Defendants Earl W. Krenning, Richard P. Rushton, and Steven L. Schmittzehe appeal their convictions for multiple counts of mail fraud and for conspiracy to commit mail fraud. The Government appeals the sentences imposed by the district court. We affirm the Defendants’ convictions, vacate their sentences, and remand for resentenc-ing.
I
In late 1987, Krenning and a group of investors formed a new Louisiana insurance company called Sovereign Fire and Casualty Insurance Company (“Sovereign Insurance”). The investors also set up a holding company, Sovereign Holding, Inc., which owned 100% of the stock in Sovereign Insurance. The Commissioner of Insurance at that time required a new domestic casualty insurance company to have an initial reserve surplus of $1,500,000. In return for a contribution of certain assets from a prior company and $150,000 cash, Krenning received a twenty-five percent interest in the holding company, equal in value to $500,000. Krenning also allowed one of the investors, Robert Dutseh-ke, to contribute, in lieu of cash, a building whose stated value, $685,000, was greatly exaggerated. 1 Finally, in order to obtain the certificate of authority to operate an insurance company from the Commissioner of Insurance, who retained discretion to deny an application even after the $1,500,000 minimum had been met, Krenning delivered to the Commissioner’s home in New Orleans an envelope containing $10,000 in cash. 2 The *1261 Commissioner of Insurance signed the certificate of authority four days later.
Sovereign Insurance began operating in early 1988, with Krenning as president and chief executive officer. Rushton was a senior financial officer and headed up the claims department. The company sold primarily “10/20/10” automobile insurance, which was the minimum liability insurancе required under Louisiana law. From the beginning, there was considerable internal dissention between Krenning and his fellow investors regarding the running of the company. Sovereign Insurance’s performance suffered, and the company’s inability to maintain adequate reserves meant that it would soon not be permitted to sell further insurance policies. By the end of 1988, the shareholders in Sovereign Holding had reached a consensus that Krenning should be forced to resign. Instead, Krenning and two other shareholders, including Rushton, offered to purchase the entirety of the dissatisfied shareholders’ stock and debentures for roughly $1,500,000. After an initial attempt to purchase the stock using stolen bank drafts, Krenning eventually successfully executed the transaction using approximately $900,000 of Sovereign Insurance’s own funds.
Having depleted the company’s reserve fund, Krenning and Rushton immediately began to experiencе difficulties in making timely claims payments. At this time, Sovereign Insurance had close to a $1 million reserve deficiency which needed to be addressed before the annual statement was prepared as of the year’s end. Without an adequate reserve surplus, the Commissioner of Insurance would soon take control of the company and shut it down. Accordingly, Krenning and Rushton carried out the first of several schemes designed to place worthless or overvalued assets on the books of Sovereign Insurance in order to conceal the deficiency from the Department of Insurance, and thereby continue to operate as an insurance company.
In what became known as the “Falcon Pipeline Deal,” a promissory note was executed indicating that Sovereign Insurance loaned Falcon Pipeline Company, Inc. (“Falcon”) $500,000, although no loan was actually made. The loan was collateralized by a mortgage on a pipeline owned by Falcon and valued by Krenning and Rushton on Sovereign Insurance’s quarterly and annual financial statement at over $750,000. The pipeline had not been in use since 1984, and the estimated salvage value of the pipeline and attached easements, leases, compressors and dehydration facility was put at $18,000. At the same time, Falcon purchased a two-year 9% debenture note from Sovereign Holdings on basically the same terms and conditions as the promissory note between Falcon and Sovereign Insurance.
