Mambu Fulgham entered a conditional plea of guilty to conspiring to distribute and possess with the intent to distribute more than fifty grams of cocaine base. See 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(l)(A)(iii), and 846. Prior to his plea, Fulgham moved to suppress evidence obtained in a search conducted pursuant to a search warrant. Themagis-trate judge to whom the motion had been referred recommended that the motion be denied. The District Court 2 adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation. Fulg-ham appeals, claiming that the search warrant was not supported by probable cause. We affirm.
I.
On January 2, 1996, police officer Richard Knief prepared and submitted an affidavit in support of a search warrant for the residence located at 200 Courtland Street in Waterloo, Iowa. In his affidavit, Knief indicated several bases to establish probable cause. Knief first stated that Courtland Street was one of three streets in an area where numerous drug arrests had been made within the past two years. He noted that concerned citizens had been calling on a daily basis reporting drugs sales in the Courtland Street area.
Knief also stated that in mid-December of 1995, he received information from a confidential informant that Tony, a black male originally from Chicago, was staying at 200 Courtland Street and, along with several other black males, was selling crack cocaine from the residence. In the affidavit, Knief said that he had spoken with this same informant on January 2,1996, the same day Knief submitted the affidavit, and that the informant claimed to have been present at 200 Courtland Street within the past forty-eight hours and to have seen Tony selling crack cocaine from the residence. In an attachment to the affidavit, Knief indicated that he had known this confidential informant for one year, and that the informant was a mature individual, was a person of truthful reputation, had no motivation to falsify information, had not given false information in the past, had supplied information in the past more than ten times, andhad helped supply information leading to two search warrants, five arrests, and the discovery and seizure of stolen property and drugs or other contraband.
Knief further stated that the information given by the informant had been corroborated. According to the affidavit, Knief had corroborated the information in two ways. First, Knief reviewed the records of the Waterloo Police Department and indicated in the affidavit that in August of 1995, the department received a complaint of an assault at 200 Courtland Street. The suspect implicated in the assault was Jerome Antonio Kirk, a black male from Chicago, and Kirk listed his address as 200 Courtland Street. Second, Knief stated that he spoke with a second confidential informant on January 1, 1996, and that the informant claimed to have been present at 200 Courtland Street numerous times over the past month, including within the twenty-four hours immediately preceding his conversation with Knief, and claimed to have witnessed a black man named Tony selling crack cocaine from the residence.
II.
We must determine whether, under the “totality-of-the-circumstances analysis” set forth in
Illinois v. Gates,
When an affidavit contains information provided by a confidential informant, a key issue is whether that information is reliable.
See United States v. Brown,
Fulgham
3
argues that the information given by the first informant was not corroborated and therefore could not provide the basis upon which probable cause could be. established. We conclude, however, that the information given by the first informant was corroborated with specific, consistent details provided by the second informant. In fact, the two informants’ tips were reciprocally corroborative, rendering their information enough to support a finding of. probable cause.
See United States v. Jackson,
Even if probable cause were lácking, we find that the good faith exception to the warrant requirement would apply.
See United States v. Leon,
Fulgham argues that' Kniefs statements were made in reckless disregard for the truth because Knief relied on the August 1995 police report for corroboration. In his brief, however, Fulgham claims that the police report was more than two-and-a-half years old when, in fact, at the time of the warrant application the police report was just five months old. 5 We hold that Kniefs use of the police report to corroborate the informants’ tips was not in reckless disregard for the truth.
*402 Fulgham finally argues that the affidavit contained so few indicia of probable cause as to render Kniefs reliance on the warrant unreasonable. We find this argument to be without merit. Kniefs reliance on the warrant was not unreasonable.
III.
Under the totality-of-the-circumstances analysis, we hold that the magistrate who issued the search warrant had a substantial basis upon which to determine probable cause existed. Further, we hold that the Leon good-faith exception would apply in any event. We therefore affirm the District Court’s order denying Fulgham’s motion to suppress.
Notes
. The Honorable Michael J. Melloy, Chief Judge, United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa.
. Fulgham is also known as Tony and, like Jerome Antonio Kirk, is a black man originally from Chicago.
. Even though Jerome Antonio Kirk wás apparently not residing at the house at the time of the search, we examine only those facts known at the time of the warrant application.
See United States v. Williams,
.. In oral argument, Fulgham's counsel conceded this error.