Baltazar Mendez was convicted of several counts of unlawful firearm and ammunition possession in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(3) and 922(g)(5), and maintaining a residence for the purpose of storing, distributing and using controlled substances in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 856(a)(2). Mendez filed a motion for a new trial based on alleged Brady and Confrontation Clause violations, which the district court denied. Mendez also moved for a judgment of acquittal based on insufficient evidence to sustain a conviction. The district court granted the motion with respect to one charge and denied the motion with respect to the remaining charges. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms the district court.
I. Background
Mendez lived on Vassar Court in Wichita, Kansas. On December 9, 2005, agents from the Kansas Bureau of Investigation (KBI) and the Wichita Police Department (WPD) obtained and executed a warrant on the residence. 1
Once in the house, KBI agents uncovered weapons, drugs, and items commonly used in the sale of drugs. In the southeast bedroom, officers found drug-related items located in a dresser drawer, including plastic baggies, electronic scales, and methyl-sufone, which is often used as a cutting agent for methamphetamine. Under the same dresser, officers found a nylon bag containing a .380 handgun with a loaded magazine containing eleven rounds. In the pocket of a shirt hanging in the closet, officers discovered a baggie with a mixture containing over ten grams of methamphetamine. The mixture had a street value of about $1,000, but was possibly worth more if the drugs were further cut. Under the mattress of the bed, officers found a Springfield Arms shotgun and a notebook. The notebook contained the name “Mendez” in large letters written on the inside cover, along with other names next to figures containing dollar amounts, indicating a running total for various individuals. After testing, the government determined Mendez’s fingerprints were on the notebook and it presented evidence that the notebook was a ledger used to keep track of drug transactions. Other documents belonging to the defendant were also uncovered in the southeast bedroom.
In a northwest bedroom, a Remington 12-gauge sawed-off shotgun was uncovered, with shotgun shells nearby. In the living room of the house, officers found *1039 documents bearing the defendant’s name, including a driver’s license and an energy bill. Inside an entertainment cabinet, between the living room and kitchen, multiple types of ammunition were located. Officers found a straw with a mirror in the kitchen, which later tested positive for cocaine. Several ecstacy pills were also found on top of the refrigerator. Mendez was arrested and agents found a glass smoking pipe and a .44 caliber bullet in his pocket.
Mendez waived his Miranda rights and agreed to talk with the police officers. He stated he lived at the Vassar Court residence, he had access to all parts of the house, and that he had two roommates who paid him rent to stay at the residence. Mendez admitted the .380 handgun was his and that he kept it for protection because he had been robbed. He also admitted to regularly using and purchasing methamphetamine and sometimes using cocaine. Mendez used about 1/16 of an ounce of methamphetamine a day by smoking it through a pipe. He paid about $500 to purchase a half ounce every three to four weeks.
Mendez also admitted the following to the officers: he typically kept his methamphetamine in his shirt pocket; he sometimes slept in the one bed in the house and at other times on the couch; the electronic scales the agents found were his, and he used them to make sure he was not getting “ripped off’ when he purchased his drugs; and he knew both shotguns were in the house, but disclaimed ownership. Mendez also told the agents he was born in Mexico in 1976 and provided the agents with a social security number, which was later shown to be false and invalid. Mendez gave the same false social security number to the Vassar Court landlord on his lease application.
On February 7, 2006, a grand jury returned a twelve-count superseding indictment. Mendez was charged with possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a) (Count 1); possession of firearms in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) (Count 2); possession of a Browning .380 caliber pistol while being an unlawful user of any controlled substance in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(3) (Count 3); possession of a Springfield Arms shot gun while being an unlawful user of any controlled substance in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(3) (Count 4); possession of a Remington shotgun while being an unlawful user of any controlled substance in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(3) (Count 5); possession of a .44 cartridge of ammunition while being an unlawful user of any controlled substance in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(3) (Count 6); eluding inspection after entering the United States at a place other than designated by the government in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(l)-(2) (Count 7); possession of a Browning .380 pistol by an alien not lawfully in the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(5) (Count 8); possession of a Springfield Arms shotgun by an alien not lawfully in the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(5) (Count 9); possession of a Remington shotgun by an alien not lawfully in the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(5) (Count 10); possession of an unregistered firearm in violation of 26 U.S.C. §§ 5841 and 5861(d) (Count 11); and knowingly and intentionally managing and controlling a residence for the purpose of unlawfully storing, distributing and' using a controlled substance in violation of 21 U.S.C. §.856(a)(2) (Count 12).
