Defendant-appellant Mark Carden McNutt was convicted by a jury of conspiracy to 1) traffic in a counterfeit access device, 18 U.S.C. § 1029, and 2) manufacture, possess, assemble or sell a surreptitious interception device, 18 U.S.C. § 2512(1)(b). On appeal, McNutt argues that neither § 1029 nor § 2512 apply to the cloned satellite television descramblers which led to his indictment. We hold that § 1029 cannot be applied to satellite television descramblers, but § 2512 can be. Because the jury placed independent reliance upon § 1029 and § 2512 as substantive offenses underlying the conspiracy, we affirm his conspiracy conviction. However, since the district court may have relied upon § 1029 in calculating McNutt’s sentence, we remand for resentencing.
I.
National programmers of pay television transmit their programming to communications satellites. These satellites then relay the television signals to large receiver dishes, usually operated by a local cable television operator. Cable companies pay a royalty to the national programmer and provide television service via wire to home television viewers in exchange for a monthly service charge.
The 1980s saw a profusion of home satellite dishes capable of receiving signals directly from these communications satellites, bypassing local cable companies altogether. Owners of home satellite dishes could obtain the benefits of national pay television programming without paying for the service. As the use of home satellite dishes proliferated, programmers sought to protect their investment by scrambling their broadcasts, rendering such broadcasts unintelligible to unauthorized viewers. Di-Geronimo, Protecting Wireless Communications: A Detailed Look at Section 605 of the Communications Act, 38 Fed. Comm.L.J. 411, 430-31 n. 101 (1987). In order to descramble broadcast signals, owners of satellite television dishes must purchase a descrambler module, each with its own unique electronic “address.” Television Engineering Handbook 9.34 (K. Benson ed. 1986). Home viewers then contact the programming service, identify the electronic address on their descrambler module and provide necessary billing information. Once an account is opened, the national pay television service programs the subscriber’s electronic address into its satellite transmissions. These transmissions then trigger the particular descrambler module to descramble the television signal.
McNutt was convicted of conspiracy to possess, manufacture, assemble or sell de-scrambler modules with “cloned” electronic addresses taken from descramblers with legitimate programming accounts. (Two legitimately sold descrambler modules never have the same address.) By using a
II.
The first basis of the jury’s conspiracy finding was 18 U.S.C. § 1029 which prohibits the trafficking, possession, use and manufacture of “counterfeit access devices.”
the term ‘access device’ means any card, plate, code, account number, or other means of account access that can be used, alone or in conjunction with another access device, to obtain money, goods, services, or any other thing of value_
18 U.S.C. § 1029(e)(1) (emphasis supplied). The government contends that cloned electronic addresses on satellite television de-scrambler modules are an unauthorized “means of account access” under § 1029. Because the plain wording of the statute does not reveal whether the address on a satellite television descrambler is cognizable under § 1029, we consult the legislative history behind § 1029 as a “secondary source” to help us determine the scope of the statute. See Miller v. Commissioner,
In enacting § 1029, “Congress was focused upon the fraudulent use of [access] devices in connection with credit transactions.... ” United States v. Blackmon,
The government contends that the electronic addresses in descramblers are a “means of account access” under § 1029(e)(1) because legitimate viewers who pay subscription fees to satellite television programmers provide a “free ride” to the users of cloned descramblers. In advancing this argument, however, the government has mistaken economic losses for actual monetary losses resulting from discrete transactions reflected in the company’s accounting records. See R. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law § 1.1 at 6-7. As used in § 1029, an account constitutes “a formal record of debits and credits.” See Random House Dictionary of the English Language 13 (2d ed.1987). Unlike the unauthorized use of credit cards or long distance telephone access codes, use of cloned descrambler modules does not
III.
The second prong of McNutt’s conspiracy conviction was 18 U.S.C. § 2512. Section 2512 imposes criminal sanctions against one who intentionally:
manufactures, assembles, possesses or sells any electronic, mechanical, or other device, knowing or having reason to know that the design of such device renders it primarily useful for the purpose of the surreptitious interception of wire, oral, or electronic communications ....
