchio was acquitted of twenty-three counts covering earlier trades.
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The proponent of expert testimony bears the burden of showing that its proffered expert‘s testimony is admissible. Ralston v. Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc., 275 F.3d 965, 970 n. 4 (10th Cir.2001). We review de novo “whether the district court employed the proper legal standard and performed its gatekeeper role” in determining whether to admit or exclude expert testimony. United States v. Rodriguez-Felix, 450 F.3d 1117, 1122 (10th Cir.2006). We review for abuse of discretion the manner in which the district court performs this gatekeeping role. Dodge, 328 F.3d at 1223 (“Though the district court has discretion in how it conducts the gatekeeper function, we have recognized that it has no discretion to avoid performing the gatekeeper function.“). Provided the district court performs the role, this Court‘s review is deferential: we will not disturb the ruling “unless it is arbitrary, capricious, whimsical or manifestly unreasonable,” or “we are convinced that the district court made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
“Under Rule 702, the district court must satisfy itself that the proposed expert testimony is both reliable and relevant, in that it will assist the trier of fact, before permitting a jury to assess such testimony.” Rodriguez-Felix, 450 F.3d at 1122. In determining whether expert testimony is admissible, the district court generally must first determine whether the expert is qualified “by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education” to render an opinion. See
Reliability questions may concern the expert‘s data, method, or his application of the method to the data. See Mitchell v. Gencorp Inc., 165 F.3d 778, 782 (10th Cir. 1999); see also
B. EXCLUSION OF EXPERT TESTIMONY
1. THE DISTRICT COURT PERFORMED ITS GATEKEEPING ROLE
Although Mr. Nacchio argues that the district court abdicated its gatekeeping function, his argument really concerns the manner in which the district court fulfilled this role, e.g., allegedly failing to ensure the creation of a sufficiently developed record and declining to hold a hearing to reconsider Professor Fischel‘s admissibility. As discussed below, in its ruling the district court stated and applied the Daubert framework—the proper legal standard
Mr. Nacchio argues that the district court‘s ruling was premised upon Rule 16 and that, consequently, it was patently erroneous. We disagree. The district court‘s exclusion of Professor Fischel‘s testimony rested on Daubert grounds. True, the government first framed its challenge to Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony as an objection to the sufficiency of Mr. Nacchio‘s Rule 16 disclosure. But, by the time the district court ruled to exclude Professor Fischel‘s testimony, it was clear that the court‘s principal concern was Daubert. As is evident from its ruling, the district court excluded Professor Fischel‘s testimony because Mr. Nacchio had not met his burden of demonstrating admissibility as required by FRE 702. For example, after stating that Professor Fischel‘s testimony could be excluded on a number of grounds, the district court stated: “Most convincingly, the defendant has made no attempt to comply with Rule 702 or Daubert and establish that Fischel‘s testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods or that Fischel applied some principles and methods reliably in this case.” Aplt.App. 3915. Further, the district court stated that “Rule 702 governs this issue.” Id. This indicates that lack of reliability under FRE 702 was the primary rationale for the court‘s decision.7
Although the district court ruling does include two ambiguous references to “disclosures,” when read in context, these references do not indicate that the exclusion was based upon allegedly incorrect Rule 16 grounds or that the district court was referring solely to Mr. Nacchio‘s Rule 16 disclosures. “When a district court‘s language is ambiguous . . . it is improper for the court of appeals to presume that the lower court reached an incorrect legal conclusion.” Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 128 S.Ct. at 1146.
First, the district court‘s enigmatic reference to “these disclosures” occurred in its ruling after the court had outlined the contents of the government‘s motion to exclude and indicated that it also had read Mr. Nacchio‘s response to the government‘s motion. It was from Mr. Nacchio‘s response to the motion to exclude—rather than from Mr. Nacchio‘s revised Rule 16 disclosure—that the district court quoted the sentence that it characterized as Mr. Nacchio‘s “only representation” on the issue of methodology, which the court found to be “woefully inadequate” to support the
Second, although the district court stated that Professor Fischel‘s methodology was undisclosed “in this expert disclosure,” the discussion immediately preceding that comment did not refer to Mr. Nacchio‘s Rule 16 disclosure. Aplt.App. 3917. Rather, the district court had just quoted from Mr. Nacchio‘s argument—made in his response to the motion to exclude—that Professor Fischel‘s opinions were proper under FRE 702. Compare Aplt.App. 3916 with Aplt.App. 466.
At most, then, the district court‘s ruling contains two ambiguous references to “disclosures” that arise in the context of the district court‘s assessment of Mr. Nacchio‘s Daubert arguments. Although the district court did cite other bases for its ruling, including its doubt that Professor Fischel‘s testimony was relevant,9 the deci-
We underscore, moreover, that to endorse the assertion that the district court made a ruling excluding the testimony on allegedly incorrect Rule 16 grounds alone would be particularly problematic in light of the instruction provided by the Supreme Court in Sprint. In light of the deference that is “the hallmark of abuse-of-discretion review,” we “should not presume that a district court intended an incorrect legal result when the order is equally susceptible of a correct reading.” Sprint, 128 S.Ct. at 1146 (internal quotation marks omitted). A fair, natural reading of the district court‘s decision indicates that the basis for the ruling was Daubert. And, the Supreme Court‘s guidance further demonstrates the impropriety of presuming that the district court based its ruling on purportedly erroneous Rule 16 grounds.
2. THE DISTRICT COURT‘S DETERMINATION TO EXCLUDE THE EXPERT TESTIMONY
a. Notice
Mr. Nacchio was sufficiently on notice that he was required to present evidence in support of his expert‘s methodology or request an evidentiary hearing in advance of presenting the expert‘s testimony. It is well established that, as the proponent of Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony, Mr. Nacchio bore the burden of establishing its admissibility pursuant to FRE 702. See Ralston, 275 F.3d at 970 n. 4. This evidentiary burden put Mr. Nacchio on effective notice that, if Professor Fischel‘s testimony was going to be admitted, it would only be because Mr. Nacchio took appropriate action to get the job done. Mr. Nacchio argues, however, that there is no requirement that admissibility be shown at any specific time before presenting the witness and that he did not have notice of any obligation to proffer additional evidence or request a hearing.
In particular, Mr. Nacchio contends that the presumptive time for establishing the reliability of the expert‘s testimony is on the witness stand and that he had every right to assume that the court would conduct voir dire or permit the questioning of Professor Fischel before ruling on admissibility.10 Though Mr. Nacchio‘s expectation
stand, despite the principal dissent‘s suggestion to the contrary. Therefore, any discussion by the principal dissent, id. at 1269-71, about whether Mr. Nacchio‘s conduct could be deemed to have forfeited such a right is beside the point.
The principal dissent‘s argument leaves the tracks, moreover, when it suggests that the district court had some obligation to provide specific notice to Mr. Nacchio concerning “when and how the Daubert issue was to be addressed.” Id. at 18. The principal dissent offers no legal authority that even comes close to establishing its contention that trial courts are obliged to engage in such hand-holding, and we doubt that there is any. Indeed, in preparing to make his
Mr. Nacchio was on notice that the admissibility of Professor Fischel‘s testimony under FRE 702 was at issue well before the district court issued its ruling.12 As early as the government‘s motion regarding the first Rule 16 disclosure, the government argued that FRE 702 was implicated. Aplee. Supp.App. 39. Furthermore, the March 22nd in-court oral exchange that raised the possibility of Daubert issues arising—in which Mr. Nacchio‘s counsel noted that “forewarned is forearmed“—was, at the very least, de facto warning of the imminent need for Mr. Nacchio to meet his burden. Cf. Macsenti v. Becker, 237 F.3d 1223, 1231-32 (10th Cir.2001) (noting that even when a party does not timely raise a Daubert objection, “the trial judge is assigned the task of insuring that an expert‘s testimony rests on a reliable foundation and is relevant, but Daubert does not mandate
an inquiry questioning and challenging the scientific proffer absent a timely request by an objecting party“).
Even if nothing previously had alerted Mr. Nacchio to the burgeoning Daubert issue, the government‘s motion to exclude Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony invoked Daubert and FRE 702 numerous times. The motion was based on deficiencies in the Rule 16 disclosure and on Mr. Nacchio‘s failure to carry his burden to demonstrate that Professor Fischel‘s testimony was admissible. The government‘s motion explicitly set forth authority and analysis regarding FRE 702‘s mandate that the expert testimony be “the product of reliable principles and methods,” and it offered detailed reasons why those specific opinions did not meet this methodology requirement. Aplt.App. 374-78, 385, 388, 390, 396, 407-08, 415.
Furthermore, there can be no question, given the explicit language and tenor of Mr. Nacchio‘s response to this motion, that he understood that Daubert issues had arisen. Therefore, he also should have understood that, if the time had not earlier been ripe to bear the admissibility burden, that time had arrived.13 Specifically, when Mr. Nacchio responded, in substance, he
Mr. Nacchio is attempting to recast an unremarkable district court evidentiary ruling as an invidious act of judicial hubris. But it will not work. At bottom, Mr. Nacchio‘s argument is no more than a run-of-the-mill lament of unfair surprise. We have rejected similar claims when, as here, the record belies them.