*1040 At trial, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) Agent Carl Hummel testified that someone born in Mexico is usually a citizen of Mexico. He also testified that he ran a search in the U.S. ICE Central Index System, a nationwide database containing a record of documents used for entry into the United States, such as ' permanent residence cards, border crossing cards, and certificates of naturalization. When Agent Hummel queried the database under Mendez’s name, date of birth, and the social security number he provided the agents, there was no match.
The government also offered the testimony of the Vassar Court landlord, who explained he had leased the premises to Mendez’s girlfriend, Anjelica Luna. Luna had contacted the landlord at a later time and asked that Mendez be added to the lease. The landlord usually received the rent directly from Mendez.
At the close of the government’s case-in-chief, the court dismissed Count 11. The jury later acquitted Mendez on Counts 1 and 2. He was convicted on Counts 3 through 10 and Count 12. Mendez made a Rule 29 motion for acquittal based on insufficient evidence to sustain a conviction. Fed.R.Crim.P. 29. The district court granted the motion on Count 7, eluding inspection after illegally entering the United States, because there was no evidence the act had occurred within the five-year statute of limitations period. The court denied the motion on the remaining counts of conviction. Mendez also moved for a new trial, based on alleged Brady and Confrontation Clause violations. Fed. R.Crim.P. 33. The court denied the motion.
Mendez raises three arguments in this appeal.
2
First, he argues that the government impermissibly stacked inferences upon inferences to prove the firearm possession and alien status charges.
3
Second, Mendez claims the ICE database information, drug ledger, and statements of a “confidential informant” were inadmissible hearsay and violated the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause. Third, he argues the government unlawfully withheld exculpatory evidence in violation of
Brady v. Maryland,
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Mendez argues the government relied on an impermissible “crude stacking of inferences” to prove Mendez possessed the two shotguns and that he was an illegal alien. Specifically, he argues the government asked the jury to improperly infer that one resident of a house possesses all *1041 of the items belonging to any roommate who may also be dwelling in the same house. Further, Mendez identifies as reversible error the failure of the government to provide sufficient evidence that he was an illegal alien.
This court reviews sufficiency of the evidence de novo.
United States v. Stiger,
A. Possession of Firearms
Mendez argues the government failed to prove that he possessed the Springfield Arms and Remington shotguns charged in Counts 4, 5, 9 and 10 of the indictment. Mendez relies on
United States v. Jones,
The element of possession may be satisfied by either a showing of actual or constructive possession.
United States v. Norman,
The district court found that under this standard, the government presented sufficient evidence from which a jury could properly find the element of possession had been satisfied for Counts 4 and 9 (possession of the Springfield Arms shotgun) and Counts 5 and 10 (possession of the Remington shotgun). As to the Springfield Arms shotgun, the court considered evidence showing the defendant was the primary tenant at the residence, the appearance of his name on the lease *1042 and utilities and his exercise of dominion and control over the residence. Evidence was offered to show that Mendez had knowledge of the methamphetamine and other drug-related items in the southeast bedroom, as well as the .380 handgun hidden under the dresser. Mendez admitted having knowledge of the Springfield Arms shotgun, which was located under the mattress. Further, the court pointed to the drug ledger, on which the defendant’s fingerprints were found, located under the same mattress. Mendez admitted sleeping in this bed, indicating the defendant occupied this room and had knowledge of its contents.
The district court then examined the evidence to support the conviction as to Counts 5 and 10 for the Remington 12-gauge shotgun, including the location where it was found, sitting out on the floor of the other bedroom. Because the gun was accessible to anyone in the house, the jury could reasonably infer that anyone using the room had knowledge of and access to the gun. Additionally, the government offered evidence that the defendant admitted to knowing the gun was in the house. Further, evidence was introduced that ammunition and weapons were found throughout the house and that Mendez exerted general control and dominion over the residence. The district court determined the prosecution had not engaged in an impermissible “stacking of inferences,” but rather put into evidence a series of related facts each of which tended to prove Mendez had knowledge of and access to the firearms, as well as the ability and intention to control them.
