Case Information
*1 Before HARTZ , HOLMES , and PHILLIPS , Circuit Judges.
*2
Defendants Verdell Mays and his nephew, Damian Mays, belonged to a drug- trafficking conspiracy that operated in the Kansas City area from 2006 through 2012. Both pleaded guilty to (1) conspiracy to manufacture, possess, and distribute cocaine, cocaine base, and marijuana and to maintain a drug-involved premises, see 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 856; and (2) using a communication facility to facilitate a drug- trafficking offense (Damian pleaded to two such counts), see id. U.S.C. § 843(b). On May 15, 2014, the United States District Court for the District of Kansas sentenced Verdell to 225 months’ imprisonment and Damian to 220 months. Each appealed his sentence, and the appeals have been consolidated. [1] They challenge the calculation of their offense levels under the sentencing guidelines. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
I. DISCUSSION
We review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings
for clear error, “giving great deference to the . . . court’s application of the Guidelines to
the facts.”
United States v. Salas
,
A. VERDELL MAYS
Verdell complains that his offense level was improperly enhanced on three grounds: maintaining a premises for drug manufacture or distribution, possession of a firearm in connection with a drug offense, and being responsible for a sufficient quantity of drugs to require a base offense level of 32. To put his arguments in context, we summarize the relevant evidence.
On November 10, 2009, police officers executed a search warrant at 2269 Russell, Kansas City, Kansas. They found the following: In the kitchen were seven electronic scales with residue, four razor blades with residue, five boxes of baking soda, 15 empty medicine bottles, five mason jars with residue, a metal pot with residue, a Pyrex measuring cup, nine boxes of sandwich bags, a metal spoon with residue, and a melted plastic bag with an unknown substance. A letter addressed to Verdell was in a kitchen drawer. A firearm, a pistol magazine, and a bullet were on a table in the living room. In the southwest bedroom were two baggies of crack cocaine and $942 in a jacket pocket. And in the closet of the northwest bedroom were $976 in a shoebox, a rifle magazine, and a pouch containing a motor vehicle registration for Verdell, a traffic ticket issued to him, and a letter addressed to him.
At Verdell’s sentencing hearing, Officer Dillon Passinese explained the use of Pyrex cups, baggies, digital scales, and baking soda in the manufacture and sale of crack *4 cocaine. He testified that although the residence contained a couch, a dining room table, and clothing, there was no bedroom furniture. He said that “it appear[ed]. . . that [the] residence was used for the purposes of making or manufacturing cocaine” because “it didn’t appear to be lived in for any other reason.” R. (Verdell 14-3106), Vol. 2 at 123.
Detective Joseph Daneff testified about what he had learned during his investigation, which included wiretaps. Coconspirator Gregory Moore told him that he and Verdell began engaging in drug transactions in 2006 or 2007. Verdell acted as “a middleman.” Id. at 70. He would purchase cocaine from Anthony Smith and then sell that cocaine to Moore. Many of these transactions occurred “at an address believed to be owned by Verdell Mays at 2269 Russell.” Id. at 71. Daneff also interviewed Smith, who said that his drug transactions with Verdell began in 2004 or 2005 and that he supplied Verdell with various quantities of cocaine. Smith estimated that he had provided Verdell with at least 10 kilograms altogether. Daneff also testified that he knew “during the course of the investigation [that Smith and Verdell] were closely associated,” id. at 100, and that he had no “reason to doubt [Smith’s] veracity as to the calculation of 10,000 grams of powder cocaine” because “his information [was] consistent with the information that other individuals told [him],” id. at 100.
Djuane Sykes testified that Verdell purchased the residence at 2269 Russell in 2007 and that he “moved in with [Verdell] and [they] proceeded to work out of it.” Id. at 183. He said that he and Verdell would “hang out” and manufacture drugs there, id. at 185, and that people frequently came to the house to purchase crack cocaine. In addition, *5 he sold Verdell firearms while they lived at the house and Verdell carried firearms on his person, including a .40 caliber Glock that he carried for protection. Sykes also said that Smith, known to him only as Anthony, sold Verdell cocaine in amounts of half a kilogram and a kilogram.
