157 F. 396 | D. Colo. | 1907
(after stating the facts as above). The indictment, in the first count, attempts to charge a conspiracy under section 5440, Rev. St. [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3676]. That section and the act of March 3, 1873, known as the “Coal Land Act,” will require consideration. Act March 3, 1873, c. 279, 17 Stat. 607 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1440]. The indictment shows that the entries were what are commonly called “cash entries,” made under the first section of that act, and not what are known as preferential entries provided for under sections 2 and 3 of the act. The only filing with the register by the entryman under the first section of the act, if any, is his application. Hence the indictment, wherein it charges the making of false, etc., powers of attorney, nontnineral affidavits, and affidavits at purchase and other representations and statements made to the register and receiver, must be taken as charging a violation of the rules and regulations of the Land Office Department and the practice in the local land offices.
We first put out of view these rules and regulations, for they cannot be made the basis of a crime. In United States v. Eaton, 144 U. S. 677, 687, 12 Sup. Ct. 764, 767, 36 L. Ed. 591, it is said:
“Much more does this principle apply to a case where it is sought substantially to prescribo a criminal offense by the regulation of a department. It is a principle of criminal law that an offense which may be the subject of criminal procedure is an act committed or omitted ‘in violation of a public law, either forbidding or commanding it.’ 4 Am. & Eng. Enc. of E. GI2; 4 Bl. Com. 5. It would be a very dangerous principle to hold that a thing prescribed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, as a needful regula! ion under the oleomargarine act, for carrying it, into effect, conld be considered as a thing ‘required by law’ in the carrying on or conducting the business of a wholesale dealer in oleomargarine, in such manner as to become a criminal offense punishable under section 18 of the act. * * * Regulations prescribed by the President and by the heads of the departments, under authority granted by Congress, may he regulations prescribed by law, so as lawfully to support acts done under them and in accordance with them, and must thus have, in a proper sense, the force of law; but it docs not follow that a thing required by them is a thing so required by law as to make the neglect to do the thing a criminal offense in a citizen, where a statute does not distinctly make the neglect in question a criminal offense.”
To the same effect are the following: United States v. United Verde Copper Co., 196 U. S. 207, 25 Sup. Ct. 222, 49 L. Ed. 449; United States v. Manion (D. C.) 44 Fed. 800; United States v. Maid (D. C.) 116 Fed. 650; United States v. Blasingame (D. C.) 116 Fed. 654; United States v. Hoover (D. C.) 133 Fed. 950; United States v. Matthews (D. C.) 146 Fed. 306. When these rules and regulations are put by the side, what have we left ? In substance, this: that the defendants, under several agreements with qualified entrymen, induced said entrymen to severally enter at the land office coal lands within the limit of acreage prescribed by the act, for the use and benefit of the corporation and defendants, and pay for the same with moneys of the corporation. The only inquiry now is, whether we can find in what is left a crime under the second clause of section 5440, to wit, a conspiracy to defraud. The words of that clause of the section do not specifically
Thus, it seems, that the case of the Trinidad Coal & Coke Company, in 137 U. S. 161, 11 Sup. Ct. 57, 34 L. Ed. 640, so much relied on by the prosecution, cannot be carried over into the domain of criminal jurisprudence, to be used here for the purpose of defining that term. It would therefore appear that the broadest stretch to which we can carry the term is to take it in its criminal aspect as known, if so known, to the common law. And when we seek to do that, no authority has been cited where the term has been used to sustain that view, so needful here. We can malee the attempt to so understand it, by analogy ; but that step leads at once to find the crime by construction and implication, which we are not permitted to do. If the cases and doctrine at common law were obviously and unmistakably apposite, then it would not be construction, and the path would be clear. But they .are not. In Todd v. United States, 158 U. S. 278, 282, 15 Sup. Ct. 889, 39 L. Ed. 982, we find this:
“It is axiomatic that statutes creating anci defining crimes cannot be extended by intendment, and that no act, however wrongful, can be punished under such a statute unless clearly within its terms. ‘There can be no constructive offenses, and before a man. can be punished his case must be plainly And unmistakably within the statute.’ United States v. Lacher, 134 U. S. 624, 10 Sup. Ct. 625, 33 L. Ed. 1080; Endlich on the Interpretation of Statutes, § 329 (2d Ed.); Pomeroy’s Sedgwick on Statutory and Constitutional Construction, 280.”
