176 F.2d 101 | 2d Cir. | 1949
The appellants were tried by jury on an indictment charging them and one Burton with having in their possession in violation of Title 18 U.S.C.A. § 317 [-now § 1708] the contents of a letter, that i-s to say, a check for twenty dollars, which they knew had been stolen from the mails. Burton pleaded guilty and testified for -the government. Both the others were -convicted and all have been 'sentenced, t-he appellants ■being imprisoned.
There was evidence sufficient to have enabled the jury to find the following facts :■ — ■ On July 26, 1948 a letter containing an unemployment insurance check payable to-the order of Lionel Pagson w-as mailed at Albany, N. Y., addres'sed to him at his residencé at 11 East 115th St., New York City. Pagson did not receive the letter and check. He was receiving such checks weekly, usually on each Tuesday morning, and when he went to his marl box on the morning of Tuesday July 28, 1948, at the time when he expected to receive this check, he found that the mail box had been forced open and, though other mail was in it, the expected letter was not.
Later on that day appellant Joseph Kirby went to Burton’s room at 100 West 118th St, New York City with an unopened letter which turned out to be the letter containing Pagson’s c-heclc. Kirby asked Burton to “put on -a digit for him.” Burton declined and told Kirby he would have nothing to do with stolen checks. Kirby a-sked permission to leave the letter until -the -next morning and was told to put it on the mantel in Burton’s room. 'He did so and left. After Kirby had gone Burton looked at the envelope and found beside it a brass identification plate. The envelope was of the window type which made use of the name and address'written on the check for -addressing the letter. He noticed that both the envelope and the p'late bore the name “Lionel something” and -that the spelling of the name on the plate was not identical with that in the address’ of the letter.
The next morning Joseph Kirby "and appellant Gloria Kirby, who testified t-h-at she was Joseph’s ’ “common law wife,” ‘ called at Burton’s room'and -he gave the letter
Three claimed errors are presented. The first is in the charge; the second is the insufficiency of the evidence; and the third is that the sentences exceeded the maximum which could lawfully have been imposed.
The judge charged the jury that the defendants were accused of possessing a check “which -check they knew to have been stolen from a letter in -the mail” and further that, “We are not concerned in this indictment with who stole the letter; we are not concerned with who -stole the check.” He alluded to the accusation again as one “that they unlawfully possessed the contents of a letter” and read to the jury the following as part of the above statute: “Whoever shall unlawfully have in his possession -any letter, postcard, package, bag, or mail or any article or thing contained therein which had been stolen, taken, embezzled or abstracted as herein described, knowing the same to have -been stolen, taken, embezzled, o-r abstracted, shall be guilty of a crime.”
It is not a meticulously exact quotation but the omitted words do not -obscure its meaning and we think that the method chosen for informing the jury that the defendants were accused of possessing a letter and its contents with knowledge that the letter with its contents had been stolen from the mails made it sufficiently plain to leave no fair doubt that the jury understood the nature of the crime charged.
It fairly appears also that there was sufficient evidence from which the jury could have inferred that both defendants knew that the letter had been stolen from the mails. Joseph had it in his possession within a few hours after the mail box, in which it normally would have been placed upon delivery through the mails to the addressee, had been broken into and the conduct of both defendants in respect to- the letter and check would -strongly tend to show their guilty knowledge of its the,ft from the mails. The real difficulty is whether the jury was allowed the requisite free and fair opportunity to decide for itself whether or not such an inference should be drawn.
The jury was told that if the testimony of the government’s witnesses was believed “then of course you shall find these defendants guilty” but if “you disbelieve
When the issues have on the whole been left -to the jury in substantial compliance with the applicable law, we do not notice an error which the judge has not been asked to correct. United States v. Monroe, 2 Cir., 164 F.2d 471; United States v. Vasilaky, 2 Cir., 168 F.2d 191; Johnson v. United States, 318 U.S. 189, 200, 63 S.Ct. 549, 87 L.Ed. 704; Rule 52(a), Federal Rules Criminal Procedure, 18 U.S.C.A. It is, of course, otherwise where plain errors do affect substantial rights. Rule 52(b), Fed.R.Cr.Pro.; Screws v. United States, 325 U.S. 91, 107, 63 S.Ct. 1031, 89 L.Ed. 1495, 162 A.L.R. 1330.
We find no error in the sentences, •which were imprisonment of three year-s and two and one half years respectively. It is true that Title 18 U.S.C.A. § 1708 was in effect when they were imposed and that it limits imprisonment for this offense to not more than one year if the article does not have a value or a face value of more than one hundred dollars, but Title 18 U.S.C.A. § 317, which was repealed, had been in effect when the alleged crime was committed. The effect of its repeal is to be determined with due -regard for Title 1 U.S.C.A. § 109 which provides that no penalty, forfeiture or liability incurred under a repealed statute shall be affected -by- the repeal “unless the repealing Act shall so expressly provide.” The repealing act, Sec. 21 of the Act of June 25, 1948, 62 Stat. 862, in this instance not only did not so expressly provide but expressly provided that “Any rights or liabilities now existing * * * shall not be affected by this repeal.”
Judgment affirmed.