A side agreement was created between Sovereign Insurance and Falcon which indicates the true nature of the transaction between the parties. Falcon paid Sovereign Holdings nothing for the debenture note. Instead, Sovereign Hоlding made two monthly payments to Falcon. The first, an interest payment, was immediately retransmitted from Falcon to Sovereign Insurance under the first loan agreement. 3 The second, a $5,000 monthly management fee, was retained by Falcon as its payment for the insurance company’s use of the pipeline asset. In essence, Sovereign Insurance “rented” the asset from Falcon. The debt appeared only on Sovereign Holding’s balance sheet, while Sovereign Insurance was able to show an asset, falsely valued at $500,000. The side agreement also provided that the pipeline mortgaged to Sovereign Insurance under the first loan agreement was not at risk if the insurance company should become impaired or insolvent. Finally, the entire series of transactions were then backdated to December of 1988, in order to allow Sovereign Insurance to сlaim the asset on its 1988 annual statement to the Commissioner of Insurance. 4
*1262 Before Sovereign Insurance was finally liquidated in May of 1991, several similar deals were executed placing overvalued or nonexistent assets on the books of Sovereign Insurance. All of these subsequent deals took place after Schmittzehe joined Sovereign Insurance in April of 1989 as comptroller and, later, as treasurer. The “Marble Falls Deal” involved the “renting” of a $450,000 mortgage secured by a convention center in Arkansas, the appraisal value of which, $1.9 million, was based on conditions which were never fulfilled. Here too a side agreement was executed explaining the true nature of the transaction, and assurances were given that the property was not at risk in the event of foreclosure on the underlying note. As the situation grew more dire, the Defendants resorted to listing four mortgage-backed debenture notes totalling $1.28 million (the “Torrey Deal”). Although the Torrey Deal was in fact never completed, the Defendants specifically stated on the 1990 annual statement that it had been “consummated.” The Defendants also listed four short-term promissory notes supposedly collateralized by Bay Ageney/Sunbelt property, totalling $720,000. These notes, which had no real economic substance, were backdated for purposes of listing them on the 1990 annual statement, and were then later canceled by Schmittzehe. In this manner Sovereign Insurance continued to operate, selling insurance policies until the company finally collapsed in May of 1991. Several thousand unpaid claims totalling an estimated $9 million remained unpaid following the liquidation of Sovereign Insurance.
A grand jury issued a fifteen count indictment charging Krenning, Rushton, Schmitt-zehe, Robert V. Bishop, Sr., and George C. Cavin, Jr., with mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (counts one through thirteen); and with conspiracy to commit mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 (count fifteen). 5 A jury returned a verdict of guilty as to Krenning, Rushton, and Schmittzehe on all counts. Bishop and Cavin were acquitted on all counts. Krenning received a sentence of seventy-one months, and was ordered to pay $100,000 in restitution. Schmittzehe received a sentence of thirty-seven months, and was ordered to pay $50,000 in restitution. Rushton received a sentence of forty-six months, and was ordered to pay $10,000 in restitution. All defendants filed timely notices of appeal. The Government also filed a timely notice of appeal, alleging errors in sentencing.
II
All three Defendants challenge their convictions on sufficiency of the evidence grounds. Accordingly, we must determine “whether, after viewing the evidence and all inferences that may reasonably be drawn from it in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any reasonably minded jury could have found that the defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”
United States v. Leahy,
A
Krenning contends that there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions for mail fraud and conspiracy to commit mail fraud. A conviction for conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. § 371 requires the Government to prove beyond a reasonable doubt (1) an agreement between two or more persons, (2) to commit a crime against the United States, and (3) an overt aсt in furtherance of the agreement committed by one of the conspirators.
United States v. Mackay,
Krenning concedes that there was sufficient evidence presented at trial from which a reasonable jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt that he participated in a scheme to defraud and that he had the specific intent to commit fraud. Krenning argues, however, that there was no evidence that the mailings were made for the purpose of executing the scheme to defraud because the jury never had the opportunity to actually read the mailings which formed the basis for the mail fraud cоnviction. We find no merit to this argument.
All the parties stipulated at trial that the mailings described in counts one through thirteen of the indictment did occur on or about the dates indicated therein. 6 The indictment stated that the Defendants caused to be mailed “insurance policies, applications, finance agreements, claims, premium payments, premium deposits, and insurance related materials” to the thirteen individuals listed in counts one through thirteen. 7 These documents were essential to Sovereign Insurance’s task of selling insurance. By “renting” overvalued assets and reporting them on the annual statements to the Commissioner of Insurance, the Defendants were able to disguise the insolvent nature of their insurance company. Without these mailings to the insureds, however, the Defendants would equally not have been able to continue selling worthless insurance policies, the financial object of their scheme. 8 Accordingly, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude that the mailings in counts one through thirteen were in furtherance of the Defendants’ scheme to defraud.