Moore, who the investigation identified as the head of the drug-trafficking organization, testified that he began a drug-trafficking association with Verdell in 2007 or 2008 and that Verdell obtained cocaine for him, although sometimes Moore sold cocaine to Verdell. Moore said that Smith and Verdell were “drug partners” for “a little while.” Id. at 139–140. He identified a picture of 2269 Russell as Verdell’s house and said that on one occasion he had seen an assault rifle lying by the front door and that sometimes Verdell would have a gun on him at his house. He acknowledged that he saw Verdell manufacture crack cocaine there on one occasion and that sometimes drugs were sold there.
1. Maintaining a Premises for Purpose of Drug Manufacture or Distribution
The guidelines direct a sentencing court to increase the offense level by two levels “[i]f the defendant maintained a premises for the purpose of manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance.” USSG § 2D1.1(b)(12) (2013). [2] “Manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance need not be the sole purpose for which the premises was maintained, but must be one of the defendant’s primary or principal uses for the premises, rather than *6 one of the defendant’s incidental or collateral uses for the premises.” Id. § 2D1.1 cmt. n.17. The district court found that Verdell maintained 2269 Russell for the “purposes of manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance.” R. (Verdell 14-3106), Vol. 2 at 224.
Verdell argues that there was insufficient evidence to support the district court’s finding because “[t]he testimony of the cooperating co-defendants was so unreliable as to justify a finding that a sentence based upon it must be set aside.” Aplt. (Verdell 14-3106) Br. at 27. He also contends that even if “there is sufficient evidence that [he] maintained the premise [at 2269 Russell,] . . . the testimony of the cooperating co-defendants did not support a finding that manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance was one of [his] primary or principal uses for the premises.” Id. at 28.
We reject Verdell’s challenge to the veracity of his codefendants’ testimony.
Credibility determinations are left to the sound discretion of the sentencing court, and
“we will not hold that testimony is, as a matter of law, incredible unless it is unbelievable
on its face, i.e., testimony as to facts that the witness physically could not have possibly
observed or events that could not have occurred under the laws of nature.”
United States
v. Hoyle
,
Moreover, Verdell ignores the evidence found in the house. The enhancement was
appropriate in light of the evidence of drug manufacture found there and the supporting
testimony of Sykes, Moore, and Officer Passinese.
See United States v. Cortez-Diaz
, 565
*7
F. App’x 741, 748 (10th Cir. 2014) (no furniture and “only noted contents [in house]
were seven pounds of methamphetamine, drug packaging materials, a digital scale, and
[subordinate’s] luggage”);
see also United States v. Bell
,
2.
Possession of a Firearm
The guidelines provide for a two-level enhancement for the possession of a
dangerous weapon in connection with a drug-trafficking offense. USSG § 2D.1.1(b)(1).
“The enhancement should be applied if the weapon was present, unless it is clearly
improbable that the weapon was connected with the offense.”
Id.
§ 2D1.1, cmt. n.11(A). “Possession of a weapon in connection with a drug trafficking offense is established if the
government proves by a preponderance of the evidence that a temporal and spacial
relation existed between the weapon, the drug trafficking activity, and the defendant.”
United States v. Alexander
,
Verdell argues that “[t]he only evidence of [his] possessing a weapon came from
the cooperating co-defendants whose testimony . . . proved to be unreliable.” Aplt.
(Verdell 14-3106) Br. at 25. But the district court could properly credit that testimony
and, again, Verdell disregards the physical evidence against him. Officers found a gun
and ammunition on a table in the living room and multiple items associated with drug
manufacture in the kitchen. They also found a large amount of cash and a rifle magazine
in the northwest bedroom. And in both the kitchen and the bedroom, they found
documents addressed to Verdell. The government demonstrated the requisite connection
between the gun, the drug offense, and the defendant.
