No. 29,730 | United States Court of Military Appeals | Oct 17, 1975
Lead Opinion
OPINION OF THE COURT
After drinking for several hours in an enlisted men’s club at Camp Pendleton, California, the appellant and several of his companions began walking toward a neighboring community when they were accosted by a Marine named Quarles. The testimony of the various witnesses at trial, including Private Quarles’ companion, is consistent with respect to the events which preceded the fatal stabbing of Private Quarles by the appellant. Without provocation, Private Quarles "started kicking Private First Class Smith all over the parking lot.” Moments later, he struck Private LeBreton in the face with his fists, then punched and kicked both Private Dyette and Private Riggins. Private Quarles then directed his attention toward the appellant, inquiring whether he, too, wished to fight. Although the witnesses’ testimony conflicted as to whether the appellant encouraged the subsequent aifray, all agreed that the victim was attempting to strike the appellant when he was stabbed.
At trial, the accused testified that the victim was inadvertently stabbed when the accused attempted to block Quarles’ punch while holding a knife in his hand:
I went to try to go around his friend [and Private Quarles] moved in. front of me, and he was saying something . . . and I was backing up. He kept saying something, and he leaped and hit me in the face, and I drew up to block him. I guess he got stabbed, but I didn’t mean to hurt him ... all I wanted to do was try to get away.
At issue on appeal is whether the trial judge erred in failing to instruct the court members sua sponte on the offense of involuntary manslaughter through culpable negligence, a lesser included offense of premeditated murder upon which the appellant was arraigned. Article 51(c), Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 851(c). Government counsel acknowledge that an accused’s testimony may be sufficient, in and of itself, to place a lesser included offense in issue;
Even though the trial judge implicitly determined that involuntary manslaughter through culpable negligence was not raised by the evidence, this Court, as well as other appellate tribunals, has an independent responsibility to evaluate the evidence and determine whether an appellant was deprived of his right to have the court-martial consider all reasonable alternatives of guilt. United States v Clark, 22 USCMA 576, 580, 48 CMR 83, 87 (1973); United States v Bellamy, 15 USCMA 617" court="None" date_filed="1966-01-28" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/united-states-v-bellamy-8573823?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8573823">15 USCMA 617, 621, 36 CMR 115, 119 (1966).
In United States v Daniel, 16 USCMA 492" court="None" date_filed="1967-02-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/united-states-v-daniel-8574005?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8574005">16 USCMA 492, 37 CMR 112 (1967), we held that a finding of guilty of involuntary manslaughter through culpable negligence was warranted where the accused pointed a pistol at the victim to scare him and the weapon unintentionally discharged. Appellant’s testimony in this case is sufficiently analogous to the factual situation detailed in Daniel to warrant the conclusion that the trial judge erred in failing to instruct on the offense of involuntary manslaughter through culpable negligence.
Government counsel also maintain
The fallacy in the premise of such a test for prejudice lies in its assumption that lesser included offenses can be arranged vertically in terms of relative severity. In our view, the relevant inquiry to assess the degree of prejudice which resulted in this case from the failure to instruct on involuntary manslaughter through culpable negligence would be to ask whether there exists another lesser included offense properly instructed upon of which the appellant legally could have been found guilty, assuming the jury believed he had acted in a culpably negligent manner as his testimony suggested.
Because appellate authorities can only speculate as to what the jury’s verdict would have been had the trial judge properly enumerated all the lesser included offenses, we believe that prejudice is inherent in the trial judge’s omission of an instruction on a lesser included offense reasonably raised by the evidence for there is always a reasonable possibility that the court members were misled in resolving the accused’s guilt. United States v Clark, supra; United States v Moore, 16 USCMA 375" court="None" date_filed="1966-09-09" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/united-states-v-moore-8573964?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8573964">16 USCMA 375, 36 CMR 531 (1966); United States v Kuefler, 14 USCMA 136" court="None" date_filed="1963-07-19" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/united-states-v-kuefler-8573500?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8573500">14 USCMA 136, 33 CMR 348 (1963); United States v Clay, 9 USCMA 582" court="None" date_filed="1958-09-12" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/united-states-v-clay-8572374?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8572374">9 USCMA 582, 26 CMR 362 (1958); United States v Clark, 1 USCMA 201" court="None" date_filed="1952-02-29" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/united-states-v-clark-8570456?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8570456">1 USCMA 201, 2 CMR 107 (1952). As recently stressed in United States v Graves, 23 USCMA 434" court="None" date_filed="1975-06-20" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/united-states-v-graves-8576032?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8576032">23 USCMA 434, 50 CMR 393 (1975), we view the trial judge’s obligation to provide appropriate legal guidelines to assist the jury in its deliberations as an essential ingredient of a fair trial.