Alternatively, Krenning argues that these mailings fall within the “innocent mailings” or “statutory duty” exception to the mail fraud statute first recognized by the Supreme Court in
Parr v. United States,
This Court has previously noted, however, that in
Parr
the tax mailings would have occurred irrespective of the defendants’ scheme to embezzle the school district’s money.
United States v. Bright,
Even assuming there existed a statute requiring Sovereign Insurance to mail the policies and related doсuments to the insureds, we conclude that none of the mailings would have occurred but for the Defendants’ scheme to fraudulently disguise the insurance company’s reserve deficiency. Absent this scheme, Sovereign Insurance would have been shut down by the Commissioner as early as the beginning of 1989. The continuing need to mail policies out to new customers was therefore entirely derivative of the Defendants’ decision to fraudulently operate an insolvent insurance company. Accordingly, we find that the “innocent mailings” exception to the mail fraud statute does not apply to the Defendants’ conduct. Having reviewed the record, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could have found Krenning guilty of mail fraud and conspiracy to commit mail fraud.
B
Rushton argues that there was insufficient evidence to establish that he had the requisite intent under both the conspiracy and substantive mail fraud counts. A conviction for conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. § 371 requires that the Government prove beyond a reasonable doubt that “the defendant knew about the conspiracy and that he voluntarily became part of it.”
United, States v. Mackay,
Evidence presented at trial established that Rushton participated in the formation of Sovereign Insurance and was involved in the buy out of the dissatisfied investors which led to the insurance company’s insolvency. Rushton warned the investors that Krenning was trying to use the company’s own money to buy them out, and yet he later joined Krenning in the buy out and signed documents detailing the true nature of the transaction. As corporate secretary for both Sovereign Holdings and Sovereign Insurance, Rush-ton signed the debenture note given to Falcon, as well as several checks making payment of the debt service and management fees. Rushton also signed the 1988 annual statement listing the falsely inflated Falcon Pipeline mortgage.
The evidence also established that in April of 1989, Rushton requested a real estate appraisal for the Dutschke building, which has been listed on the 1988 annual statement as having a gross value of $685,000 and a net equity value of $250,000. The appraisal, sent to Rushton the following month, valued the Dutschke building at $305,000, which meant that it had no net equity value. Nonetheless, Rushton continued to sign quarterly statements and the 1989 annual statement declaring the Dutschke building to have a net equity value of $250,000.
Finally, Rushton was an active participant in the Torrey Deal; his sale of stock and his signature on the documents were required to complete the deal. Even though the documents were never signed, and the deal was never completed, Rushton signed the 1990 annual statement to the Commissioner of Insurance attesting that the Torrey Deal had been completed and listing related mortgages totalling $1.28 million. In May of 1991, Rushton signed an amended 1990 annual statement removing the Torrey mortgages.
*1265 Based on this evidence, we find that Rush-ton’s involvement in the fraud conspiracy is neither so slight nor so tenuous as to make unreasonable an inference of knowing complicity. Accordingly, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Rushton knew about the conspiracy and voluntarily became a part of it. We also conclude that there was sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that Rushton had a conscious knowing intent to defraud.
C
Schmittzehe contends that there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions for mail fraud and conspiracy to commit mail fraud. Once the Government has produced evidence of an illegal conspiracy, “it need only introduce ‘slight evidence’ to connect an individual defendant to the common scheme.”
United States v. Leahy,
Schmittzehe, who was a CPA, joined Sovereign Insurance in April of 1989 as its comptroller; by the filing of the September 1989 quarterly statement, he was acting as treasurer, a position he maintained until the insurance company was liquidated. In the middle of May that year, Schmittzehe signed, as assistant treasurer, the March 31, 1989 quarterly statement declaring the Falcon Pipeline-to be valued at $750,000. He also signed as treasurer the 1989 and 1990 annual statements listing the Falcon Pipeline mortgage as a valid asset.