For example, in Ralston, we concluded that the record did not support plaintiff‘s claim that she was unfairly surprised by the district court‘s decision at a summary judgment hearing to exclude her expert‘s testimony under FRE 702. 275 F.3d at 970 n. 4. The district court found that the expert was unqualified to render an opinion in support of plaintiff‘s liability theory. Id. at 968. We noted that in the defendant‘s written response to plaintiff‘s summary judgment filing “an entire section is devoted to the argument that [plaintiff‘s expert] was not qualified to render an expert opinion.” Id. at 970 n. 4. And we commented further: “As the purpose of the hearing was to discuss the issues raised in the parties’ supplemental summary judgment papers, it is disingenuous for Plaintiff to now claim that she was unaware that [her expert‘s] qualifications would be at issue at the hearing.” Id. (emphasis added). Therefore, we rejected plaintiff‘s claim of unfair surprise.
The reasoning of Ralston applies with even greater force on these facts. As in Ralston, before the district court acted to exclude it, the opponent of the expert testimony—the government—specifically challenged the admissibility of the expert testimony in its briefing and detailed the legal bases for its exclusion (e.g., methodology deficiencies under Daubert). In its motion to exclude Professor Fischel‘s testimony, the government referred to Daubert and FRE 702 numerous times in pointing out alleged deficiencies in Professor Fischel‘s testimony. By way of notice, however, Mr. Nacchio got more than the Ralston plaintiff. Among other things, he received the de facto warning of possible Daubert issues associated with Professor Fischel‘s testimony arising from the March 22nd oral exchange with the government and the district court. Accordingly, under Ralston‘s logic, we find unpersuasive (if not disingenuous) Mr. Nacchio‘s argument that he did not have notice, before the district court ruled against him, that the admissibility of Professor Fischel‘s testimony under Daubert was at issue.14 Cf.
On the other hand, our decision in Procter & Gamble Co. v. Haugen illustrates well the rare set of circumstances—not found here—in which a proponent of expert testimony had so little notice of the district court‘s impending exclusion of its expert testimony that a claim of unfair surprise would have been justified. 427 F.3d 727, 736-37, 742 (10th Cir.2005). In that case, the district court dismissed with prejudice the plaintiffs’ Lanham Act claims following a hearing on a motion for discovery sanctions against the plaintiffs. Id. at 736-37. The dismissal was partly based on the court‘s finding that the plaintiffs’ expert testimony on damages was inadmissible. Id. at 737. The admissibility ruling was only a paragraph, and the entire rationale was that the expert‘s damages testimony was not admissible under FRE 702 and Daubert because the testimony was based on an examination of too few products. The district court found that “[s]uch testimony clearly would not be based upon sufficient facts or data to be admissible in this Court” and without damages evidence the plaintiffs’ claims must fail. See id.
Observing that the district court doubtless would have had to determine the admissibility of the expert testimony “at some point,” we concluded that this basis did not justify dismissal of the case. Id. at 742. We noted that there were two major problems with the district court‘s ruling that the expert‘s testimony was inadmissible. First, the plaintiffs “had absolutely no warning prior to the district court‘s order of dismissal that the district court would be considering, let alone ruling on, the admissibility of [their expert‘s] testi-
and the exclusion was not preceded by “an explicitly-noticed Daubert hearing.” Id. at 709. Nonetheless, we determined that plaintiffs’ claim was untenable and that the district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the expert‘s testimony following a summary judgment hearing in which the testimony‘s admissibility was litigated. Id. at 710. We noted that the government had expressly presented a Daubert attack in its reply brief for its motion for summary judgment. Furthermore, the government had suggested at the summary judgment hearing that a pretrial Daubert hearing be held, but plaintiffs did not second the proposal. Id. at 708-10. Under these circumstances, we concluded that “[i]n spite of receiving notice and an opportunity to be heard, [plaintiffs] failed to make an adequate showing on the Daubert gatekeeping issue,” and, consequently, it was not an abuse of discretion for the district court to exclude their expert. Id. at 710. In other words, based upon the record, we determined that “plaintiffs’ assertion of unfair surprise r[ang] hollow.” Id. We should perforce adopt the same view here. Mr. Nacchio received as much notice as Solorio‘s plaintiffs—and then some. As with those plaintiffs, Mr. Nacchio was clearly alerted to the idea that the admissibility under Daubert of his expert‘s testimony was under attack when the opponent of the testimony (i.e., the government) advanced detailed written legal arguments under Daubert for its exclusion and raised the possibility of a Daubert hearing. But, like Solorio‘s plaintiffs, Mr. Nacchio unwisely did not second the idea of a hearing, or otherwise meaningfully rise to the challenge, presented by the government‘s written arguments, of defending the admissibility of his expert‘s testimony. Furthermore, Mr. Nacchio actually got more notice than did the Solorio plaintiffs. Most notably, unlike them, Mr. Nacchio did receive from the government a separate motion to exclude his expert‘s testimony. In other words, there was no reasonable possibility that Mr. Nacchio could have been left in the dark concerning the government‘s intentions; the sole purpose of its motion was to exclude the testimony of his expert. Therefore, even more emphatically here than in Solorio, we are justified in concluding that Mr. Nacchio‘s claim of unfair surprise rings hollow.
Procter & Gamble Co. starkly reveals the weaknesses of Mr. Nacchio‘s claim of unfair surprise. There, admissibility of the plaintiffs’ expert testimony had not been the subject of any filings or discussion, and the proponents “had not submitted any expert reports to the district court, the district court had not heard any expert testimony, and no motion to limit or exclude [the plaintiffs‘] expert was before the court.” Id. at 741. By contrast, the expert admissibility issue here had been put before Mr. Nacchio multiple times, and the district court‘s ruling offered specific support for its determination and referenced relevant filings by both Mr. Nacchio and the government. In short, Mr. Nacchio‘s claim of unfair surprise is woefully deficient and does not provide a basis for us to conclude that the district court abused its discretion in excluding Professor Fischel‘s testimony.
b. Opportunity
Mr. Nacchio had an adequate opportunity to present evidence in support of Pro-fessor Fischel‘s methodology or to request an evidentiary hearing in advance of presenting the expert‘s testimony. In addition to a continuous opportunity to file a written proffer of evidence, or to file a request for a hearing or a continuance, there were several specific instances, arising after the Daubert issue had come into focus, where Mr. Nacchio could have presented evidence or requested a hearing to meet his burden of admissibility:
- Initially, in his response to the government‘s April 3rd motion to exclude Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony—through which Mr. Nacchio certainly was apprised of the extant Daubert issue—Mr. Nacchio could have addressed the Daubert issue more thoroughly, offered substantially more methodology evidence, or requested a hearing or a continuance. Instead, Mr. Nacchio set forth only a few sentences regarding the propriety of Professor Fischel‘s opinions under FRE 702.15 Aplt.App. 466.
- During the trial‘s lunch recess on Wednesday, April 4, the court spoke with the attorneys and noted that Mr. Nacchio had filed a response to the government‘s pending motion to exclude, but Mr. Nacchio did not make any requests regarding Professor Fischel. Aplt.App. 3721-23.
- At the close of the government‘s case on April 4, the court heard Mr. Nacchio‘s motion for acquittal and discussed various matters with the attorneys. When the government asked about Professor Fischel, the court stated that it had “formed some preliminary views” but was not yet ready
to rule. Beyond noting that Professor Fischel would be the third defense witness, Mr. Nacchio did not offer any more information to the court. Aplt.App. 3834-35. - The morning of Thursday, April 5, the court discussed pending motions and ruled on five of them. When the court mentioned the motion to exclude Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony (“I know you want a ruling“), Mr. Nacchio said nothing, and was silent regarding the matter while the first two defense witnesses testified. Aplt.App. 3870.
- Although Mr. Nacchio argues that the ruling was issued before either party could say anything to the court, prior to calling Professor Fischel to the stand on April 5, Mr. Nacchio had the opportunity to, but did not, request time for argument, a hearing, or a continuance. When Professor Fischel was called, the court immediately announced that it needed to make some legal rulings and dismissed the jury. Aplt.App. 3913.