The district court did not err. This case stands in stark contrast to Jones. Unlike Jones, where the prosecution never established the defendant had knowledge of the weapon hidden in the trunk of the rental car, Mendez admitted to the KBI agents and WPD officers that he knew both shotguns were in the house. Further, based on the evidence presented at trial, Mendez had access to the weapons. He slept on the bed under which the Springfield Arms shotgun was recovered and the Remington 12-gauge shotgun was sitting out in the open. When viewed in the light most favorable to the government, a reasonable jury could find that the defendant had constructive possession of both the Remington and Springfield Arms shotguns.
B. Evidence of Illegal Status
Next, Mendez argues the government failed to prove that he was an alien in the United States illegally. This finding was an essential element of Counts 8, 9 and 10, which charged the defendant with being an alien unlawfully in the United States in possession of a firearm or ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(5)(A). An “alien” is defined as any person who is not a citizen or national of the United States. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(3). The government may prove an alien was unlawfully in the United States by showing he was in this country without authorization.
See United States v. Atandi,
Mendez argues the government failed to meet its burden of proving he was an alien. He contends the only evidence upon which the jury could rely was his admission that he was born in Mexico. The government, however, also introduced evidence that Mendez provided officers with a false social security number after his arrest and that it had no evidence of a valid authorization to lawfully enter the country. This evidence, when considered with the evidence that Mendez was born in Mexico, could lead a reasonable jury to conclude that Mendez was not lawfully present in the United States. The district court did *1043 not err and the evidence was sufficient to support Mendez’s convictions.
III. Confrontation Clause
Mendez also asserts that evidence introduced at trial violated his Sixth Amendment confrontation right and was inadmissible hearsay. This court reviews de novo the legal question of whether evidence at trial violates the Confrontation Clause.
United States v. Summers,
The Confrontation Clause prohibits the admission of testimonial hearsay unless the declarant is unavailable and there was a prior opportunity for cross-examination.
Crawford v. Washington,
Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.
Similarly, this court has held that “a statement is testimonial if a reasonable person in the position of the declarant would objectively foresee that his statement might be used in the investigation or prosecution of a crime.”
Summers,
Mendez challenges the introduction of three pieces of evidence, arguing they were inadmissible hearsay and their introduction violated his confrontation rights. He challenges the information from the ICE database, the drug ledger, and statements of a “confidential informant.”
A. ICE Database
At trial, Agent Hummel testified that he performed a search of the ICE database, known as the Central Index System. He testified that the Central Index System is a nation-wide database of information which archives records of entry documents, such as permanent resident cards, border crossing cards, or certificates of naturalization. Agent Hummel performed a search of the database using Mendez’s name and the social security number Mendez provided officials at the time of his arrest and found no match, indicating that Mendez had not entered the country legally. Mendez challenges Agent Hummel’s testimony and the underlying database records. He argues the testimony violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront his accuser and is inadmissible hearsay.
*1044
Agent Hummel’s testimony is not hearsay because he testified in court. Fed. R.Evid. 801(c) (“Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant
while testifying at the trial
or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” (emphasis added)). In a recent unpublished decision this court stated that in cases in which a Certificate of Non-Existence Record (“CNR”) is introduced into evidence to prove a person did not legally enter the country, the de-clarant is the person who actually performed the data search and did not discover a record pertaining to the defendant.
United States v. Salinas-Valenciano,
Mendez also challenges the underlying database embedded in Agent Hummel’s testimony. The ICE database, containing records of requests for permission to reenter, is a public record. The Federal Rules of Evidence define public records as “[r]ecords, reports, statements, or data compilations, in any form, of public offices or agencies, setting forth (A) the activities of the office or agency, or (B) matters observed pursuant to a duty imposed by law as to which matters there was a duty to report-” Fed.R.Evid. 803(8)(A)-(B). Excluded from this definition are matters observed by police officers or other law enforcement personnel in criminal cases. Fed.R.Evid. 803(8)(B). This exclusion applies when law enforcement personnel create records for the purpose of prosecution.
See United States v. Bohrer,
Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, the absence of a public record or the nonoccurrence of a matter for which a record is regularly made is not excluded by the rule against hearsay. Fed.R.Evid. 803(10). The rule “includes situations in which the absence of a record may itself be the ultimate focal point of the inquiry,” as was the case here. Fed.R.Evid. 803(10) advisory committee’s note. Evidence that the ICE database did not contain a record for Mendez is therefore admissible under the Rule 803(10) exception.
