| U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Eastern Missouri | Apr 20, 1887
Lead Opinion
(charging jury.) If the testimony in this case satisfies yoix beyond any reasonable doubt that this defendant was a deputy recorder of voters for the Twelfth ward of this city at the registration held last September, for the November election of the year 1886, and that as such recorder of voters, having the registration books in his custody, he “knowingly and willfully,” and not merely through ignorance or inadvertence, entered therein, or caused to be entered in such books, the names of any of the-persons named in this indictment, as though they were qualified and duly registered voters, when in point of fact such persons did not appear before him or apply for registration or take the oath required of voters, then you will find him guilty. You may infer that he was actuated by some evil or fraudulent motive, if he committed the act charged in this indictment “knowingly and willfully,” and not merely through inadvertence or ignorance of his official duties. You may judge -of the credibility of all of the witnesses, and give their testimony such weight as you think it deserves.
The testimony of the expert as to handwriting is simply an expression under oath of an opinion which he entertains, and you are not bound by it any further than it coincides with your own opinion based on the examination you have made of the handwriting in question, or than you think it deserves to be credited with on account of the experience he has had in comparing handwriting.
Now, -on the other hand, you will give the defendant the full benefit of the presumption that he is an innocent man, and you will not convict him unless the government has proven the charge in the indictment beyond any fair or reasonable doubt; and even though you think that he wrote the names mentioned in the indictment, or caused some of them to be entered on the registration books, when the persons did not .appear before him or take the oath, still you must not convict him if the
The mere writing of a person’s name in the registration book by the registration officer is in itself no offense, if the person whose name is written appeal's before the registration officer and applies for registration, or takes the oath, and expressly or by necessary implication requests the officer to write his name. It is immaterial who writes the name. In other words, gentlemen, the offense laid in this indictment consists in the act of entering names of persons on the registration books who do not appear before the officer, or apply for registration or take any oath such as tl.ie law requires. If persons came before this defendant and gave false names and places of residence, and applied for registration under such assumed names or from false places of residence, and the defendant was imposed upon by such persons and in good faith administered the oath and placed their names on the registration books as qualified voters, and in that way some of the names mentioned in the indictment were placed upon the books, then the court directs you that you cannot convict the defendant by reason of any of his acts in respect to such names. If all the names in the indictment, as the defendant has testified, arc names that were given to the defendant by persons who actually came before him and gave such names and their residences, and took the oath and applied for registration, and the defendant accepted them and placed their names on the books in good faith, that is, ho being ignorant of any wrong-doing on the part of those persons making the application, (if there was any wrong-doing on their part,) then you must acquit him.
You can take the case.
The jury brought in a verdict of guilty.
A motion for a new trial was then filed, and the following opinion was delivered thereon:
(orally.) While this case was not tried before me, yet I was present and heard the argument yesterday, which was before both of us, and the single question presented is one of law, so that I take part in the decision of that question, which is this: the record fails to show an arraignment and plea before the trial. It has been repeatedly decided by the supreme court of this state that a, record which fails to show an arraignment and plea discloses such error as compels the granting of a new trial by that court. It is claimed that that line of decision expressing the settled law of this state is controlling in this court, and that we must therefore, following it, set aside this verdict. It is worthy of note, in the first place, that while that is the settled law of Missouri, it is
In the first place, it is well to consider what the purpose and necessity of an arraignment is. It is laid down in the old law books that three objects are to be subserved: (1) The identification of the defendant; (2) giving him information of the particular offense charged against him for which he is to be tried; and (3) to receive from him the plea which ho makes to that charge. Now in the case, as tried, it is perfectly evident'that, the defendant knew exactly the offense charged against him; that he was identified; and that he denied the charge and went to trial upon that denial. Indeed, he went on the witness stand himself, and there denied it. It may seem something of an anomaly to say that proceedings may be such that in the trial court there is no evidence of prejudicial error when the record transferred to an appellate court may disclose such error. And yet, this matter of arraignment presents very much such a case. Where a record taken to the supreme court shows' simply an indictment, a trial, and a conviction, there is nothing affirmatively appearing upon the face of the record from which that court can say that the defendant knew, prior to the impaneling of the jury, and prior to the trial, the exact nature of the charge against him. Non con-stat but that he went to trial supposing that the charge was one thing, and, after the testimony was introduced, discovered for the first time that he was being tried for another and different offense. And so, pursuing that thought, that court might say that the record disclosed error, because it failed to show, as one of the guaranties of his protection, that he knew, prior to the time his case was presented to the jury, the exact offense charged against him. But the trial court may have had, as my Brother Thayer had in this trial, the most abundant evidence that the defendant knew exactly the offense which was charged against him, and was prepared to go to trial upon it;'and if he did, all that the arraignment subserves was accomplished; and to say that he should be entitled to a new trial for that omission would seem to be, as Chief Justice Henry well says, “like trifling with justice.”
But, further than thaj, we have the federal statute, which provides
It is a well-known fact that by the common law, differing in that respect from the rule which obtains under the state statutes, an application for a new trial in civil cases presents no matter of right, but is simply an appeal t.o the discretion of the court, and, when that is exercised one way or the other, the decision is not subject to review. And that is the effect of the statutes of congress as interpreted by the decision of the supremo court, they holding in two or three late cases (Railroad Co. v. Horst, 93 U.S. 291" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1876-12-18" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/indianapolis--st-louis-railroad-v-horst-89378?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="89378">93 U. S. 291; Newcomb v. Wood, 97 U.S. 584" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1878-10-28" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/gaussen-v-united-states-89829?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="89829">97 U. S. 584; Coffey v. U. S., 117 U. S. 235, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 717,) that this matter of now trials in civil cases depending upon the discretion of the trial court is something which is settled by the law of congress, and cannot be affected by any state law. If it be true, as I think must be apparent to any one, that the failure to formally arraign the defendant in this case was not a matter which tended to his prejudice, that by that failure ho was not deprived of a single substantial right, that ho was not put to trial without full notice of that for which he was to be tried, that he was not caught by any surprise or in any other way, it would, as Chief Justice Henry well says, seem to be “like trifling with justice” to disturb the solemn verdict of the jury, and send the case to a new jury to review the same facts on another trial.
So, by reason of the provisions of the federal statute determining the course of procedure in this court, although we recognize the fact that that is different from the rule which obtains in the slate courts under the state statute, we agree that the motion for a new trial should be overruled, anti it is so ordered.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur in the. ruling that the failure of the record to show a formal arraignment of the defendant is no ground, under the circumstances of this case, for granting a now trial. While the rule is firmly established in the state of Missouri that the court of last resort will award a new trial in all criminal cases, whether of felonies or misdemeanors, if the record fails to show a formal arraignment, (State v. Vanhook, 88 Mo. 105" court="Mo." date_filed="1885-10-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-vanhook-8008580?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8008580">88 Mo. 105; State v. Jaques, 68 Mo. 260" court="Mo." date_filed="1878-10-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-jaques-8006059?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8006059">68 Mo. 260, and State v. Saunders, 53 Mo. 234" court="Mo." date_filed="1873-07-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-saunders-8004110?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8004110">53 Mo. 234,) yet I regard our action in this case as controlled by a federal statute. Section 1025, Rev. St. U. S., provides that “no indictment found shall be deemed insufficient, nor shall the trial, judgment, or other -proceeding thereon he affected, by reason of any defect or imperfection in matter of