511 F.3d 1246 | 9th Cir. | 2008
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Francisco MEDINA CASTENEDA, Defendant-Appellant.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
*1247 John Balazs, Sacramento, CA, for appellant.
Thomas E. Flynn, James Hitt, Assistant U.S. Attorneys, Sacramento, CA, for appellee.
Before: ALFRED T. GOODWIN, D.W. NELSON, and CONSUELO M. CALLAHAN, Circuit Judges.
D.W. NELSON, Senior Circuit Judge:
Francisco Medina-Casteneda appeals his jury conviction and sentence for (1) conspiracy to distribute and conspiracy to possess with the intent to distribute cocaine and cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 and 846; (2) possession with intent to distribute cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). We have jurisdiction to review the conviction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and the sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3741. On Medina-Casteneda's petition for rehearing we reaffirm his conviction, but in light of the recent Supreme Court decision in Kimbrough v. United States, we vacate the sentence and remand to the district court for re-sentencing.
BACKGROUND
On December 18, 2003, the government charged Medina-Casteneda, Marcos Garcia, Rolando Medina, and Manuel Lopez with drug trafficking offenses revealed during an undercover investigation. The investigation involved drug purchases by undercover officers, coordinated police surveillance, and a search pursuant to a *1248 search warrant. The search yielded a bag of methamphetamine, two bags of rock cocaine, four bags of approximately 20-30 grams of cocaine base, guns, and plastic "kilo" wrappers and a coffee pot with cocaine residue. The district court denied both a motion to suppress evidence obtained in the search and a request for a Franks hearing.
The government proceeded to trial with Medina-Casteneda on the charges of (1) conspiracy to distribute and conspiracy to possess with the intent to distribute cocaine and cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 and 846; (2) possession with intent to distribute cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); and (3) possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). A jury found Medina-Casteneda guilty of the first two counts. During sentencing, Medina-Casteneda asked the court to reduce the sentence based upon the 100:1 sentencing disparity between crack and powder cocaine offenses under the Guidelines. The district judge noted that he did not "believe it's appropriate for the Court to specifically reduce a sentence under 18 U.S.C. 3553(a) on the basis that the Congress and the U.S. Sentencing Commission are wrong in establishing different penalties for different types of controlled substances."
The district court sentenced Medina-Casteneda to 327 months imprisonment, 120 months supervised release, and a $200 special assessment. Medina-Casteneda filed a timely notice of appeal challenging both the conviction and the sentence. On July 18, 2007, we affirmed the conviction and sentence with a memorandum disposition. In a Petition for Rehearing, Medina-Casteneda requested that we reconsider our decision in light of the Supreme Court's then-pending decision in Kimbrough v. United States, No. 06-6330. In light of the recent Kimbrough decision, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S. Ct. 558, ___ L.Ed.2d ___ (2007), we grant the petition in part, vacate the sentence, and remand to the district court.
DISCUSSION
I. Cocaine Sentencing Disparity
In recent months, both the United States Sentencing Commission and the Supreme Court criticized the 100-to-1 sentencing disparity between offenses involving crack and powder cocaine. See U.S. SENTENCING COMM'N, REPORT TO THE CONGRESS: COCAINE AND FEDERAL SENTENCING POLICY 8 (May 2007), available at http://www.ussc.gov/rcongress/cocaine2007.pdf; Kimbrough, 128 S.Ct. at 568. "[T]he crack/powder disparity produces disproportionately harsh sanctions, i.e., sentences for crack cocaine offenses `greater than necessary' in light of the purposes of sentencing set forth in § 3553(a)." Kimbrough, 128 S.Ct. at 575. Consequently, the Court held that "it would not be an abuse of discretion for a district court to conclude when sentencing a particular defendant that the crack/powder disparity yields a sentence `greater than necessary.'" Id. Indeed, "[t]o reach an appropriate sentence, . . . disparities must be weighed against the other § 3553(a) factors and any unwarranted disparity created by the crack/powder ratio itself." Kimbrough, 128 S.Ct. at 574.
In the instant case, Medina-Casteneda asked the district court to consider the 100-to-1 disparity when determining his sentence for offenses involving crack cocaine. The judge responded,
I don't believe it's appropriate for the Court to specifically reduce a sentence under 18 U.S.C. 3553(a) on the basis that the Congress and the U.S. Sentencing Commission are wrong in establishing *1249 different penalties for different types of controlled substances. . . . To the extent the difference in penalties are out of whack, it's for the Congress to change them, not this trial court.
These statements demonstrate that the district court did not foresee the extension of its Booker discretion that would be announced two years later by the Supreme Court in Kimbrough. Thus, the district court did not feel free to consider whether "any unwarranted disparity created by the crack/powder ratio" produced a sentence "`greater than necessary' to achieve § 3553(a)'s purposes." Id. at 574-75.
We vacate the sentence and remand to the district court to reconsider the sentence in light of the Kimbrough decision and to determine whether the disparity between crack and powder cocaine produced a sentence "greater than necessary" under § 3553(a). As noted above, this issue comes before the panel as a Petition for Rehearing. We grant the Petition for Rehearing with respect to the foregoing issue and we reproduce the relevant portions of our Memorandum Disposition issued July 18, 2007, to address the remaining arguments in this case.