Schmittzehe was the sole representative of Sovereign Holdings and Sovereign Insurance present at the closing of the Marble Falls Deal in July of 1989. During the closing, Schmittzehe affirmed to John Nielsen, whose company owned the Marble Falls mortgaged property, that the debenture would offset the note and mortgage held by Sovereign Insurance if Sovereign Holdings stopped paying, and that therefore the property was not at risk of foreclosure. 9 The Government also submitted a letter and some handwritten notes written by Schmittzehe which established that he was intimately familiar with the structure and purpose of these “renting” transactions. 10 In reviewing the proposed documents for the Torrey Deal, Schmittzehe noted several problems, including the fact that Sovereign Insurance’s legal counsel was uncomfortable giving any legal opinion regarding the transaction since he had knowledge of potential backdating of documents and felt such conduct could be an ethics violation. Schmittzehe’s suggested “Remedy” was: “Get rid of all these requirements, get an unethical lawyer, or get a lawyer who doesn’t know the entire transaction.” 11 Fi *1266 nally, Schmittzehe also signed the 1990 annual return listing the Torrey Deal mortgages as “consummated” even though the deal was never completed.
Viewing the record in the light most favorable to the jury verdict, we find that there is ample evidence from which a reasonable jury could infer that Schmittzehe knew about the conspiracy and voluntarily decided to join. 12 Accordingly, we hold that there was sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that Schmittzehe was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of mail fraud and conspiracy to commit mail fraud.
Ill
Rushton and Schmittzehe both contend that the district court erred in not granting their motion for severance, pursuant to Fed.R.CRIM.P. 14. When defendants have been properly joined under Fed. R.CRiM.P. 8(b), “a district court should grant a severance under Rule 14 only if there is a serious risk that a joint trial would compromise a specific trial right of one of the defendants, or prevent the jury from making a reliable judgment about guilt or innocence.”
Zafiro v. United States,
Rule 8(b) provides that “[t]wo or morе defendants may be charged in the same indictment or information if they are alleged to have participated in the same act or transaction or in the same series of acts or transactions constituting an offense or offenses.” Fed.R.CRIM.P. 8(b). Furthermore, “Such defendants may be charged in one or more counts together or separately and all of the defendants need not be charged in each count.”
Id.
The interests of efficiency and justice have led to a preference in the federal system for joint trials of defendants who are indicted together.
Zafiro,
Schmittzehe argues that because he joined Sovereign Insurance well after the $10,000 bribe and the stock buy out of the dissatisfied investors had taken place, neither of these events had any probative bearing on any crimes alleged against him personally. Schmittzehe also contends that the indictmеnt alleged, and the proof submitted at trial established, multiple conspiracies: (1) to obtain a certificate of authority to sell insurance; (2) to gain control of the company through the buy out; and (3) to provide for the continued operation of the insurance company through fraudulent reporting. Rule 8(b) does not require, however, that each defendant have participated in the same act or acts.
United States v. Dennis,
Relief from prejudicial joinder may be had under Rule 14
14
if the defendant can demonstrate “specific and compelling prejudice.”
McCord,
Rushton essentially argues that the disparity between his own culpability and that of his co-defendants, along with the complexity of the ease, prejudiced him to such an extent that his trial was rendered unfair. However, “A quantitative disparity in the evidence does not by itself warrant severance nor does the mere presence of a spillover effect.”
United States v. Mitchell,
IV
Sehmittzehe argues that district court erred by denying his motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. Such motions are generally disfavored by the
*1268
courts, and we view them with great caution.
United States v. Pena,
Schmittzehe contends that the settlement documents in a separate lawsuit filed by the Commissioner of Insurance against John Nielsen, seeking to enforce Sovereign Insurance’s mortgage and foreclose оn the Marble Falls property, reveal that the Government took a position contrary to the one they asserted at trial. Schmittzehe claims that these documents disclose for the first time that the Internal Revenue Sendee took the position that Sovereign Insurance had a valid first lien and mortgage on the Marble Falls property. Contrary to what Schmittzehe argues, however, the Government argued at his trial that the Marble Falls deal was fraudulent, not because the insurance company had failed to obtain a first lien on the property, but because the parties agreed that the property was not at risk, and because the value of the property was overstated. Moreover, the Defendants presented evidence that Sovereign Insurance had obtained a valid first lien on the property. They also brought out on cross-examination that thе IRS had filed an answer in the aforementioned lawsuit acknowledging that its tax hen was inferior to the Commissioner of Insurance’s hen on the property. Although Schmittzehe could not have discovered the settlement documents prior to trial, we find that this evidence of the Government’s position with respect to Sovereign Insurance’s hen on the Marble Falls property is merely cumulative and would not likely result in an acquittal for Schmittzehe if he were given a new trial. Accordingly, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Sehmittzehe’s motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. 16
V
The Government cross-appeals from the district court’s loss calculation for purposes of sentencing under U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1.