The decision of the Court of Military Review is reversed, and the record of trial is returned to the Judge Advocate
United States v Evans, 17 USCMA 238" court="None" date_filed="1967-09-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/united-states-v-evans-8574142?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8574142">17 USCMA 238, 38 CMR 36 (1967); United States v Kuefler, 14 USCMA 136" court="None" date_filed="1963-07-19" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/united-states-v-kuefler-8573500?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8573500">14 USCMA 136, 33 CMR 348 (1963).
See Article 119(b)(1), Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 919(b)(1).
The court members subsequently found appellant guilty of voluntary manslaughter.
To suggest that the jury’s verdict finding the appellant guilty of an offense not including the element of culpable negligence constitutes a rejection by the jury of the culpable negligence concept would, in practical effect, undermine the requirement that the judge provide the court members with appropriate legal guidelines prior to their deliberations for it would sanction inappropriate and incomplete instructions through the test-for-prejudice vehicle so long as the accused ultimately was found guilty of an offense which, itself, had been instructed upon properly.
Thus, the jury’s rejection of the offenses of negligent homicide and involuntary manslaughter while perpetrating an assault and battery cannot serve as a basis for the conclusion that the appellant was not prejudiced by the absence of an instruction encompassing culpable negligence since neither of those offenses includes the element of culpable negligence.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting):
To say that an instruction on a lesser offense reasonably raised by the evidence should be given is one thing; but to say, as the majority does, that the failure to give an appropriate instruction can never be harmless is quite another, and, in my opinion, is contrary to the command of Article 59, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC §859, that a conviction should not be overturned for "an error of law unless the error materially prejudices . . . the accused.”
As early as United States v Rhoden, 1 USCMA 193" court="None" date_filed="1952-02-26" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/united-states-v-rhoden-8570455?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8570455">1 USCMA 193, 200, 2 CMR 99, 106 (1952), the Court held that an instructional error justified reversal only if there was a "reasonable possibility . . . [the court members] were misled by [the] erroneous instructions.” In United States v Giordano, 15 USCMA 163" court="None" date_filed="1964-12-04" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/united-states-v-giordano-8573693?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8573693">15 USCMA 163, 169, 35 CMR 135, 141 (1964), the Court said:
It is settled law that incorrect or incomplete instructions do not require reversal where there is no possibility of prejudice to the accused from the omission.
Giordano further held that a reviewing authority can properly look to the court-martial’s verdict to determine whether an instructional error presented a fair risk of prejudice. Civilian courts apply the same principle. Thus, in Belton v United States, 382 F2d 150, 157 (D.C. Cir. 1967), the court said:
In reaching our conclusion that there was no reversible error, we again emphasize that the jury’s verdict went beyond second degree murder; this weakens any sense of prejudice from failure to charge manslaughter.
In State v Zupkosky, 127 NJL 218, 21 A.2d 771" court="N.J." date_filed="1941-09-19" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-zupkosky-3565158?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3565158">21 A2d 771, 775 (1941), the court held that an instructional error as to a lesser offense in issue "need not be examined or passed upon because, in the light of the jury’s verdict, it could not have been harmful to the defendant.”.
A failure to instruct on a lesser offense than that found by the court-martial is prejudicial if it fairly appears that, had it known of the uninstructed offense, the court might have found the accused guilty of that offense instead of the more serious wrong. Here, the choices presented to the court members were as follows:
1. Premeditated murder — the offense charged.
2. Unpremeditated murder.
3. Voluntary manslaughter.
4. Involuntary manslaughter while engaged in a battery.
5. Negligent Homicide.
The uninstructed offense of involuntary manslaughter by culpable negligence involves no intent to kill; in that regard, it is like involuntary manslaughter while perpetrating a battery and negligent homicide. To find the accused guilty of voluntary manslaughter, the court members expressly had to consider, and reject, a finding that the accused acted without an intent to kill. As the court members twice rejected a finding that the accused acted without an intent to kill, once when it rejected homicide by simple negligence, and again when it rejected homicide by a deliberate assault but without an intent to kill, I can conceive of no sensible possibility that they would have found the accused had no intent to kill if they had also been instructed that homicide by gross negligence could be involuntary manslaughter since it involves no intent to kill. Consequently, the verdict of the court members demonstrates, in my opinion, the absence of any possibility of harm to the accused as a result of the failure of the trial judge to instruct on the offense in issue. I would, therefore, affirm the decision of the Court of Military Review.