As a public record, the ICE Central Index System is not testimonial. The definition of “public record” in Rule 803(8)(B) excludes records created with an eye toward litigation and criminal prosecution.
Bohrer,
Crawford
suggests public records and business records fall outside the testimonial ambit of the Confrontation Clause.
Id.
at 76,
B. Drug Ledger
Mendez objected to the admission of the drug ledger on hearsay and Confrontation Clause grounds. The notebook contained lists of names with dollar amounts. These statements were offered not for the truth of the matter asserted, i.e., that these individuals actually owed this money, but rather to show the notebook was a drug ledger, and therefore a “tool of the trade.”
See United States v. Gonzales,
The notebook also contained the name “Mendez” on the inside front cover. In
United States v. Ashby,
this court held a car title listing the defendant as the owner was not inadmissible hearsay where it was used to tie the defendant to a car used for drug running, not to prove that she owned the car.
Even if the drug ledger constituted hearsay, in no way does this evidence implicate the Confrontation Clause. Mendez argues the author of the drug ledger would have known at some point that, if discovered, the ledger would have been used in a criminal prosecution thereby implicating Davis’ definition of “testimonial.” Davis was concerned with statements made to police during emergency 911 calls and fo *1046 cused on whether the primary purpose of an interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. Id. at 2270-74. If it is, the statement is non-testimonial. Id. If, however, the primary purpose is to establish or prove past events relevant to later criminal prosecution, the statement is testimonial. Id.
That a piece of evidence may become “relevant to later criminal prosecution” does not automatically place it within the ambit of “testimonial.” At no point did the author keep the drug ledger for the primary purpose of aiding police in a criminal investigation, the focus of the Davis inquiry. Under Mendez’s reading of Crawford and Davis any piece of evidence which aids the prosecution would be testimonial and subject to Confrontation Clause scrutiny. Such an interpretation is antithetical to the logic of the Confrontation Clause, the Supreme Court’s precedent, and this circuit’s case law. It therefore must fail.
C. Statements of “Confidential Informant”
Finally, Mendez argues that the district court impermissibly allowed a KBI agent to testify as to statements a confidential informant made to him regarding the investigation of the El Dorado kidnapping and home invasion. Agent Bumgarner testified on cross-examination about the reason a search warrant was issued for the Vassar Court residence. At no time did Agent Bumgarner testify about statements made to him by a confidential informant. His testimony was not hearsay, nor was Mendez’s right to confront his accusers violated by this testimony.
IV. Brady Violation
Mendez sought a new trial under Rule 33 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, alleging,
inter alia,
a
Brady
violation. The Supreme Court held in
Brady v. Maryland
“the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.”
During the trial, Mendez’s counsel discovered that certain field notes taken by the lead KBI agent had not been turned over to the defense, despite the fact these materials had been included in Mendez’s pretrial discovery request. When the KBI agent testified about the field notes during the trial, Mendez’s counsel asked to be provided with the notes and for a recess to review them. The government provided Mendez with a copy and a recess was taken. Counsel reviewed the notes and subsequently used them during his cross-examination of the KBI agent.
In his motion for new trial and on appeal Mendez fails to identify any evidence in the field notes that is exculpatory or material. Evidence is “material” under
Brady
“only if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A ‘reasonable probability’ is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”
United States v. Robinson,
V. Conclusion
The judgment of the district court denying Mendez’s motion for a new trial and denying in part his motion for judgment of acquittal is affirmed.
Notes
. About ten days earlier, a home invasion and kidnapping occurred in El Dorado, Kansas. Through the course of the investigation, the paiice uncovered information that implicated Mftidez and a second resident of the Vassar Court house in the El Dorado crime. A search warrant was issued to the El Dorado, Kansas Police Department. The El Dorado police requested the assistance of the Kansas Bureau of Investigation and the Wichita Police Department in the execution of the search warrant.
. Mendez also challenges his sentence, but concedes that the issue has been decided against him in
United States v. Dalton,
. Mendez concedes there was sufficient evidence to sustain his conviction as to Counts 3 and 6. Although he does not specifically concede there is sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction as to Count 12, Mendez fails tQ make any arguments as to this conviction. Even if Mendez's arguments could be interpreted to include Count 12, a litigant who mentions a point in passing but fails to support it with pertinent authority forfeits the point.
See United States v. Callwood,
. "Unpublished decisions are not prece-dential, but may be cited for their persuasive value.” 10th Cir. R. 32.1.