Mr. Nacchio asserts that the district court‘s refusal to allow him to orally argue Professor Fischel‘s admissibility was unfair on account of the court‘s earlier statement that “I‘m not criticizing anybody for not submitting things in writing.” Aplt.App. 3603. For two reasons, however, this argument is unavailing. First, the district court appears to have made this statement not as a general instruction to be applied wholesale throughout the trial, but in response to Mr. Nacchio‘s specific inquiry as to the court‘s preferred practice for entertaining a
While it would be an abuse of discretion for the district court to unreasonably limit the evidence upon which it based its Daubert decision, see Dodge, 328 F.3d at 1228, that did not happen here. There is no evidence that the district court had imposed filing restrictions or had otherwise prohibited Mr. Nacchio from offering evidence or making a request. Cf. id. at 1223-24, 1229 (concluding that in a case “where the expert testimony is crucial to the ultimate outcome, is vigorously challenged, and has several obvious areas of concern,” it was unreasonable for the court to severely limit the filing of underlying
Mr. Nacchio asserts that he lacked preruling opportunity to present evidence or request a hearing because he had been under tremendous time pressure. Any purported lack of time to prepare a response must be considered in the context of months of trial and witness preparation that both parties had undertaken. Although Mr. Nacchio may have been on a tight deadline, a request for a continuance or a Daubert hearing, prior to calling Professor Fischel to the stand, would have been rather simple to undertake and certainly would not have required much time at all. The district court, having been alerted to the need for a ruling on admissibility and having given the parties an opportunity to present their arguments, was obligated to perform its gatekeeping function. See Macsenti, 237 F.3d at 1233-34; Goebel, 215 F.3d at 1088. Therefore, it should have come as no surprise to Mr. Nacchio that the district court ruled on admissibility; indeed, by waiting to rule until Professor Fischel actually was called, it had prolonged the opportunity for Mr. Nacchio to further address the Daubert challenge until such a ruling was compelled by Professor Fischel‘s imminent testimony. Instead, after “the district judge made clear his need for some proffer of data or literature underlying the expert‘s assumptions and conclusions, . . . the defense offered practically nothing, despite repeated opportunities to do so.” United States v. Brien, 59 F.3d 274, 277 (1st Cir. 1995).
c. Burden
If Mr. Nacchio desired an evidentiary hearing, he bore the burden of requesting one. As explained below, Tenth Circuit case law does not mandate that a hearing be held, and neither the government nor the district court was under any obligation to call for a hearing or to prod Mr. Nacchio to supplement his filings. According to Mr. Nacchio, the only directive he had received from the district court was to comply with Rule 16, and he read the court‘s order for a revised Rule 16 disclosure at face value. Even assuming that this was a natural reading of the court‘s order, however, the proponent‘s burden of establishing admissibility of expert testimony arises from the offering of the expert for trial; it is not triggered by a court‘s directive. See
Relatedly, as discussed above, the government‘s motion to exclude clearly set forth the FRE 702 issue, regardless of whether the parties’ previous communications had taken place in a Rule 16 context. In ordinary motion practice, a respondent must address any and all issues raised by a moving party‘s papers, or else face the very real possibility that it will be deemed to have abandoned its right to do so.17 Cf.
that he failed to present before the district court ruled. The principal dissent repeatedly suggests that we have predicated our analysis on the view that Mr. Nacchio forfeited his right to present testimony to establish the admissibility of Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony by failing to request a hearing, most notably in Mr. Nacchio‘s response to the government‘s motion to exclude. See Dissenting Op. at 1261-62, 1269-71, 1277-78. Not true. Mr. Nacchio did not forfeit any rights, because he did not fail to assert any rights. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993) (“[F]orfeiture is the failure to make the timely assertion of a right....“). Likewise, Mr. Nacchio did not forfeit his defense of the admissibility of the expert testimony. See Eberhart v. United States, 546 U.S. 12, 19, 126 S.Ct. 403, 163 L.Ed.2d 14 (2005) (noting that when the government failed to raise a timely defense “it forfeited that defense“). Rather, Mr. Nacchio affirmatively engaged in the dispute and defended his witness‘s admissibility, e.g., responding to the government‘s motion, but he did so ineffectively and, more specifically, not well enough to satisfy the district court that the expert testimony was admissible. First, contrary to the principal dissent‘s assertion, see Dissenting Op. at 1271, Mr. Nacchio did not respond fully to the government‘s thorough motion, which had challenged the admissibility of the expert testimony in extensive detail. The district court reasonably could find that Mr. Nacchio‘s skeletal response—touching on Professor Fischel‘s methodology with one “woefully inadequate” sentence—was just not good enough, even when combined with the other information it had received about Professor Fischel‘s proposed testimony. Aplt.App. 3916. Second, Mr. Nacchio did not timely take affirmative steps to seek whatever additional procedures he deemed necessary to contradict the government‘s motion, such as requesting a chance to establish admissibility when Professor Fischel took the stand. Before the district court ruled, as discussed supra in text, Mr. Nacchio had numerous and continual opportunities to present arguments to enhance his chances of securing a favorable ruling on admissibility—not just in his written response to the government‘s motion to exclude, but also in oral arguments to the court, or in a full-blown Daubert hearing (had he requested one). Thus, it is not a question of omission or an overall failure to act, amounting to a forfeiture; there was, instead, a failed attempt by Mr. Nacchio to establish admissibility.
We simply recognize that the district court properly exercised its discretion under Daubert in finding that Mr. Nacchio had failed to carry his evidentiary burden and that Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony was inadmissible. In other words, the government presented a Daubert challenge, and though Mr. Nacchio actively participated he did not respond effectively—he did not squarely and sufficiently oppose that challenge. The district court was legally obligated to decide whether admissibility had been established. See, e.g., Dodge, 328 F.3d at 1223 (noting that the district court “has no discretion to avoid performing the gatekeeper function“). And Mr. Nacchio simply lost the contest over admissibility, which is fully contemplated by our adversary system of justice. No question of forfeiture or waiver, as those concepts are customarily understood, see United States v. Zubia-Torres, 550 F.3d 1202, 1205-07 (10th Cir.2008) (McConnell, J.), has any bearing on our recognition of the propriety of the district court‘s discretionary decision to exclude Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony.
Thus, having been placed on notice by the government‘s motion to exclude that the admissibility of Professor Fischel‘s testimony under FRE 702 was at issue, Mr. Nacchio—in addition to addressing any Rule 16 concerns—was obliged to marshal his FRE 702 arguments that would support admission of Professor Fischel‘s testimony. Our adversary system of justice simply does not afford a respondent, like Mr. Nacchio, the luxury of ignoring the ebb and flow of litigation and steadfastly adhering to the initial framing of the issues. Cf. Lujan v. Nat‘l Wildlife Fed‘n, 497 U.S. 871, 897, 110 S.Ct. 3177, 111 L.Ed.2d 695 (1990) (“[A] litigant‘s failure to buttress its position because of confidence in the strength of that position is always indulged in at the litigant‘s own risk.“).
That conclusion, moreover, is not enervated by the criminal nature of the proceedings. Like civil parties, criminal defendants must follow the well-settled rules of litigation. See, e.g., Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 302, 93 S.Ct. 1038, 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973) (“Few rights are more fundamental than that of an accused to present witnesses in his own defense. In the exercise of this right, the accused, as is required of the State, must comply with established rules of procedure and evidence designed to assure both fairness and reliability in the ascertainment of guilt and innocence.” (citations omitted)); United States v. Barajas-Chavez, 358 F.3d 1263, 1266 (10th Cir.2004) (“A defendant must raise a motion to suppress evidence before trial or that objection is waived.“).
Mr. Nacchio also asserts that he had no reason to request a hearing, because the government already had done so. However, Mr. Nacchio‘s response to the motion to exclude—which stated that the motion was “without merit” and should be denied, without itself requesting additional proceedings—plausibly could be read as both opposing the government‘s hearing request and inviting the court to rule on admissibility without further proceedings. Aplt.App. 463, 468. Furthermore, Mr. Nacchio was on notice that if he desired an evidentiary hearing to be held during these proceedings, he needed to request one. Specifically, the district court judge‘s published practice standards, of which Mr. Nacchio was aware, see Aplee. Supp. En Banc App. 63, provided that any party opposing a motion must state to the court whether that party believes an evidentiary hearing is necessary and estimate the length of such a hearing. Aplee. Supp. Br. Add. 17, at 8.
As conceded by Mr. Nacchio in his belated mention of a hearing to the district court, see Aplt.App. 481 n. 4, Tenth Circuit cases have interpreted Kumho Tire‘s directive that courts must have leeway in applying the Daubert framework to mean that although Daubert hearings are the most common way to fulfil the gatekeeper function, “such a process is not specifical-
Mr. Nacchio argues that he had no burden to request a hearing, in light of our case, United States v. Roberts,19 as well as some Third Circuit decisions, which he cites for the proposition that district courts err when they exclude expert testimony without conducting a hearing, when the record is inadequate to allow for a proper reliability determination. Mr. Nacchio‘s argument is contrary, however, to the case law of this and other circuits. And his cited cases do not stand for the proposition that the burden was on the district court, rather than on him, to initiate an evidentiary hearing on the Daubert issue.