See United States v. Williams
,
3. Drug Quantity
The base offense level for a drug offense ordinarily depends on the quantity of
drugs attributable to the defendant.
See
USSG § 2D1.1(a)(5). “When the actual drugs
underlying a drug quantity determination are not seized, the trial court may rely upon an
estimate to establish the defendant's guideline offense level so long as the information
relied upon has some basis of support in the facts of the particular case and bears
sufficient indicia of reliability.”
United States v. Dalton
,
The district court attributed to Verdell 10,397 grams of powder cocaine and 220 grams of cocaine base. The marijuana equivalent of the powder cocaine was 2,079.4 kilograms, and the equivalent of the cocaine base was 785.62 kilograms, for a total of 2,865.02 kilograms. See USSG § 2D1.1 cmt. n.8(D) (equivalency tables). The base offense level was 32 for a marijuana equivalent of at least 1,000 kilograms but less than 3,000 kilograms. See id. 2D1.1(c)(4).
Verdell argues that “there was insufficient evidence to support the drug amounts that were attributed to [him].” Aplt. (Verdell 14-3106) Br. at 23. He asserts that Moore’s testimony “was shown to be completely untrustworthy,” id. at 24, and that because “[n]either Anthony Smith nor Ralph Mayo testified,” their statements in the presentence report should not have been used to calculate the drug amounts, id. at 23–24. We are not persuaded.
“In sentencing, a district court may rely on hearsay evidence as long as the
evidence is sufficiently reliable.”
United States v. Caiba-Antele
,
B. DAMIAN MAYS
In sentencing Damian, the district court imposed enhancements for possession of a firearm, see id. § 2D1.1(b)(1); reckless endangerment during flight, see id. § 3C1.2; and *11 obstruction of justice, see id. § 3C1.1. Damian challenges all three enhancements. Aplt. (Damian 14-3117) Br. at 6.
1. Possession Of A Firearm The district court concluded that there were “three different avenues” for imposing the firearm-possession enhancement. R. (Damian 14-3117), Vol. 2 at 84. One avenue the court relied on was “the testimony of Mr. Sykes who noted Mr. Damian Mays’ possession of a firearm at various drug transactions.” Id. at 84. Because we can affirm on the basis of this testimony, we do not address the other avenues.
Sykes testified at the sentencing hearing that Damian came to his uncle’s house at 2269 Russell at least 10 times to purchase cocaine from them and that he sometimes brought pistols with him. Sykes said that Damian carried firearms because “[h]e had quite a few enemies” and that “his family had been . . . in battle . . . with another [well- known drug-trafficking] family.” Id. at 20. Damian apparently concedes that he possessed a weapon during these transactions but argues that “[his] possession of a weapon was not done in furtherance of a drug conspiracy.” Aplt. (Damian 14-3117) Br. at 7. He contends that “the familial relationship between [him] and his uncle [Verdell] renders it unlikely that the weapons were part and parcel of drug activities,” id. at 7–8, and that “[t]he mere fact that guns were present when drug transactions occurred does not necessarily prove that the guns were possessed in connection with the drug conspiracy,” id. at 8.
But the guidelines do not require the gun possession to be “in furtherance of the
conspiracy.” The government must prove only that the gun “was present or possessed
either during the charged offense or during other drug trafficking activity that was part of
the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction.”
Shippley
,
2. Reckless Endangerment A sentencing court may impose a two-level enhancement “[i]f the defendant recklessly created a substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury to another person in the course of fleeing from a law enforcement officer.” USSG § 3C1.2. The district court imposed the enhancement after finding that Damian fled from police officers at a high rate of speed on two separate occasions in the weeks before his arrest. Damian does not appear to dispute that the incidents amounted to reckless endangerment but argues that “[t]he government failed to identify [him] as the driver.” Aplt. (Damian 14-3117) Br. at 6. We disagree.