II. Readback of Testimony
The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the jury's request to read back Marcos Garcia's testimony. After the jury requested the read back of Garcia's testimony, the judge consulted with counsel for both sides without the jury present. He explained that in accordance with Ninth Circuit case law, he ordinarily discouraged rereads because of the tendency of the jury to focus on one particular piece of evidence at the expense of other evidence. Counsel for the appellant agreed that Garcia's testimony should not be reread to the jury unless the jury asked for the testimony to be reread at some future point in its deliberations. In light of the district court's great latitude to address requests for readbacks and its recognition of the problems associated with readbacks, we hold that the judge's decision to deny the requested readback was not an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Nolan, 700 F.2d 479, 486 (9th Cir.1983) (finding no error in the court's refusal to have testimony reread and recognizing that the decision enjoys a great deal of discretion).
The district court also did not abuse its discretion by granting the request for a reread of Detective Filopowski's testimony. Appellant asserts that the district court erred when it allowed the jury to have Detective Filipowski's testimony reread without ensuring that the jury did not unduly emphasize it, citing United States v. Hernandez, 27 F.3d 1403, 1408-09 (9th Cir.1994). We hold that the appellant waived this claim by agreeing that Detective Filipowski's testimony could be reread without such an admonition. In particular, counsel for both sides were provided with the controlling law. Therefore, Medina-Casteneda waived the argument that the reread of Detective Filipowski's testimony without proper instruction was error. See United States v. Burt, 143 F.3d 1215, 1217 (9th Cir.1998) ("A defendant's right to challenge a [judicial ruling] is waived if the defendant considered the controlling law and in spite of being aware of the applicable law, proposed or accepted a flawed instruction.") (internal quotation marks omitted).
III. Closing Argument
The misstatement of the reasonable doubt standard during closing argument did not constitute plain error that would entitle Medina-Casteneda to a reversal of his conviction. We have held that in order to show that a misstatement of law affects *1250 the substantial rights of a defendant, the defendant must demonstrate that the error was prejudicial. See Sims v. Brown, 425 F.3d 560, 579 (9th Cir.2005). In this case, neither party disputes that the jury instructions properly defined the beyond a reasonable doubt standard. "The jury is regularly presumed to accept the law as stated by the court, not as stated by counsel." United States v. Rodrigues, 159 F.3d 439, 451 (9th Cir.1998). This presumption has not been overcome in this case as there is no evidence that the jury was confused by the proof beyond a reasonable doubt standard. The jury never sought clarification of the standard, and the likely prejudicial effects of this misstatement of the law on the defendant in the context of the extensive closing arguments by both sides and proper jury instructions is very low (indeed the prosecutor correctly described the standard a couple of sentences earlier in the closing argument).
IV. Voir Dire
The district court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting Medina-Casteneda's proposed voir dire question to the jury about its willingness to follow a limiting instruction regarding evidence of his prior conviction. A district court has considerable discretion to accept or reject proposed voir dire questions and, as long as it conducts an adequate voir dire, its rejection of specific questions is not error. United States v. Giese, 597 F.2d 1170, 1182-83 (9th Cir.1979). In this case, the district court adequately addressed the issue in Medina-Casteneda's proposed voir dire question by asking a more general question regarding the juror's ability to follow the law in accordance with the judge's instruction. We therefore hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion and that the voir dire in this case was conducted adequately.
V. Franks Hearing
Assuming arguendo Medina-Casteneda made a substantial preliminary showing that the affiant intentionally or recklessly omitted information showing the number of people that Garcia came into contact with prior to the drug transaction with the undercover police officers on November 18, 2003, a corrected or supplemented affidavit would still "provide a magistrate with a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed." United States v. Stanert, 762 F.2d 775, 780, 782 (9th Cir.1985) (citing Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-56, 98 S. Ct. 2674, 57 L. Ed. 2d 667 (1978)). The Supreme Court has held that "[t]he critical element in a reasonable search [of a property] is not that the owner of the property is suspected of crimes but that there is reasonable cause to believe that the specific `things' to be searched for and seized are located on the property to which entry is sought." Zurcher v. Stanford Daily, 436 U.S. 547, 556, 98 S. Ct. 1970, 56 L. Ed. 2d 525 (1978). For purposes of probable cause to search the residence on 1728 East Avenue, the sufficiency of the information in the affidavit to support a probable cause finding that Medina-Casteneda was the provider of the drugs is irrelevant. Instead, what is relevant is whether there was sufficient information to support a probable cause finding that the 1728 East Avenue residence contained evidence of drugs. Even if the affidavit were supplemented with the omitted details from the police surveillance report regarding the number of people Garcia came into contact with, it would have no effect on the probable cause finding concerning the property.
The other information that Medina-Casteneda argues was intentionally omitted or falsely represented also did not address the residence. In particular, purported misstatements about Medina-Casteneda's *1251 prior convictions and the police officer's alleged erroneous prior identification of Medina-Casteneda on November 18, 2003, would not have materially affected the probable cause determination regarding the 1728 East Avenue residence.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons we affirm the conviction in part, vacate the sentence, and remand to the district court for re-sentencing.
Conviction AFFIRMED in part, sentence VACATED, and case REMANDED.