More specifically, as to Roberts, Mr. Nacchio contends that the case indicates that “the improper exclusion of Fischel requires reversal regardless of whether Nacchio provided sufficient information to establish admissibility before the court‘s in limine ruling.” Aplt. Supp. Br. 29. In Roberts, a tribal official was indicted on sexual abuse charges based on the allegations of three women. Id. at 875. The government sought to introduce under
Roberts should not be interpreted, however, as having placed the burden on the district court here to order a hearing, for two principal reasons. First, in Roberts, we emphasized that our ruling rested upon “the unique and specific circumstances present” before us, and we did not purport
Second, the Roberts holding primarily was based on the district court‘s failure to appropriately analyze the proposed testimony, not the insufficiency of the information submitted by the proponent (i.e., the government). The instruction that the government must submit more information was a secondary consideration to the remand that was required due to the district court‘s failure to direct enough attention to the evidence of the government‘s salient theory of relief (i.e., common scheme or plan). See id. at 880-81; see also United States v. Roberts, 185 F.3d 1125, 1142 (10th Cir. 1999) (“We believe the district court followed our remand order and decided correctly . . . the six women‘s testimony was admissible to show a common scheme.“).
As for the Third Circuit case law, Mr. Nacchio relies heavily on Padillas v. Stork-Gamco, Inc., 186 F.3d 412 (3d Cir. 1999). To the extent that Padillas should be looked to as persuasive authority, however, it does not mandate a hearing in every instance of Daubert gatekeeping. In Padillas, the Third Circuit reversed a grant of summary judgment premised upon the inadmissibility of an expert‘s report under Daubert and ordered an evidentiary hearing. In that case, the appellate court stated that “plaintiff could not have known in advance the direction the district court‘s opinion might take and thus needed an opportunity to be heard on the critical issues before having his case dismissed.” Id. at 417-18.
The Padillas court emphasized that the district court had not offered plaintiff sufficient process to defend the admission of the expert testimony and that the district court‘s rejection of the testimony did not establish that there were not “good grounds” for the testimony, but, rather, that the opinions were insufficiently explained and their foundations inadequately explicated. Id. at 418. Thus, Padillas is readily distinguishable from this case, in that: (1) Mr. Nacchio knew the court would have to determine Professor Fischel‘s admissibility, given that the government‘s motion to exclude was ripe for decision and Mr. Nacchio actually called Professor Fischel to the stand; and (2) as explained above, Mr. Nacchio passed over numerous opportunities to defend admissibility and provide more information about methodology. In fact, Padillas is most closely analogous to our decision in Procter & Gamble Co., 427 F.3d at 742, which, as discussed above, involved circumstances that sharply contrast with those here. See supra Part II(B)(2)(a). Moreover, the language of Padillas itself does not mandate a hearing under the instant circumstances:
An in limine hearing will obviously not be required whenever a Daubert objection is raised to a proffer of expert evidence. Whether to hold one rests in the sound discretion of the district court. But when the ruling on admissibility turns on factual issues, as it does here, at least in the summary judgment context, failure to hold such a hearing may be an abuse of discretion. We hold that in this case, it was.
Padillas, 186 F.3d at 418 (emphasis added). As evident by the underscored text, Padillas narrowly tailored its holding to the summary judgment context and the factual circumstances of the case before it.
Furthermore, more recent decisions from the Third Circuit have rejected the notion that a hearing is always required for Daubert gatekeeping. As the Third Circuit stated in In re TMI Litigation: “We did not intend to suggest [in Padillas] that an in limine hearing is always required for Daubert gatekeeping.” 199 F.3d at 159. Further, ”Padillas certainly does not establish that a District Court must provide a plaintiff with an open-ended and never-ending opportunity to meet a Daubert challenge until plaintiff ‘gets it right.‘” Id.; accord Oddi v. Ford Motor Co., 234 F.3d 136, 151-55 (3d Cir. 2000); Nelson, 243 F.3d at 249 n. 3.
Therefore, neither Roberts nor holdings from the Third Circuit lift the burden of requesting a hearing from Mr. Nacchio.
d. No Abuse of Discretion
The district court fulfilled its duty as gatekeeper and did not abuse its discretion in excluding Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony.20 There was a sufficiently developed record, a concrete reliability determination, and specific findings and discussion by the district court. See Dodge, 328 F.3d at 1223. In particular, the court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Mr. Nacchio did not carry his burden under Daubert.21
In addition to the sentence included in his response to the motion to exclude noting that Professor Fischel had undertaken “extensive review of SEC filings, press releases and other financial data,” Aplt. App. 466, Mr. Nacchio considered his revised
It appears that Mr. Nacchio relied on Professor Fischel‘s qualifications to tip the balance in favor of the admissibility of his expert testimony. In doing so, Mr. Nacchio ignored the precept that when assessing expert testimony, “the question before the trial court [i]s specific, not general.” Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 156, 119 S.Ct. 1167. Although Professor Fischel generally has been permitted to testify in the past, and a district court might well respect his credentials, the court had an obligation to assess the methodology that Professor Fischel had employed in the case at hand. See id. at 153-56, 119 S.Ct. 1167; Rodriguez-Felix, 450 F.3d at 1122. Mr. Nacchio could not assume that his expert‘s testimony would be admitted because other courts had allowed it in; he had to carry his burden of demonstrating the admissibility of Professor Fischel‘s testimony in this particular case. Mr. Nacchio, however, failed to satisfy the district court that Professor Fischel‘s testimony was reliable. Thus, the district court was well within its discretion in excluding it. See Rodriguez-Felix, 450 F.3d at 1125 (finding no abuse of discretion when the district court excluded testimony based on the “woefully inadequate” report regarding proffered testimony).
In Sprint, the Supreme Court explained that on account of the district court‘s familiarity with the case and greater experience with evidentiary matters, this Court must “afford broad discretion” to the court‘s evidentiary rulings. Sprint, 128 S.Ct. at 1144-45. Here, the district court properly performed its Daubert gatekeeping role in excluding Professor Fischel‘s testimony as inadmissible for lack of reliability under
III. CONCLUSION
MCCONNELL, Circuit Judge, dissenting, joined by HENRY, Chief Judge, and KELLY and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
Joseph Nacchio was convicted by a jury and sentenced to six years in prison after the district judge refused to allow his expert witness, Professor Daniel Fischel, to testify at his trial for securities violations. The judge disqualified the witness without hearing argument from defense counsel or testimony from the witness regarding the reliability of his methodology. The judge based this ruling on what is now agreed was a mistaken interpretation of the rules of criminal procedure. The panel reversed that ruling, and in its petition for rehearing en banc the government did not even attempt to defend the district court‘s rationale. Instead, the government argues—and the en banc majority agrees—that the exclusion of this witness was the defendant‘s fault, for failing to establish the foundation for his testimony in advance of putting him on the stand or to file a motion for permission to establish the foundation through testimony.
The flaw in the government‘s argument is that the rules of criminal procedure, unlike the rules of civil procedure, do not require a criminal defendant to establish the foundation for expert testimony through advance written submissions. Unless the criminal defendant is otherwise directed by the district court—something which did not happen here—he may establish the foundation for witness testimony by putting the witness on the stand for voir dire examination. The defendant responded properly to every motion made by the government, and nothing in the conduct of the defense can reasonably be construed as abandoning or forfeiting his right to establish the reliability of the expert evidence through testimony. It was the district judge, not defense counsel, who misunderstood the procedural rules. We dissent on the ground that the defense did everything it was required to do—but that even if counsel somehow slipped up, it was an abuse of discretion for the court to shut down the primary line of defense in a criminal case on the basis of what was at worst an understandable and inconsequential mistake.
I. Parties In Criminal Cases Are Under No Obligation To Submit Written Information Sufficient To Resolve Daubert Issues In Advance, Or To Make A Motion For Permission To Establish Admissibility By Witness Testimony
At the heart of this case is the difference between discovery practice in criminal and civil cases, which “derives from the special constitutional constraints of criminal proceedings.” United States v. Mehta, 236 F.Supp.2d 150, 155 (D.Mass.2002) (Gertner, J.). In civil cases, both sides are entitled in advance of trial to know and to respond to the evidence that will be presented by the other side, including any expert testimony. In criminal cases, the defendant is entitled to keep his cards
Under
In criminal cases, by contrast, neither side has a general right to discover the other‘s evidence, though the defendant is entitled to request and obtain certain specific types of evidence from the prosecution. Apart from
The majority does not dispute that this is the typical procedure for resolving Daubert issues in criminal cases. The majority quotes the defendant‘s contention that “the presumptive time for establishing the reliability of the expert‘s testimony is on the witness stand,” and cites an amicus brief filed by the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL) that states that “the prevalent practice is to address Daubert issues at voir dire.” Maj. Op. 1244, 1244-45 n. 10. The majority says it
The defendant‘s position on this point is consistent with the discussion of Daubert procedures found in standard authorities. See, e.g., 29 Charles Allen Wright & Victor James Gold, Federal Practice and Procedure: Evidence § 6265 (1997) (“Normally a trial court will hear qualification evidence before permitting the witness to give opinion testimony. That hearing may take place either in the presence or absence of the jury, at the discretion of the court.” (citations omitted)); see also Jack B. Weinstein & Margaret A. Berger, Weinstein‘s Federal Evidence (Joseph M. McLaughlin, ed., 2d ed. 2006) § 702.02[6][b] (“Evidentiary hearings, known as Daubert hearings, are the most common method trial courts use to fulfill their gatekeeper function . . . When the hearing occurs during trial, the court has discretion to determine whether to hold it in the presence of the jury . . . . The reliability hearing may also be combined with voir dire to test the expert‘s qualifications.“); Goebel, 215 F.3d at 1087 (“The most common method for fulfilling this function is a Daubert hearing“).