17
The Presentence Report (“PSR”) recommended that the base offense level for each Defendant be increased by 15 levels based on a calculated loss of $14,867,934.26.
18
The district court rejected the PSR’s recommendation and instead appeared to calculate the loss attributable to each defendant based on the false or inflated value of the “rented” or nonexistent asset reported on Sovereign Insurance’s annual and quarterly statements.
19
*1269
We give considerable deference to a district court’s factual findings at sentencing, and we will reverse only if they are clearly erroneous.
United States v. Robichaux,
In deciding whether the district court arrived at a reasonable estimate of the loss attributable to the Defendаnts’ fraud scheme, we must first determine whether the court used an acceptable method of calculating the amount of loss.
See United States v. Henderson,
Having carefully reviewed the record, we conclude that the district court’s method of calculating the amount of loss in this case bears no reasonable relation to the actual or intended harm of the offense. In its “Statement of Reasons for Imposing Sentence,” the district court stated that it was holding the Defendants liable for “losses to the company.” 22 The district court does not explain how the “losses to the company” are related to the harm inflicted on the insureds. Moreover, we are unable to determine how the falsely inflated values of the “rented” assets—which the district court appears to equate with “losses to the company”—relate to the loss caused by the Defendants’ fraud scheme. Defendants argue that the district court’s calculation method was consistent with Application Note 7(a) to § 2F1.1 for “Fraud Involving Misrepresentation of the Value of an Item or Product Substitution.” U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1, commеnt, (n. 7). Where a fraud involves the misrepresentation of the value of an item, the Sentencing Guidelines suggest that the loss is the amount by which the item was overvalued. Id. This method *1270 of loss calculation, however, is appropriate only where the overstated value is the actual object of the fraud, for example through a sale or exchange of the overvalued item. 23
In the present case, the overvalued or nonexistent mortgage properties were merely the mechanism through which the Defendants disguised the insolvent condition of their insurance company and thereby continued to sell insurance policies to the public. The harm to the public, and ultimately the State of Louisiana, was the losses to individual insureds caused by the sale of insurance policies backed by an insolvent insurance company. The district court’s method of calculating the amount of loss is therefore flawed, in this case, to the extent that it focuses on the “losses to the company” or the overstated value of the assets reported on Sovereign Insurance’s annual and quarterly statements. 24 Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s findings as to loss amount and remand for resentencing.
VI
The Government also cross-appeals from the district court’s refusal to apply, as to each defendant, a four-point enhancement for jeopardizing the safety and soundness of a financial institution, under U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(6). We review
de novo
the district court’s application of the Sentencing Guidelines, and we will affirm the district court’s factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous.
United States v. Clements,
Section 2Fl.l(b)(6) provides: “If the offense substantially jeopardizes the safety and soundness of a financial institution ... increase by 4 levels. If the resulting offense level is less than level 24, increase to level 24.” U.S.S.G. § 2Fl.l(b)(6)(A). The cоmmentary to § 2Fl.l(b)(6) provides:
An offense shall be deemed to have “substantially jeopardized the safety and soundness of a financial institution” if, as a consequence of the offense, the institution became insolvent; substantially reduced benefits to pensioners or insureds; was unable on demand to refund fully any deposit, payment, or investment; was so depleted of its assets as to be forced to merge with another institution in order to continue active operations; or was placed in substantial jeopardy of any of the above.