Officers began their attempts to find and arrest Damian in December 2012. On December 4 they contacted several of his family members, and “a male at an address that Damian Mays was known to frequent” told officers that Damian was aware of the arrest warrant and officers would never find him. R. (Damian 14-3117), Vol. 2 at 58–59.
Officer William VonWolf testified about the first fleeing episode at the sentencing hearing. In late January 2013, police officers attempted to stop a black Chevy Impala to check the car for a suspected fugitive. When they activated their emergency lights and sirens, the car drove away at a speed estimated by VonWolf to be twice the 25- to 35- mile-per-hour speed limit. The area it drove through was a residential area with single- family houses, and the episode was in the afternoon after school had let out. Because of the danger to the public, the officers did not pursue the car. But VonWolf testified that before officers tried to stop the Impala, he observed in the driver’s seat a black male whom he could not identify. He recognized the same car, however, when Damian was arrested the following week; and he identified the car as the one shown in photos of Damian’s car because both cars had a Kansas temporary tag with a cover over it and the same tinting on the windows.
The second occasion was on February 4, 2013. Sergeant Mark Mosbacher testified that he tried to stop a black Chevy Impala that fled at an estimated 90 miles per hour in a 35-mile-per-hour zone. Mosbacher identified photos of Damian’s car as showing the same car; he pointed to the Kansas temporary tag with a thick plastic cover and the unusual tinting on the windows.
The police apprehended Damian on February 7, 2013, at a motel in Kansas City, Missouri. A black Chevy Impala was parked there. In it, officers found a bag of marijuana with Damian’s fingerprints. A woman in the room with him at the time of his arrest admitted to officers that Damian had given her the Impala’s keys and told her not *14 to give them to the police. After the arrest Detective Daneff questioned Damian. When he asked Damian about the two prior pursuits, Damian indicated that Daneff “may have been making . . . some of it up.” Id. at 57. But when Daneff provided details about the pursuits and asked Damian “if [he] was making that up,” he responded, “I know you’re not making it up.” Id. at 57–58.
In light of the evidence presented, we cannot conclude that the district court
clearly erred in finding that Damian was the driver who fled the police.
See Shippley
,
3. Obstruction Of Justice The district court imposed a two-level enhancement for obstruction of justice under USSG § 3C1.1 because Damian refused to provide a voice exemplar following a court order. Damian refused to provide an exemplar on two occasions, initially requesting the presence of counsel but later refusing to provide the exemplar when counsel was present. Even after a hearing on the Government’s motion to hold him in contempt, he refused to provide the exemplar, and the court held him in contempt.
Damian argues that the district court erred in imposing the enhancement because
he eventually pleaded guilty and therefore “his decision not to provide a voice exemplar
had no bearing on the prosecution.” Aplt. (Damian 14-3117) Br. at 6. But the
enhancement clearly applies to attempts. The guidelines require that “the defendant
*15
willfully obstructed or impeded, or
attempted to obstruct or impede
, the administration of
justice with respect to the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant offense
of conviction.” USSG. § 3C1.1 (2013) (emphasis added). Other circuits agree that the
obstruction of justice need not be successful.
See United States v. Maccado
, 225 F.3d
766, 772 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (“the conclusion that a plea could erase an actual obstruction of
justice would be inconsistent with § 3C1.1’s inclusion of attempts”);
United States v.
Greer
,
Damian also argues that if he had gone to trial, “the government would have been
entitled to introduce his refusal to provide the exemplar into evidence,” which “would
have made the government’s point, and likely more forcefully.” Aplt. (Damian 14-3117)
Br. at 11. But even if “the government eventually managed to find a way around” his
obstruction, the enhancement would apply.
United States v. Taylor
,
II. CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM the sentences of both defendants.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT Harris L Hartz
Circuit Judge
Notes
[*] This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
[1] After examining the briefs and appellate record in Appeal No. 14-3106 (the appeal of Verdell Mays), this panel has determined unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). That case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
[2] All citations to the guidelines are to those in effect when the defendants were sentenced in July 2014.