It is thus undisputed that the “presumptive” procedure for establishing admissibility of expert testimony is through voir dire examination of the witness on the stand, either in a separate Daubert hearing or at the beginning of the witness‘s testimony. But this proposition merits far more emphasis than the majority gives it. If the standard or presumptive procedure is to establish reliability through examination of the witness, it follows that the defendant is not required to make a motion asking for permission to follow that procedure. Motions are required to deviate from presumptive procedures, not to follow them. To be sure, the district court has authority to impose a different set of procedures—but Judge Nottingham did not do so in this case, or if he did, he made no mention of them prior to disqualifying the witness. And to be sure, a party can waive or forfeit his right to present a witness or to qualify him through voir dire examination—but nothing the defendant did at trial can reasonably be construed as a waiver or forfeiture. Mr. Nacchio‘s counsel did not expressly move to be allowed to establish Professor Fischel‘s admissibility on the stand, but given that this is the presumptive procedure, a motion to that effect was not necessary; therefore, his failure to make such a motion cannot be construed as a forfeiture. The majority has cited no case in which a criminal defendant has ever been held to forfeit his right to establish witness admissibility through voir dire examination by mere failure to file a motion asking for permission to do so; the government has cited no such case; and we have located no such case. This appears to be the first.
II. The District Court Was Wrong To Disqualify The Witness On The Basis Of The Lack Of Information About Methodology In The Defendant‘s Rule 16 Disclosure
We address first the district court‘s rationale for excluding the expert witness
Because the defense requested and obtained disclosure of the government‘s experts in this case, Mr. Nacchio was obligated to disclose his experts in return. This he did. On the date set by order of the court, defense counsel provided the requisite notice of his intent to call Professor Fischel, in full compliance with
During trial, the prosecutor took the position that Mr. Nacchio‘s written summary of “the bases and reasons” for Professor Fischel‘s opinions had to include sufficient description of his econometric methodology to enable the district court to discharge its Daubert gatekeeping function: “Defendant has not adequately complied with Rule 16‘s requirements for any of the ‘opinions’ he proposed to offer through Professor Fischel. He has not set forth the reasons and bases for his opinions. . . .” App. 418. Indeed, the government filed a lengthy motion arguing that the expert testimony should be excluded because “[t]he disclosure also does not show that Professor Fischel used a reliable methodology in reaching his opinions.” Id. at 363 (emphasis added). This argument took two forms. First, the government argued that the evidence should be excluded as a “sanction[]” for the defendant‘s supposed violation of
On April 5, defense counsel called Professor Fischel to the stand, but before he could even begin to establish the foundation for the witness‘s testimony, Judge Nottingham dismissed the jury and excluded the evidence in a ruling from the bench. Judge Nottingham accepted the government‘s
Judge Nottingham was evidently under the impression that the reliability of an expert‘s methodology in a criminal case must be evaluated on the basis of written reports or disclosures, as is typically done in civil cases, rather than on the basis of oral testimony, as is typically done in criminal cases. Indeed, he specifically stated that the witness disclosure requirement under the criminal rules is “pretty close to what is required in the civil area.” App. 2041.
The majority purports to find the court‘s explanations for its ruling “ambiguous,” Maj. Op. 1242, but they are not. Judge Nottingham‘s conclusion that the defendant had not established the reliability of Professor Fischel‘s methodology was unambiguously premised on the erroneous assumption that the defendant was required to disclose the methodology in his written proffer rather than to do so through testimony. See App. 3916 (basing his Daubert ruling on “[t]he defendant‘s only representation on this issue,” which was a sentence in the defendant‘s response to the government‘s motion to exclude); id. at 3917 (“The Court is concerned . . . with the methodology, which is absolutely undisclosed in this expert disclosure.“); id. at 4075 (pointing to the lack of any “methodology or reliable application of methodology to the case” in “[t]he March 29, 2007, disclosure” as the primary reason for excluding the evidence). Not only is that what Judge Nottingham said, but it is obvious from context. Unless the judge thought the defendant had to disclose the witness‘s methodology in his written submissions, it would have been patently irrational for him to base his Daubert determination on those submissions. We do not doubt the majority‘s statement that “the court‘s ruling was grounded in Daubert
On appeal to this court, the defendant argued that this was a misreading of
The panel reversed the district court‘s
In its petition for rehearing, the government abandoned its
III. Although The District Court Has Discretion To Require The Parties To Proffer Daubert Reliability Evidence In Some Manner Other Than Witness Testimony, It Must Inform The Parties What Procedures It Wishes To Impose
The majority offers three rationales for concluding that the district court was within its discretion when it barred the defense from establishing admissibility through witness testimony. First, the majority rests on the trial court‘s discretion to determine alternative procedures and argues that the defendant had notice that he was required to establish Professor Fischel‘s reliability in advance of the testimony. Second, the majority argues that the defendant “abandoned” his right to proceed via testimony by failing to make a motion to do so. Third, the majority claims that the defendant conceded that his
We have no quarrel with the majority‘s uncontroversial premise that “Mr. Nacchio had no entitlement to a particular method of gatekeeping by the district court,” Maj. Op. 1245, or its conclusion that “[t]he district court‘s failure to proceed as Mr. Nacchio anticipated does not by itself constitute an abuse of discretion.” Id. If Judge Nottingham had imposed a reasonable set of alternative procedures, the defense would have been required to follow them. He did not. One searches the record in vain for any hint that Judge Nottingham instructed the defendant that he should proceed in any fashion other than that dictated by the rules. Apart from telling defense counsel to bring his expert disclosure into compliance with
In its April 3 memorandum, the government requested that if the court did not exclude Professor Fischel‘s testimony outright, the court should schedule a Daubert hearing outside the presence of the jury “prior to the admission of such testimony.” App. 421. The government also asked that Professor Fischel be compelled to provide “the reasons and bases for his opinions,” presumably in writing, “in advance of such hearing.” Id.3 The court never ruled on these requests.
The majority points to nothing in the record that indicates that Judge Nottingham imposed any additional procedures or notified the parties that he was doing so. That is because it did not happen. But the majority nonetheless denies that the defendant suffered “unfair surprise” when the court disallowed the expert evidence without hearing testimony from the witness. Maj. Op. 1246-47. The majority states that “Mr. Nacchio was on notice that the admissibility of Professor Fischel‘s testimony under
The majority points to several instances in which the defense was warned that Daubert would be an issue. None of them would have led counsel to think that his right to address the question through foundational testimony and voir dire examination had been abrogated. During the March 22 hearing, the prosecutor stated that “it‘s my concern at least based on the way the disclosure is raised right now, there could be Daubert issues that arise with respect to certain parts of the testimony.” App. 2041-42. Judge Nottingham chimed in that the relevant case was probably Kumho Tire rather than Daubert. App. 2042. The majority describes this as “at the very least, de facto warning of the imminent need for Mr. Nacchio to meet his burden.” Maj. Op. 1246. We do not agree. Putting aside that this appears to be yet another example of the prosecutor‘s erroneous interpretation of
The majority points next to the government‘s motion to exclude Professor Fischel‘s testimony, which, as it observes, “invoked Daubert and
The cases cited by the majority provide no more support for its conclusion than does the record. On the contrary, they show just how extraordinary an outlier this decision will be. The majority first compares this case to Ralston v. Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc., 275 F.3d 965 (10th Cir. 2001), in which the court ruled on summary judgment that the expert‘s own deposition showed that she was not qualified to opine on the matter at issue. The proponent of the evidence claimed “unfair surprise,” asserting that she did not know that the qualifications of the expert would be an issue at the summary judgment hearing. Id. at 970 n. 4. The court rejected the claim of surprise on the ground that the other party had devoted an entire section of one of its memoranda in support of summary judgment to the proposition that the expert was not qualified.
These cases are not remotely similar. In Ralston, a civil case, the issue arose on the defendant‘s motion for summary judgment. The plaintiff must have known that the motion would be decided, as motions for summary judgment always are, on the evidence in the record. This included her expert‘s deposition testimony admitting her lack of qualifications. Our case is a criminal case where there have been no depositions. The expert in our case has not admitted to any lack of qualifications. The proponent of the expert testimony in our case had no way of knowing that the reliability of his expert‘s methodology would be evaluated on the basis of written submissions, since his only written submission was his
The majority also relies on an unpublished opinion, Solorio v. United States, 85 Fed.Appx. 705, 709-10 (10th Cir. 2004), another civil case in which this court rejected a claim of unfair surprise in connection with the disqualification of an expert under Daubert. In Solorio, the Daubert issue was first raised in summary judgment papers and then orally argued during the summary judgment hearing, during which the district judge gave the proponent numerous opportunities to explain and defend the basis for the expert‘s opinions. The present case could scarcely present a greater contrast. In Solorio, the proponent failed to establish reliability through the expert report, as the civil rules require, but the district judge nonetheless
Procter & Gamble Co. v. Haugen is more nearly on point. In that case, like this one, the district court rendered its Daubert disqualification ruling at a point in the litigation when the proponent of the expert testimony “had not submitted any expert reports to the district court [and] the district court had not heard any expert testimony.” 427 F.3d 727, 741 (10th Cir. 2005). Unlike this case, the other side in Procter & Gamble had not filed a motion to limit or exclude the evidence. This court reversed the disqualification ruling, for two reasons. First, the court concluded that the proponent of the evidence “had absolutely no warning prior to the district court‘s order of dismissal that the district court would be considering, let alone ruling on, the admissibility of [the expert‘s] testimony.” Id. at 742. Second, and “relatedly,” the court noted that “the district court failed to ‘creat[e] . . . a sufficiently developed record in order to allow a determination of whether [it] properly applied the relevant law.‘” Id. (quoting Dodge v. Cotter Corp., 328 F.3d 1212, 1223 (10th Cir. 2003)) (ellipses in original) (internal quotation omitted). Because of the lack of notice, the parties had not provided the district court with “detailed briefing” on admissibility, and the district court rendered no “detailed” or “specific” findings to explain its ruling—leading this court to label the ruling “off-the-cuff,” id. (quoting Goebel, 215 F.3d at 1088), and to reverse.
This case, while not identical, is similar. In both, the parties were aware that Daubert issues were in the offing and would have to be decided “at some point.” Id. In both cases the record at the time the court made its ruling was inadequate to enable the court to make a proper Daubert judgment. In neither case did the parties know the issues would be decided prior to briefing, argument, and either submission of an expert report or testimony. Thus the proponents were caught by surprise. To be sure, our case is complicated by the government‘s erroneous
The majority purports to distinguish Procter & Gamble, but we think not persuasively. The majority states that “the expert admissibility issue here had been put before Mr. Nacchio multiple times,” Maj. Op. 1249, as it had—but that provides no more notice that the district court would decide the admissibility question without hearing testimony than the parties received in Procter & Gamble. The majority also states that “the district court‘s ruling offered specific support for its determination and referenced relevant filings by both Mr. Nacchio and the government,” Maj. Op. 1249, as it did—but because the determination was based on the assumption that the defendant had to defend the expert‘s methodology in his written disclosure, the district court‘s ruling in our case is no less an abuse of discretion than was that in Procter & Gamble. Both cases involved a premature decision on the Daubert issue without notice to the parties that they could not make their showing as the rules would lead them to expect.
The majority also points to repeated “opportunities” for the defense to file a written proffer of evidence sufficient to satisfy the Daubert standards or to file a
In short, the majority‘s first alternative ground for affirmance—that the defense failed to comply with procedures imposed by the district court in its discretion—fails either because the district court did not impose any such procedures or because, if it did, it failed to inform the parties. Either way, it would be an abuse of discretion to disallow testimony on this basis.4
We obviously disagree with the majority‘s view that Mr. Nacchio received adequate notice that the Daubert issue would be decided before he had a chance to put the witness on the stand. But that conclusion affects only this defendant. Far more troubling is the majority‘s holding, relegated to footnotes and utterly bereft of any citation of authority, that the defendant was not legally entitled to notice that the district court would decide the Daubert issue in this summary fashion. See Maj. Op. 1244-45 n. 10, 1245 n. 11. That unprecedented holding will apply in all future cases, until another en banc court convenes or the Supreme Court intercedes. It is simply not true that defendants have “no right to be schooled by the district court concerning the specific means it would use to decide the motion and the 4timing of its planned action.” Maj Op. 1245 n. 11. If the district court intends to adopt a procedure other than that set forth in the rules or familiar to the parties by custom, it must give notice. See Procter & Gamble Co., 427 F.3d at 742; Padillas, 186 F.3d at 417-18; In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litigation, 916 F.2d at 855. To deny a criminal defendant, or any party, the right to put on relevant evidence without first informing him of the means the court would use to decide its admissibility is not merely an abuse of discretion; it is a violation of due process of law.
IV. The Defendant‘s Reply To The Government‘s Motion To Exclude Did Not Constitute Abandonment Of The Right to Present Testimony In Support of Admissibility
As a second alternative ground for affirmance, the majority holds that the defendant forfeited or “abandoned” his right to present evidence in support of the reliability of Professor Fischel‘s methodology by his failure to request a hearing. Maj. Op. 1251-52. There are two versions of this argument. First, that “[i]f Mr. Nacchio desired an evidentiary hearing, he bore the burden of requesting one.” Maj. Op. 1251. Second, that the defendant‘s failure to request a hearing in response to the government‘s April 3 “Motion to Exclude Testimony by Daniel Fischel” constituted abandonment of the right. Maj. Op. 1251-52. Both versions of the argument are unsupportable.
The majority denies that it is relying on a forfeiture argument, preferring to say that the defendant “abandoned” his right
The majority‘s assertion that “[i]f Mr. Nacchio desired an evidentiary hearing, he bore the burden of requesting one,” Maj. Op. 1251, is accompanied by neither a citation of authority nor an argument. Moreover, it is logically inconsistent with the proposition, which the majority does not even attempt to dispute, Maj. Op. 1244-45 & n. 10, that the presumptive means of establishing reliability is through questioning the witness on the stand. See pages 1260-62, above. Motions are required when a party wishes the court to employ an alternative procedure, not when it wishes to proceed in the presumptive fashion. Moreover, to be precise, Mr. Nacchio did not desire a separate “Daubert hearing“; his assumption was that he would establish the reliability of the expert‘s methodology by putting Professor Fischel on the stand and eliciting testimony about his methodology. A criminal defendant does not have to make a motion for permission to do this. He simply calls his witness to the stand and does whatever is necessary under the circumstances to establish admissibility. Defense counsel‘s failure to file a formal motion for a “hearing,” therefore, cannot be construed as a forfeiture or abandonment of his right to put on the witness.
Nor did the defendant‘s failure to request a hearing in response to the government‘s “Motion to Exclude Testimony by Daniel Fischel” constitute a forfeiture. The government‘s 61-page motion argued primarily that the defendant‘s
The next day, the defense filed a 7-page “Reply to United States Motion to Exclude Testimony by Daniel Fischel.” The first section of the reply defended the defendant‘s expert disclosure under
With regard to the government‘s argument that the disclosures did not establish the reliability of Professor Fischel‘s methodology, the reply was fully responsive, even though it did not persuade the district court. The reply showed, correctly, that the defendant‘s
The reply also addressed the government‘s most serious arguments regarding other admissibility issues under
That leaves the government‘s request for a separate Daubert hearing out of the presence of the jury. The defendant‘s reply made no reference to that request, and it is not improbable that this is because the defense agreed with, or at least was indifferent to, the suggestion. It follows that the defendant forfeited any right to object to a Daubert hearing. But the defendant certainly did not forfeit or abandon any right to object to having the Daubert decision rendered without either a separate
Indeed, the government stated in its motion that if the court did not disqualify the witness under
The majority suggests, however, that a combination of one sentence in the introduction to the reply and the prayer for relief at the end of the reply “plausibly could be read as both opposing the government‘s hearing and inviting the court to rule on admissibility without further proceedings.” Maj. Op. 1253. We do not see how. The introductory sentence quoted by the majority reads in its entirety: “The government‘s arguments are without merit.” App. 463. The prayer for relief 5reads: “For the reasons set forth above, Mr. Nacchio respectfully requests that the United State‘s [sic] Motion to Exclude Testimony by Daniel Fischel be denied.” App. 468. Nothing in between makes any reference to the possibility that the court might make its Daubert ruling “without further proceedings.” As already noted, the government had not made any such suggestion. Judge Nottingham did not base his ruling on any such interpretation of the defendant‘s reply, and if he had done so, it would surely have been an abuse of discretion. It cannot serve as an alternative ground for affirmance.