U.S.S.G. § 2Fl.l(b)(6), comment, (n. 15). The district court, explicitly following the reasoning of Judge Mitchell in
United States v. McDermot,
declined to apply the four-point enhancement in the context of an institution that was already insolvent when the criminal conduct occurred. In an unpublished opinion, we rejected the reasoning of Judge Mitchell on this issue.
See United States v. McDermot,
Application note 15 to § 2Fl.l(b)(6) lists four types of damage flowing from the offense which -may be deemed to constitute “jeopardizing the safety and soundness of a financial institution,” only one of which is insolvency. 25 From the record, it does not appear that the district court considered the *1271 other three bases for enhancement under § 2Fl.l(b)(6). The district court’s failure to consider all of the bases for applying § 2Fl.l(b)(6) requires us to vacate the Defendants’ sentences. For example, based on the record, we find that there is substantial evidence to support a finding that Defendants’ offense “substantially reduced benefits to ... insureds.” Because we conclude that the district court applied the wrong legal standard, we need not at this point consider the Government’s argument that the district court was clearly erroneous in its implicit finding that the Defendants did not cause the insоlvency of Sovereign Insurance. Upon remand, the district court will have another opportunity to determine whether Defendants’ fraud scheme caused the insurance company to become insolvent. Accordingly, we vacate the Defendants’ sentences and remand to the district court for specific findings on the application of § 2F1.1(b)(6) under the correct legal standard.
VII
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the Defendants’ convictions, VACATE their sentences, and REMAND for resentencing consistent with this opinion.
Notes
. In fact, the building had no net equity value once the mortgages were subtracted from its true value. Dutschke was convicted of conspiracy and mail fraud in March of 1995.
. In an attempt to cover up the obvious bribe, Krenning later submitted a letter to the Deputy Commissioner falsely naming a number of individuals who supposedly contributed portions of the $10,000 to' the Insurance Commissionеr's campaign fund.
. Sovereign Holding also made principal payments to Falcon four times a year, which were similarly retransmitted to Sovereign Insurance under the first loan agreement.
. There was also evidence that the 1988 annual statement was manipulated to further obscure the reserve deficiency.
. Count fourteen charged all the defendants except for Cavin with money laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1957, and was dismissed shortly before trial.
. The parties further stipulated that the individuals named in counts one through eight and ten through thirteen were policyholders with Sovereign Insurance, and that claims submitted by those policyholders to Sovereign Insurance remained unpaid.
.
See United. States v. Green,
.See Pereira v. United States,
. Nielsen had also insisted that an additional paragraph to this effect be inserted in the mortgage agreement:
It is understood and agreed that upon termination of this agreement and tender of Sovereign Holdings, Inc.’s 10 (ten) year 12% (twelve per cent) [sic] Debenture by Marble Falls Resort and Campground, Inc., Sovereign Holdings, Inc. shall satisfy the debt of Marble Falls Resort and Campground, Inc. then owing to Sovereign Fire and Casualty Insurance Company and cause the release of any property securing said debt.
At the closing, Schmittzehe signed the mortgage agreement on behalf of Sovereign Holdings. Although the closing took place during the first week of July, the documents were all backdated to June 30, 1989.
. The letter concluded, "The net result of this trаnsaction was to create $400,000 of additional capital in the insurance company without requiring additional funds.”
.Schmittzehe argues that the district court erred in admitting his handwritten notes regarding problems with the proposed Torrey Deal documents. We review a district court's decision that evidence is relevant and admissible for abuse of discretion.
United States v. Castillo,
. Schmittzehe argues that he at all times merely relied on the advice of Sovereign Insurance's legal counsel and other experts involved in structuring these deals. The evidence presented at trial on this issue was conflicting, however, and the jury was entitled to reject Schmittzehe’s defense. Likewise, the jury was entitled to credit the testimony of Nielsen as to what Schmittzehe represented at the closing of the Marble Falls Deal, even though the Defendants presented substantial impeachment evidence with respect to this witness.
. The indictment charged:
The primary objects and purposes of the conspiracy, among оthers, were:
1. To obtain a certificate of authority to sell insurance within the State of Louisiana.
2. To provide for the continued operation of Sovereign Fire even though Sovereign Fire was unable to timely pay valid claims submitted to the company.
