228 F. 980 | W.D. Wash. | 1915
Is the requirement a violation of the Fifth Amendment, which provides that a party “shall not be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself” (herself) ? The immunity granted by section 6 of the act is not as broad as the constitutional provision. Counselinan v. Hitchcock, 142 U. S. 547, 12 Sup. Ct. 195, 35 L. Ed. 1110. In this case Justice Blatchford said that it was not possible that the meaning of this constitutional provision was limited to a case against the party himself. It seems that the Counsclman Case applies directly 'to the issue here. Courts must jealously guard the rights guaranteed to accused persons, and save to them the constitutional protection. The Supreme Court, in Boyd v. U. S., 116 U. S. 616, 6 Sup. Ct. 524, 29 L. Ed. 746, held the provisions of Revenue Act of June 22, 1874, c. 391, 18 Stat. 186, repugnant to the Fourth Amendment, which required a defendant to produce, on motion of the district attorney, his private books and papers in suits for penalties or forfeitures. In Weeks v. U. S., 232 U. S. 383, 34 Sup. Ct. 341, 58 L. Ed. 652, L. R. A. 1915B, 834, Ann. Cas. 1915C, 1177, the court held the protection of the Eourth Amendment to reach all alike, whether accused of crime or not, and that .convictions by means of unlawful seizure or enforced confessions in violation of federal rights are not to be sanctioned by the courts, which are charged with guarding the constitutional rights, and directed the return of letters seized in violation of the protection given by the Fourth Amendment; application having been made for such return before trial. The same reason applies to the protection given by the Fifth Amendment, and to penalize the failure to give a statement which is self-incriminatory is beyond the power of the Congress.
The contention of the government that Brown v. Walker, 161 U, S. 591, 16 Sup. Ct. 644, 40 L. Ed. 819, is controlling, is not accepted. In the Brown Case the immunity granted by the act was held as broad as the Fifth Amendment by the majority of the Supreme Court, and this immunity amendment was passed by Congress after the decision in tlie Counsclman Case, presumably for the purpose of meeting the objection urged in that case. The minority of the court by a dissenting opinion held the immunity provision not broad enough to meet the provisions of the Fifth Amendment. The immunity granted by this act is expressly limited to prosecutions “under the laws of the
The Supreme Court of Missouri, in State of Missouri v. Simmons Hardware Co., 109 Mo. 118, 18 S. W. 1125, 15 L. R. A. 676, considered a similar constitutional provision with relation to the act of the Legislature of 1889 “for the. punishment of pools, trusts and conspiracies,” which required an officer of every corporation to inform under oath the Secretary of State, under penalty of fine and imprisonment, concerning its business with relation to said act, which it held to be in conflict with the constitutional provision, that “no person shall be compelled to testify against himself in a criminal case.”
In People v. Rosenheimer, 70 Misc. Rep. 433, 128 N. Y. Supp. 1093, the court held unconstitutional a statute making it a felony for the owner of any motor vehicle, with knowledge that an injury had been occasioned by the operator’s negligence or accident, to fail to stop and give his name and address and number of license to the injured person, or a police officer, etc., and at page 436 of 70 Misc. Rep., at page 1096 of 128 N. Y. Supp., the court said:
“A similar provision applicable to proceedings in tbe federal courts is found ■ in tbe Bflftb Amendment to tbe Constitution of tbe United States.”
The state decisions are not controlling, in federal courts, and are simply referred to for the purpose of showing the trend of thought of recognized legal minds upon a like issue as here presented. The manifest purpose of the constitutional provisions of the United States and the states is to place the stamp of silence upon parties or witnesses as to self-incriminating statements, and to keep inviolate the maxim “Nemo tenetur seipsum accusare.” This section, I think is violative of the express provisions of the Fifth Amendment. Answering the suggestion of the district attorney that the privilege is personal and cannot be made by another, it is sufficient to say that the record discloses that the right is asserted by the defendant personally in her own behalf.
The Interstate Commerce Act of February 4, 1887, c. 104, § 6, 24 Stat 380 (Comp., St. 1913, § 8569), requires the filing- of schedules of interstate rates with the Interstate Commerce Commission. The El-kins Act of February 19, 1903, c. 708, § 1, 32 Stat. 847 (Comp. St. 1913, § 8597), made the willful failure to “file” a misdemeanor, punishable in any federal court having jurisdiction wilhin the district in which the offense was committed. Section 19 of the act (24 Stat. 386 [Comp. St. 1913, § 8590]) provides that the principal office of the Commission shall be in the city of Washington, D. C. The defendant was prosecuted in the Western district of New York, and the court, in New York Central & Hudson River Ry. Co. v. U. S., 166 Fed. 267, 92 C. C. A. 331, held that:
“Tlie offense of failing to file tile schedule with the Commission having been commit ted in Washington, in the District of Columbia, the * * * court of the Western district of ¡New York had no jurisdiction.”
This decision was accepted by the Department of Justice. It would seem as though this case was upon all fours with the case at bar; this being a stronger case, in view of the fact that under the provisions of the Interstate Commerce Act the Commission could hold sessions in places other than the place of its principal office.
The offense, if one was committed, was within the District of Columbia, and the defendant has the right, under the Sixth Amendment, to a public trial within that district.
The demurrer is sustained.