V. The Defendant Did Not Concede That His March 29 Disclosure Should Be Treated As His Daubert Submission
As a final attempt to justify the district court‘s refusal to allow the defense to establish the witness‘s reliability through hearing or testimony, the majority leaps on a sentence in the defendant‘s filing concerning rebuttal testimony, and attempts to argue that this was an admission that the defendant “considered his revised Rule 16 disclosure to be a submission on Professor Fischel‘s methodology,” Maj. Op. 1249 n. 15; id. at 48–49, citing Aplee Supp. En Banc App. 50. The theory seems to be that if the defense “considered” its
This interpretation has no support in the record. First, whatever the defendant may have said in his response on the rebuttal issue, that response was filed three days after the district‘s court‘s ruling excluding the Fischel testimony without a hearing. It therefore could not have been the district court‘s reason for proceeding as it did. At the time of that ruling, the defendant had said nothing that could be construed as an invitation to regard the
More importantly, the majority‘s interpretation of the defendant‘s statement is completely unjustified. Since the majority does not quote the defendant‘s words, we will do so: “The government has had Professor Fischel‘s opinion and methodology on this opinion since March 29, 2007 (see Defendant‘s Expert Disclosure ¶ 7). Thus, it is hard pressed to claim surprise.” Aplee Supp. En Banc App. 50. This says, plainly, that the disclosure precluded any “surprise” to the government that the testimony would be presented; it does not identify the disclosure as a “submission” regarding the reliability of the testimony under Daubert.
The majority uses this mistaken claim of a concession to avoid the real issue in this case, which is not whether the disclosures adequately established reliability, but whether it was an abuse of discretion to decide the Daubert issue on the basis of the disclosures alone, without hearing or testimony. The majority conducts its entire analysis of whether the district court abused its discretion as if the issue in this case were whether the defendant‘s disclosures as of April 5 were sufficient to satisfy the Daubert test. See Maj. Op. 1256-59. But the defendant does not contend, and never has contended, that his written disclosures established reliability. The majority‘s discussion of that “issue” is an exercise in misdirection. The question is whether the district court was correct to cut the defendant off, and exclude the witness, without allowing defense counsel time to establish reliability through voir dire examination. Because
VI. Even If The Defendant‘s Reply To The Government‘s Motion Were Somehow Deficient, It Was An Abuse of Discretion To Impose The Extreme Sanction of Disallowing A Criminal Defendant‘s Key Witness
Even assuming, for sake of argument, that the defendant was under an obligation
Criminal defendants have a constitutional right to present admissible evidence, and exclusion of a defendant‘s evidence on account of trial errors is a drastic sanction, reserved for only the most serious cases. It is an abuse of discretion for the trial court to exclude important defense evidence on account of discovery violations, such as inadequate disclosure under
First, it was surely understandable, even if it was not correct, for defense counsel to assume that he would have the opportunity to establish the admissibility of the expert evidence through witness testimony. The majority explicitly notes that this assumption “may have been reasonable.” Maj. Op. 1245. The government shared this reasonable assumption. App. 420 (stating that if the court did not disqualify the witness under
Second, far from being calculated to obtain tactical advantage, defense counsel‘s slip-up was wholly without consequence. The mistake on which the majority relies was counsel‘s failure to move for a hearing in response to the government‘s motion to exclude, or to “second” the government‘s motion for a hearing. Yet the record demonstrates that this omission was of no benefit to the defense, did not delay the trial, and did not change the course of the trial in any way. The night before Professor Fischel was scheduled to take the stand, the district judge had not yet looked at the government‘s motion to exclude. App. 3834. The next morning, in court, Judge Nottingham asked the prosecutor who was going to cross-examine Professor Fischel,
Third, as the Supreme Court explained in Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 100, 116 S.Ct. 2035, 135 L.Ed.2d 392 (1996), “[t]he abuse-of-discretion standard includes review to determine that the discretion was not guided by erroneous legal conclusions.” Judge Nottingham‘s exercise of discretion with respect to defense counsel‘s failure to file a written motion for a hearing is inseparable from his legal errors regarding
Even more so, the judge must have been influenced by his conclusion that, quite apart from methodology, the evidence excluded was irrelevant and would be confusing to the jury. In his explanation of his disqualification ruling, Judge Nottingham articulated a contempt for expert economic evidence that raises serious questions about any exercise of his discretion in this matter. He described Professor Fischel‘s proposed testimony—without knowing anything more about it than was described in the cursory “written summary” required under
On appeal the panel held that the district‘s court‘s exclusion of the evidence on the ground that economic analysis is irrelevant and misleading in a securities case of
The majority disregards the district court‘s erroneous view of the relevance of economic evidence on the ground that “review of this . . . issue was not sought on en banc rehearing.” Maj. Op. 1243 n. 9. That is upside-down. The panel explicitly reversed the district court‘s relevancy ruling, and the government‘s decision not to seek rehearing on that issue means that holding is now undisputed. It does not make the holding disappear. Even though the panel‘s opinion was vacated, as the majority points out, id., the district court‘s errors were still errors; no one defends them. Unless the errors were harmless, see United States v. Labastida-Segura, 396 F.3d 1140, 1143 (10th Cir. 2005), they necessitate reversal of the district court‘s decision.
The majority also seems to suggest that the district court‘s relevancy ruling is outside the scope of this en banc proceeding. Maj. Op. 1243-44 n. 9. Not so. One of the issues posed in the en banc order was whether the district court “abuse[d] its discretion in disallowing the evidence.” United States v. Nacchio, 535 F.3d 1165 (10th Cir. 2008) (order granting petition for rehearing en banc) (quoted at Maj. Op. 1236 n. 1). This court has held time and again that a district court abuses its discretion if it applies the wrong legal standard. E.g., Westar Energy, Inc. v. Lake, 552 F.3d 1215, 1224 (10th Cir. 2009); RoDa Drilling Co. v. Siegal, 552 F.3d 1203, 1208 (10th Cir. 2009); United States v. Ramirez, 304 F.3d 1033, 1035 (10th Cir. 2002); Dominion Video Satellite, Inc. v. EchoStar Satellite Corp., 269 F.3d 1149, 1153 (10th Cir. 2001). In its explanations for the evidentiary ruling, the district court made at least two glaring legal errors, which no one—neither the government nor the majority—now defends. First, confusing the civil and criminal discovery rules, the court held that the defendant‘s
The majority does not defend the district court‘s holdings on these points; it all but ignores them, and conducts its analysis of abuse of discretion without taking them into consideration. See Maj. Op. 1256-59. The majority offers no explanation why it regards the legal errors that informed the district court‘s decision as “not germane.” Id. at 1244 n. 9. It simply declares them so.
It is black letter law that a district court‘s legal errors are relevant to whether it abused its discretion. Koon, 518 U.S. at 100, 116 S.Ct. 2035; Westar Energy, 552 F.3d at 1224; RoDa Drilling, 552 F.3d at 1208; Ramirez, 304 F.3d at 1035; Dominion Video Satellite, 269 F.3d at 1153. Judge Nottingham certainly regarded the supposed disclosure deficiencies and irrelevance of economic analysis as material to his evidentiary ruling. He said so, repeatedly. The judge explained that he was disqualifying Professor Fischel “pri-
Even apart from Judge Nottingham‘s own words, the relevance of his legal errors to the evidentiary ruling is obvious. As we have already noted, in determining whether counsel‘s procedural derelictions should result in disqualification of the criminal defendant‘s key witness, it must necessarily have been significant to the judge that they constituted (he thought) “egregious” and “gross” violations of the defendant‘s disclosure obligations. Similarly, Judge Nottingham‘s notion that economic testimony is misleading and a waste of time must have influenced his ruling. A court must balance any procedural omission regarding the introduction of evidence against the importance of that evidence to the truth-seeking function of the trial. If the court regards the testimony as a “waste of time,” this must necessarily affect its assessment of the balance. Indeed, if the court did not take into consideration the seriousness of the procedural infraction and the importance of the evidence to the defense, it would likely be an abuse of discretion. Those are among the most important factors the court is supposed to consider. See United States v. Bahamonde, 445 F.3d 1225, 1231 (9th Cir. 2006) (listing factors a district court must consider before excluding a defense witness‘s testimony); Short v. Sirmons, 472 F.3d 1177, 1188 (10th Cir. 2006) (noting the importance of whether the procedural infraction was “willful,” “blatant,” or in “bad faith“); Fendler v. Goldsmith, 728 F.2d 1181, 1188 (9th Cir. 1983) (describing the importance of the witness as the “most significant” consideration). If the considerations that guided the court were based on incorrect understandings of the law, as these were, the court‘s exercise of discretion was necessarily distorted.
