Keith Bowling was convicted by a jury of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute in excess of fifty grams of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1). The district court 2 sentenced Bowling to 151 months’ imprisonment and five years’ supervised release. Bowling challenges his conviction based upon violations of Bowling’s Sixth Amendment rights to confrontation and compulsory process and sufficiency of the evidence. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Acting as a confidential informant, Se-dell Small contacted Bowling in December 1997 in an attempt to purchase crack cocaine.- In response to Small’s inquiry, Bowling contacted Sara McCoy, who contacted Leatha Brown about purchasing nine ounces of crack cocaine. Some of the details of the purchase, including the quantity and price were agreed upon during a conference call between Bowling, McCoy and Brown. Brown, through her nephew, was the supplier of the crack cocaine at issue. During the conference call, it was agreed that Brown would sell nine ounces of crack cocaine for $7,500. The date, time and location of the transaction were agreed upon the day the transaction transpired.
Small informed Officer Garrett Burgess, a St. Louis City police officer, that a drug transaction would occur on December 22, 1997. Officer Burgess testified at Bowling’s trial that Small advised him he had a friend named Keith who was going to orchestrate a nine-ounce deal of cocaine. The police directed Small to give a prearranged signal if he observed narcotics during the attempt to purchase crack cocaine. Small met Bowling at the prearranged Amoco Station on December 22, 1997, while police surveillance was in place. McCoy was a passenger in the front seat of Bowling’s car at that time. Bowling exited the car and spoke with Small. Bowling then returned to the car and informed McCoy that Small wanted to view one ounce of the crack cocaine. McCoy telephoned Brown who agreed to show one ounce to Small. Bowling drove to Brown’s apartment and picked her up. Upon arriving at the Amoco Station for the second time, Bowling exited the car while McCoy and Brown remained in the car. Bowling had a brief conversation with Small outside the car and Small then entered Bowling’s car. Small viewed the crack cocaine and returned it to McCoy. Small exited Bowling’s car and Bowling got into the car with McCoy and Brown. Small signaled to police that he had observed narcotics and the police moved in to arrest Bowling, Small, McCoy and Brown. Immediately after the arrest, the police found 27.7 grams of *976 crack cocaine in McCoy’s pockets. Additional crack cocaine was seized during a search of Brown’s apartment.
McCoy and Brown pled guilty and testified at Bowling’s trial as witnesses for the government. Small did not testify as a witness for the government or the defense during trial because he asserted his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. At the time of Bowling’s trial, Small was under indictment for possessing with the intent to distribute crack cocaine on December 8, 1997. During its opening statement, the government informed the jury that Small was a fugitive and that if he was arrested he would testify as a witness for the government. Bowling contacted Small at Small’s residence before trial and Small provided exculpatory statements during an interview with Bowling’s attorney. Bowling asserts the government could have easily located Small to call him as a witness at Bowling’s trial because Small lived at the same address for a lengthy period of time.
On the first day of trial, the marshals arrested Small on the indictment pending against him immediately after serving Small the subpoena from Bowling to testify on behalf of Bowling at trial. Counsel was appointed for Small and, through counsel, Small asserted his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination refusing to testify on behalf of either the government or Bowling during Bowling’s trial. The government refused to grant restricted immunity relating to the December 22, 1997 incident. The district court refused Bowling’s request that the court grant immunity to Small.
II. DECISION
Bowling argues his Sixth Amendment rights to confrontation and compulsory process were violated by the district court’s refusal to require Small to testify. Bowling further contends the district court should have compelled the government to request immunity for Small or the district court should have granted judicial immunity to Small and limited the examination of Small to the events for which Bowling was on trial. In the alternative, Bowling contends the district court should have stricken the hearsay testimony given by Officer Burgess and other witnesses regarding Small’s oral statements to them. Finally, Bowling challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, contending the evidence did not establish that Bowling entered into a knowing agreement with any individual other than Small, the government informant.
Asserting a Sixth Amendment violation, Bowling argues the district court should have required Small to testify at Bowling’s trial, despite Small’s assertion of his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. Bowling’s Sixth Amendment right to compulsory process, however, does not include the right to compel a witness to waive his or her Fifth Amendment privilege „ against self-incrimination.
United States v. Carr,
Bowling contends the district court should have either required the government to grant immunity to Small or granted “judicial” immunity to Small. We reject Bowling’s arguments. It is well settled that “use immunity can only be granted when it is formally requested by the Attorney General.”
United States v. Warfield,
Bowling asserts Small’s danger of self-incrimination was too remote to justify the assertion of his Fifth Amendment privilege. We disagree. “To sustain the privilege, it need only be evident from the implications of the question, in the setting in which it is asked, that a responsive answer to the question or an explanation of why it cannot be answered might be dangerous because injurious disclosure could result.”
Hoffman v. United States,
If the district court did not err in allowing Small to plead the Fifth Amendment, Bowling contends the court should have stricken, as inadmissible hearsay, Officer Burgess’s and other witnesses’ testimony regarding statements Small made to them. The district court ruled the challenged testimony was not inadmissible hearsay because the statements were not offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. The district court held Small’s statements were offered in evidence to establish the reason that Officer Burgess and the other police officers were conducting surveillance of the Amoco Station where Small met Bowling, McCoy and Brown on December 22, 1997. We find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s evidentiary decision.
United States v. Wadena,
The final argument advanced by Bowling is that he is not guilty of conspiracy, as a matter of law, because the evidence did not establish he entered into an agreement to distribute crack cocaine with any individual other than Small, the police informant. In reviewing a challenge for sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, giving the government the benefit of all reasonable inferences that support the jury verdict.
See United States v. Santana,
The judgment is affirmed.
Notes
. The Honorable Catherine D. Perry, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri.