476 F.3d 294 | 5th Cir. | 2007
Lead Opinion
The Government challenges Michael Jason Krumnow’s receiving a concurrent, rather than the statutorily-required consecutive, sentence for possession of a firearm during the commission of a drug-trafficking offense. CONVICTION AFFIRMED; SENTENCE VACATED; REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING.
I.
Krumnow was charged with: possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine within 1,000 feet of a public school, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C), and 860(a) (drug-possession count); and possession of a firearm during the commission of a drug-trafficking offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(l)(A)(i) (firearm-possession count). He pleaded guilty to both counts.
The drug-possession conviction was subject to a one-year minimum sentence, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(C) and 860(a). The firearm-possession conviction was subject to a 60-month minimum sentence, to be served consecutive with the drug-possession sentence. 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c)(1)(A) (“any person who, during and in relation to any ... drug trafficking crime ..., possesses a firearm, shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such ... drug trafficking crime — (i) be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 5 years”), (c)(l)(D)(ii) (“no term of imprisonment imposed on a person under this subsection shall run concurrently with any other term of imprisonment imposed on the person, including any term of imprisonment imposed for the ... drug trafficking crime during which the firearm was ... possessed”). Accordingly, the Presentence Investigation Report (PSR) stated the firearm-possession sentence “shall be consecutive” to the drug-possession sentence.
Although Krumnow filed objections to the PSR, he did not object to his firearm-possession sentence’s being consecutive. Krumnow also filed a sentencing memorandum, which contained letters from family, friends, and acquaintances, for mitigation-of-punishment purposes.
At sentencing, Krumnow’s “only objection”, which was unopposed, was to his
For the firearm-possession conviction, after presenting mitigation-of-punishment testimony from Krumnow and his parents, Krumnow’s counsel stated: “[I]f [the court] sentenced] within the [Guidelines and sentence^] ... Krumnow consecutively ... the punishment in this case really outstrips what [he] needs”. (Emphasis added.) In response, the Government requested that Krumnow be sentenced within “the [Guideline range”; and, later, that the court “sentence within the [Guideline range as to [the drug-possession conviction] and the 60 months as to [the firearm-possession conviction]”.
For the firearm-possession conviction, the district court stated “the mandatory sentence is 60 months”; it then stated it would “depart downward, however” for that sentence, “and impose a period of 60 months ... but to be served concurrently, not consecutively”. Although the court gave no reasons for its doing so at sentencing, its subsequent Statement of Reasons, which recognized the firearm-possession sentence was “concurrent instead of consecutive as is mandated by statute ” (emphasis added), stated: “the sentence imposed is below a mandatory minimum term because the Court has determined that the mandatory minimum does not apply based on findings of fact in this case”; and “[tjhe sentence imposed is below the advisory guideline range [because of] the nature and the circumstances of the offense and the history and the characteristics of the defendant pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1)”. (Emphasis in original.)
At sentencing, the district judge stated he was “aware that this is a sentence that the government could easily appeal if it wishes. If it does, I will not be insulted. The government has the right to do that”. The court also informed Krumnow of his right to appeal the sentence, “[i]f [he were] foolish enough to do that”. Subsequently at sentencing, the Government did not object to the sentences’ not being consecutive.
II.
In general, pursuant to United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005) (Guidelines only advisory), we review sentences for reasonableness. E.g., United States v. Smith, 440 F.3d 704, 706 (5th Cir.2006). “Both a district court’s post-Booker sentencing discretion and the reasonableness inquiry on appeal must be guided by the sentencing considerations set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” Id. Concerning the firearm-possession sentence’s not being consecutive, however, our analysis does not turn on whether that sentence was: a “Guideline sentence”; a “Guideline sentence” including a Guidelines-allowed upward or downward departure; or a “non-Guideline sentence”. Id. at 707 (discussing the three different types of post-Booker sentences). Instead, as discussed below, our holding for that issue is mandated by 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).
A.
First, Krumnow contends the Government’s failure to object in district court to the sentences’ not being consecutive dictates plain-error review. Although the Government should have objected, Krum-now’s contention is unavailing.
“Generally, if a party fails to timely raise an issue in district court, we will
B.