Discretion involves a sense of proportion. Not every violation of procedural rules warrants the nuclear option of disallowing the defense to present its case. As the Seventh Circuit observed in Harvey, “[t]he stakes in criminal prosecution are always high, and defendants’ Sixth Amendment rights must be protected to ensure that the truth is ultimately found.” 117 F.3d at 1048. We cannot regard the sanction here as proportionate to the procedural omission, which was both understandable and inconsequential. It strongly appears that the district court‘s exercise of discretion was affected by its unsupportable views regarding
VII. Conclusion
The defendant complied with the rules of criminal procedure. The district court‘s ruling to the contrary was based on a confusion between civil and criminal discovery rules. Although the district court had discretion to impose its own procedures for litigation of the Daubert issue, it did not do so, or if it did, it failed to inform
KELLY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
It is indeed unfortunate that the court chooses expediency over due process. It is equally unfortunate that the court attempts to spin the facts to elevate a
Moreover, given the tone of this trial, it is quite likely Mr. Nacchio‘s counsel would have been prohibited from doing exactly what the court suggests he should have done. Culminating with the remark that “it‘s [not] an interactive process where you get to argue later on,” App. 3921, Mr. Nacchio was prevented from calling his main witness and then deprived of the right to put on an effective defense. To the extent that the court suggests that the trial court gave Mr. Nacchio every opportunity by waiting to rule until Dr. Fischel was actually called, nothing could be further from reality. As noted by this court, the district court knew that the parties were awaiting a ruling on the
HENRY, J., dissenting, joined by KELLY, Circuit Judge:
I join the dissent of Judge McConnell that fully covers these matters. However, I feel strongly enough to add a few thoughts of my own.
While the majority declares that the district court “made clear [its] need for some proffer of data or literature underlying [Professor Fischel‘s] assumptions and conclusions,” Maj. Op. at 1251, the majority acknowledges that the district court made “ambiguous” and “enigmatic” references. See id. at 1242-43. The subsequent multi-page explanation of the district court‘s ambiguous directions belies that the district court was clear; indeed, the fact that Mr. Nacchio‘s experienced team of lawyers, as well as a few judges of this court, missed the district court‘s “enigmatic” direction suggests a certain opacity.
The majority would have us believe Mr. Nacchio‘s lead counsel simply and inexplicably failed to perform the basic task of qualifying the witness, for no good reason. According to the majority, the defense knew what was necessary and had a number of opportunities to qualify the witness, but instead did nothing. This is highly unlikely. Far more likely, in my opinion, is that the defense was blind-sided: defense counsel expected to be able to qualify the witness in the usual way and was never told otherwise—only to find out, too late, that the district judge had made up his mind on the basis of the skeletal disclosure statement, and had decided to exclude the witness without hearing argument or testimony. If the majority is correct that the defense had notice that it had to present the expert‘s methodology in writing, or had to file a motion, then why did counsel not do so?
It would not have been difficult to establish the admissibility of Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony. Indeed, Professor Fischel has provided expert testimony on financial and securities issues at least 200 times, including for the government. See Aplt‘s Br. of October 9, 2007, at 40. I know of no court that has ever excluded his testimony.
Of course, eminent scholarship alone does not guarantee admissibility. Mr. Nacchio was also required to comply with the rules of evidence, and, in particular,
If the district court had any doubts about the reliability or relevance of this testimony, all it had to do was allow the defense and the prosecution to question Professor Fischel and thus compile a record. This would not have taken much time and could have been done out of the presence of the jury, as the government asked.
In Anglo-American jurisprudence, the goal is to admit all relevant, reliable, and useful evidence. The judicial process reflects this goal—our rules of evidence have a “liberal thrust.” Beech Aircraft Corp. v. Rainey, 488 U.S. 153, 169, 109 S.Ct. 439, 102 L.Ed.2d 445 (1988). The rules on expert testimony are “notably liberal.” Krist v. Eli Lilly & Co., 897 F.2d 293, 298 (7th Cir. 1990) (citing
Although, as Judge McConnell points out, we review a district judge‘s ultimate decision to admit or exclude expert testimony for an abuse of discretion, we review de novo whether the district court performed its gatekeeper function and applied the proper legal standards in doing so.1 Dodge v. Cotter Corp., 328 F.3d 1212, 1223 (10th Cir. 2003). In evaluating the conduct of the district court, it is important to keep in mind context—the purpose of trial is to ascertain the truth. See Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836, 857, 110 S.Ct. 3157, 111 L.Ed.2d 666 (1990) (discussing the “truth-finding function of the trial itself” (citing Coy v. Iowa, 487 U.S. 1012, 1032, 108 S.Ct. 2798, 101 L.Ed.2d 857 (1988) (Blackmun, J., dissenting))). The United States Constitution, and in particular the
We, as an appellate court, are charged with reversing district court judgments that are “arbitrary, capricious, whimsical or manifestly unreasonable.” Dodge, 328 F.3d at 1223 (internal quotation marks omitted). And, reviewing the district court‘s ultimate determination of whether to admit or exclude testimony under the proper legal standard for abuse of discretion, I would reverse. It was plainly wrong for the district court to make its Daubert determination on the basis of a
The district court‘s draconian decision to exclude Professor Fischel as an expert flies in the face of the truth-finding goals of trial, the constitutional safeguards to a full defense, the liberal thrust of the rules of evidence, and amounts to exactly the type of manifest unreasonableness we, as a reviewing court, should reverse.
And, though I fear for today‘s result, I do not believe this case is over. If “the district judge made clear his need for some proffer of data or literature underlying the expert‘s assumptions and conclusions, [and] the defense offered practically nothing, despite repeated opportunities to do so,” Maj. Op. at 1251, (citing United States v. Brien, 59 F.3d 274, 277 (1st Cir. 1995)), then defense counsel behaved inexplicably, which is to say they performed below the level expected of competent counsel. That means we will most likely see these issues return in the form of a
Notes
Mr. Nacchio tacitly acknowledged the legitimacy of the comprehensive decision-making approach that the district court adopted when it considered all of Mr. Nacchio‘s filings with regard to the reliability issue, when Mr. Nacchio himself subsequently took the position that his revised Rule 16 disclosure was part of his submission on Professor Fischel‘s methodology. See infra notes 8, 13, 15. Contrary to the principal dissent‘s argument, Dissenting Op. at 1272-73, we are not suggesting that this acknowledgment by Mr. Nacchio provided the authorization for the district court to follow such a comprehensive gatekeeping approach in excluding Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony on April 5. The district court did not need Mr. Nacchio‘s “invitation,” id. at 1273, or blessing to take this comprehensive approach. Rather, Mr. Nacchio‘s subsequent reliance on his revised Rule 16 disclosure as part of his Daubert methodology submission simply indicates that even Mr. Nacchio viewed it as legitimate for a district court to consider all “the particular facts and circumstances of the particular case,” including Rule 16 disclosures, in assessing whether the requisite Daubert methodology showing had been made. Kumho Tire Co., 526 U.S. at 158.
Furthermore, our decision to eschew any reliance on the panel‘s relevancy holding makes sense as a matter of jurisprudence. As further explained infra in note 21, this en banc court vacated the judgment of the panel and agreed to a rehearing on the question of the admissibility of Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony. That issue is multifaceted, and with great care the en banc court specified the areas for consideration. The en banc court could have included among those areas the district court‘s findings concerning the relevance of Professor Fischel‘s economic evidence, but it did not. Rather, the en banc order specified that its grant of rehearing was focused on the issue of Mr. Nacchio‘s presentation of “evidence in support of the expert‘s methodology,” i.e., the reliability of the testimony. See supra note 1. See generally 16AA Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 3981.1, at 433 & n. 24 (4th ed. 2008) (“[T]he grant of en banc hearing may be limited in advance to an identified issue....” (citing cases)). Consequently, the parties have not fully engaged with the en banc court on the relevancy issue in either their briefing or their oral arguments. It would therefore be an odd jurisprudential result indeed (if not a manifestly unfair one) for the en banc court to be guided in its resolution of this appeal by the bygone holdings of the panel, such as its relevancy holding, as to which the parties have not been heard in any meaningful way.
Accordingly, we have properly declined to incorporate such holdings into our analysis; they are not germane. We do not need to reach the relevancy question in our determination of the issue identified for en banc rehearing.
available arguments for the testimony‘s admissibility in fact materialized for Mr. Nacchio when the district court acted within its discretion to exclude the testimony under Daubert.
First, the initial premise of the principal dissent‘s argument is flawed: it is not undisputed that these two issues involve legal errors. As noted supra at note 2, whether the district court confused civil and criminal discovery standards and therefore erred in its
Second, the abuse of discretion component of our en banc order naturally must be read with reference to the overarching focus of that order: that is, the district court‘s exclusion of Professor Fischel‘s testimony on Daubert and
Third, and relatedly, even if the district court‘s purported legal errors concerning the
The principal dissent does seem to rely on the notion the district court‘s allegedly erroneous view of these legal issues necessarily would have been factored into the court‘s determination of how to respond to what the court misguidedly believed to be Mr. Nacchio‘s “procedural derelictions” or “procedural infraction.” Dissenting Op. at 1276-78. As noted repeatedly herein, see supra notes 7, 16, 20 and accompanying text, however, the district court did not exclude Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony in order to penalize Mr. Nacchio for any procedural delict. The exclusion was simply the product of Mr. Nacchio‘s failure to carry his evidentiary burden concerning the admissibility of Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony.
Therefore, we are brought back to the fact that the district court treated the Daubert issue as a separate (and primary) component of its multifaceted critique of the admissibility of Professor Fischel‘s expert testimony. Consequently, even if the district court‘s purported