18 U.S.C. § 2512 (emphasis supplied). Under § 2512, “ ‘interception]’ means the aural or other acquisition of the contents of any wire, electronic, or oral communication through the use of any electronic, mechanical, or other device.” 18 U.S.C. § 2510(4). Under the statute,
‘electronic communication’ means any transfer of signs, signals, writing, images, sounds, data or intelligence of any nature transmitted in whole or in part by a wire, radio, electromagnetic, photoelec-tronic or photooptical system that affects interstate or foreign commerce....
18 U.S.C. § 2510(12) (emphasis supplied).
McNutt argues that the legislative history behind § 2512 clearly establishes that satellite television broadcasts are not encompassed under the statute as electronic communications. However, we find the legislative history ambiguous on this question. Admittedly, the Senate Report indicates at one point that electronic communications “cannot fairly be characterized as containing the human voice.” S.Rep.No. 99-541, 99th Cong.2d Sess., reprinted in 1986 US. Code Cong & Admin.News 3555, 3568. However, two sentences later, the report lists electronic communications as including video teleconferences which clearly contain the human voice. Id. The report also contains repeated references to satellite television broadcasts and the problems associated with their unauthorized interception. See id. at 3560, 3561, 3573. In contrast to this ambiguity, the plain wording of § 2510(12) encompasses satellite television signals. It is undisputed that satellite television transmissions contain sounds and images and are carried via radio waves; therefore they constitute electronic communications under § 2510(12).
IV.
“[A] person is guilty of conspiracy if he agrees with one or more other persons to violate the law, and then any one of the conspirators commits an overt act in furtherance of the object of the agreement.” United States v. Gonzalez,
V.
In calculating the appropriate sentence for a conspiracy conviction, the base offense level is that of the substantive offense which formed the object of the conspiracy. See United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual, § 2X1.1(a) (Nov.1989). Here, McNutt’s presentence report reveals that the probation office relied upon 18 U.S.C. § 1029 as the object offense and tabulated his offense level based upon § 2F1.1 of the Guidelines. Because we hold that McNutt did not violate § 1029, utilization of that statute in calculating McNutt’s sentence was improper. Even though the district court departed downward from the recommended sentence, we cannot say that the court was not influenced by the offense level calculated by the presentence report. McNutt therefore must be sentenced under Guidelines § 2H3.2 with 18 U.S.C. § 2512 as the object offense.
McNutt’s conviction is AFFIRMED and REMANDED for resentencing consistent with this opinion.
Notes
. The statute provides in pertinent part:
§ 1029 Fraud and related activity In connection with access devices
(a) Whoever—
(1) knowingly and with intent to defraud produces, uses, or traffics in one or more counterfeit access devices;
(2) knowingly and with intent to defraud traffics in or uses one or more unauthorized access devices during any one-year period, and by such conduct obtains anything of value aggregating $ 1,000 or more during that period;
(3) knowingly and with intent to defraud possesses fifteen or more devices which are counterfeit or unauthorized access devices; or
(4) knowingly, and with intent to defraud, produces, traffics in, has control or custody of, or possesses device-making equipment; shall, if the offense affects interstate or foreign commerce, be punished as provided in ... this section.
. Congress provided such protection in 47 U.S.C. § 605(e)(4) which provides in pertinent part:
Any person who manufactures, assembles, modifies, imports, exports, sells, or distributes any electronic, mechanical, or other device or equipment, knowing or having reason to know that the device or equipment is primarily of assistance in the unauthorized decryption of satellite cable programming ... shall be fined not more than $500,000 for each violation, or imprisoned for not more than 5 years for each violation, or both.... McNutt therefore could be subject to civil and criminal penalties under § 605. See ON/TV of Chicago v. Julien,763 F.2d 839 , 842-43 (7th Cir.1985) (sale of "decoder kits” for subscription television violates § 605); National Subscription Television v. S & H TV,644 F.2d 820 , 825 (9th Cir.1981) (same); Chartwell Communications v. Westbrook,637 F.2d 459 , 466 (6th Cir.1980) (same); Subscription Television of Washington v. Kaufmann,606 F.Supp. 1540 , 1544-55 (D.D.C.1985) (same); United States v. Westbrook,502 F.Supp. 588 , 592 (E.D.Mich.1980) (unauthorized sale of television descramblers constitutes criminal violation of § 605).
. Because we remand for resentencing, we need not address the government's cross-appeal challenging McNutt’s sentence.