For the firearm-possession sentence, “a district court may impose a sentence of imprisonment below a statutory minimum ... only if: (1) the Government [so moves] pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e)[,] asserting the defendant’s substantial assistance to the Government; or (2) the defendant meets the ‘safety valve’ criteria set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)”. United States v. Phillips, 382 F.3d 489, 499 (5th Cir.2004) (emphasis added). Otherwise, post-Booker sentencing courts lack discretion to depart below relevant statutory mínimums. E.g., United States v. Robinson, 404 F.3d 850, 862 (4th Cir.) (“Booker did nothing to alter the rule that judges cannot depart below a statutorily provided minimum sentence.”), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 126 S.Ct. 288, 163 L.Ed.2d 253 (2005). This is consistent with the holdings in unpublished opinions by our court. See United States v. Johnson, 156 Fed.Appx. 640, 642 (5th Cir.2005) (unpublished) (“Nothing in Booker allows a district court to impose a sentence below the statutory minimum.”), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 126 S.Ct. 1643, 164 L.Ed.2d 352 (2006); United States v. Sepulveda-Rodriguez, 157 Fed.Appx. 765, 766 (5th Cir.2005) (unpublished) (rejecting, under plain-error review, the contention that Booker rendered statutory-minimum sentences discretionary because “Booker is silent as to those issues” and no supporting authority was cited); United States v. Guajardo-Guzman, 149 Fed.Appx. 274, 275 (5th Cir.2005) (holding, under plain-error review, defendant could not show post-Booker sentence would significantly differ from pre-Booker sentence on remand, because “he was sentenced to the mandatory minimum sentence dictated by statute”).
Further, this proposition has been at least indirectly recognized in a recent published opinion by our court. See United States v. Farias, 469 F.3d 393 (5th Cir.2006). Noting the defendant did not contend otherwise, our court stated: “a judge[’s] ... discretion under Booker to sentence below a mandatory minimum [is] a proposition this and other courts have rejected”, id. at 401 (footnote omitted); and, “whatever result the Guidelines yield, the sentence cannot be less than the mandatory minimum”, id. (emphasis added).
As quoted supra, the statutory-minimum sentence for Krumnow’s firearm-possession conviction was a 60-month consecutive sentence. 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c)(1)(A)®, (c)(l)(D)(ii); see also United States v. Correa-Ventura, 6 F.3d 1070, 1084-85 (5th Cir.1993) (“[section 924(c)’s] mandatory sentence run[s] consecutively rather than concurrently with that of the predicate crime”). The Government did not make a § 3553(e) “substantial-assistance” motion. Further, § 3553(f)’s “safety valve” is not applicable to the drug-possession offense here, 21 U.S.C. § 860, as the exception is explicitly limited to the following offenses: 21 U.S.C. §§ 841, 844, 846, 960, and 963. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f); see also Phillips, 382 F.3d at 499 (holding § 860 offenses ineligible for § 3553(f) “safety valve” treatment).
Our court’s recent decision in United States v. James, 468 F.3d 245 (5th Cir.2006), “h[e]ld that ... § 3553(e) applies to the mandatory minimum sentences of ... § 924(c)(1), and that a Government motion made pursuant to section 3553(e), requesting that the district court depart from [§ 924(c)(l)’s] statutory mínimums ..., gives the ... court ... authority to depart from th[ose] ... mínimums”. Id. at 248. Our above holding is entirely consistent with this holding in James.
In reaching its holding, James discussed the general rule that, upon the Government’s filing a § 3553(e) “substantial-assistance” motion, a district court has discretion to depart below § 924(c)(l)’s mandatory minimum sentence; but, it then stated: “There is ... no statutory provision or jurisprudential holding that would prohibit a court from departing below the section 924(c)(1) minimum if the court felt that such sentence was appropriate”. Id. at 247-48. This statement, which is arguably inconsistent with our holding and the above-quoted statements in Farias, is simply either subsumed in the analysis for why the § 924(c) sentence may be reduced if the Government requests it or is dictum. Restated, this statement in James is not its holding.
Farias does not cite James, rendered only approximately two weeks earlier. Of course, if the statement in James is dictum, our well-established rule that one panel cannot overrule a prior panel decision absent an intervening change in law is not implicated.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, Krumnow’s conviction is AFFIRMED; his sentence is VACATED and this matter is REMANDED for resentencing.
CONVICTION AFFIRMED; SENTENCE VACATED; REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING.
Concurrence Opinion
specially concurring:
I concur fully in all of the holdings of Judge Barksdale’s opinion, however I write separately to comment on what I believe the district judge was trying to achieve at sentencing, and to suggest an alternative approach for re-sentencing.
From my reading of the record and the comments made at sentencing, I am persuaded that the district judge felt that a combined sentence of ten years was not appropriate for this defendant, which is why he ordered the two five-year sentences to run concurrent. If I am correct in this assumption, the district court may be able to achieve a similar result by issuing a non-Guideline sentence for the drug-possession charge either at or above the statutory minimum of one year (but below the low-end of the Guideline range), and then run the mandatory five-year sentence for the gun-possession conviction consecutively. Of course at re-sentencing a full and proper explanation must be given for any non-Guideline sentence to justify its reasonableness. The combined sentence that Krumnow could then receive under the applicable statutes could be as little as six years, which would be closer to what I believe the district judge felt was an appropriate sentence for this defendant.
The comments that I make in this special concurrence are solely my own opinions and