. Rule 14 states in pertinent part:
If it appears that a defendant or the government is prejudiced by a joinder of offenses or of defendants in an indictment or information or by such joinder for trial together, the court may order an election or separate trials of counts, grant a severance of defendants or provide whatever other relief justice requires.
FedR.Crim.P. 14. As the Supreme Court has noted, "Rule 14 does not require severance even if prejudice is shown; rather, it leaves the tailoring of the relief to be granted, if any, to the district court’s sound discretion.”
Zafiro,
. Among other things, the district court carefully instructed the jury that it must give separate сonsideration to the evidence as to each defendant, that each charge and the evidence pertaining to it should be considered separately, and the fact that the jury may find a particular defendant guilty or not guilty as to one of the offenses charged should not control the jury’s verdict as to any other offense charged. The district court also instructed the juiy that the mere fact that Defendants Sehmittzehe, Rushton, and Krenning operated and managed Sovereign Insurance together, and associated with others employed there, and discussed common aims and interests with others, did not necessarily establish proof of a conspiracy.
Moreover, we note, without expressing any approval, that at the specific request of Schmitt-zehe, the district court also instructed the jury that it could not consider against Sehmittzehe, Bishop, or Cavin any of the evidence of the $10,000 payment to the Commissioner of Insurance, or the alleged stock purchase from the other shareholders.
Cf. United States v. Netterville,
. Finally, Schmittzehe and Rushton contend that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction in this case because of § 2(b) of the McCarran-Ferguson Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1012(b). This argument is foreclosed by
United States v. Cavin,
. In cases involving fraud or deceit, the Sentencing Guidelines provide for a graduated increase in the base offense level according to the amount of the loss. See U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1.
. Defense counsel stipulated at trial that this loss amount included the entire projected loss to the Louisiana Insurance Guarantors Association, including outstanding claims, unpaid premiums and estimated settlements on future claims.
.In its "Statement of Reasons for Imposing Sentence,” the district court merely stated that as to loss amount, "the Court determines that Mr. Krenning should be held liable for losses stemming from the Marble Falls transaction, the Bay-Sunbelt transaction, the Falcon Pipeline transaction, the Dutschke building, and the Tor-rey Group mortgages, for a total of $2.8 million losses to the company.” Based on this loss amount, the district court added 13 levels to Krenning's base offense level.
The district court determined that "Mr. Rush-ton should be held liable for losses stemming from the Marble Falls transaction, the Bay-Sunbelt transaction, the Falcon Pipeline transaction, the Dutschke building, and the Torrey Group Mortgages, for a total of $2.8 million in losses to the company.” Based on this loss amount, the district court added 13 levels to Rushton’s base offense level.
*1269 Finally, the district court determined that "Mr. Schmittzehe should be held liable only for losses stemming from the Marble Falls transaction and the Bay-Sunbelt transaction, for a total of $850,-000 losses to the company.” Based on this loss amount, the district court added 11 levels to Schmittzehe’s base offense level. We note that the district court did not explain why, based on its method of calculating loss, it decided not to attribute the Torrey Group transaction "losses” to Schmittzehe as well.
. The commentary to the Sentencing Guidelines also provides that the reasonable estimate of loss:
for example, may be based on the approximate number of victims and an estimate of the average loss to each victim, or on morе general factors, such as the nature and duration of the fraud and the revenues generated by similar operations. The offender’s gain from committing the fraud is an alternative estimate that ordinarily will underestimate the loss.
U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1, comment, (n. 8)
.
See
U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1, comment, (n. 7) (stating that "if an intended loss that the defendant was attempting to inflict can be determined, this figure will be used if it is greater than the actual loss”);
see also Henderson,
. See supra note 19.
. See U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1, comment, (n. 7):
Where, for example, a defendant fraudulently represents that stoсk is worth $40,000 and the stock is worth only $10,000, the loss is the amount by which the stock was overvalued {i.e., $30,000). In a case involving a misrepresentation concerning the quality of a consumer product, the loss is the difference between the amount paid by the victim for the product and the amount for which the victim could resell the product received.
.
Cf. United States v. Hill,
.
Cf. United States v. Bullard,