But returning to the common law — there was there the offense known as cheats. It involved the use of a false device or token. It was carried also to the use of latent adulterations in food prepared for man and intended for use by many. They are discussed by Mr. Wharton in his work on Criminal Law (7th Ed.) vol. 3, § 3056 et seq. 'These might be called primary offenses. Thereafter an act of Parliament made the obtaining of goods and chattels by false pretenses a •crime; and like statutes are found in most of the states. The act of Parliament did not, however, extend this offense to the acquisition of realty. After a full discussion of the statutory offense last referred to, the same author treats of conspiracy as an offense, and in the course •of his discussion reaches conspiracies where the means used are not criminal to accomplish an end not criminal; to which we find this preface (section 3316):
“At the same time it is important to keep in mind, especially at this point, the principles heretofore announced, that indictments for conspiracy, always perilous to liberty from the extent and vagueness of the province which they •overshadow, are never so much so as when they undertake to punish acts of whose intrinsic criminality the law gives no prior notice. If indictments of •this class, by stress of settled adjudications, must be hereafter tolerated, the*403 doctrine on which they rest should be carried no further than the letter of these adjudications require.”
In the list of cases which he then classifies as falling under this head we find none bearing any similitude to the crime here sought to be charged. I think it may be fairly concluded, from what that and other authors on criminal law say, as well as from the adjudicated cases, that in such conspiracies the ends intended 'by the conspirators must necessarily involve moral turpitude of the basest sort, in the results, if successful — such as threaten the health of a large body of people by the sale of impure food; or in some instances, even life. The latter kind is aptly illustrated in United States v. Stone (D. C.) 135 Fed. 392. I am, therefore, deeply impressed with the belief, that the Chief Justice meant his definition in Pettibone v. United States, 148 U. S. 197, 13 Sup. Ct. 542, 37 L. Ed. 419, to cover both clauses of section 5440. Pie said:
“A conspiracy is sufficiently described as a combination of two or more persons, by concerted action, to accomplish a criminal or unlawful purpose, or some purpose not in itself criminal or unlawful, by criminal or unlawful means
—saving,- perhaps, such cases as when the facts bring them clearly within the rare common-law doctrine, supra. The entrymen were qualified as such, they obtained no more land than the acreage limited by the act, and they paid the price fixed by Congress. The only offending charged against the defendants is that by their procurement the entrymen acted for the corporation. The act does not denounce what they did as criminal, nor does it place a prohibition against their conduct, so that we could say their acts are therefore unlawful.
But their acts are said to be violative of the policy disclosed by the coal land act. In Hadden v. The Collector, 5 Wall. 107, 111, 18 L. Ed. 518, Justice Field, speaking for the court, said:
“What is termed the policy of the government with reference to any particular legislation is generally a very uncertain thing, upon which all sorts of opinions, each variant from the other, may be formed by different persons. It is a ground much too unstable upon which to rest the judgment of the court in the interpretation of statutes.”
When the coal land act was passed, little was known of the locality and extent of coal measures in this western country; and, if we were permitted in this case to seek for a policy in that act, we would say that the predominant one was to induce the discovery and development of such deposits. If we could search further for a policy applicable in this day, we would first weigh the appropriate words of Sharswood:
“Time itself, which works such mighty changes in all things, produces a state of circumstances, not in the mind of the lawgiver.”
And, in connection with what has already been said, it is necessary to bear in mind the rules of construction here applicable. In Smith v. Townsend, 148 U. S. 490, 497, 13 Sup. Ct. 634, 636, 37 L. Ed. 533, we find this:
“Statutes against frauds are to be liberally and beneficially expounded. This may seem a contradiction to the last rule; most statutes against frauds being in their consequences penal. But this difference is here to be taken:*404 Where the statute acts upon the offender, and inflicts a penalty, as the pillory, or a fine, it is then to be taken strictly; but when the statute acts upon the offense, by setting aside the fraudulent transaction, here it is to be construed liberally.” 1 Bl. Com. 88.
In France v. United States, 164 U. S. 676, 17 Sup. Ct. 219, 41 L. Ed. 595, it is said:
“The statute does not cover the transaction, and, however reprehensible the acts of plaintiff in error may be thought to be, we cannot sustain a conviction on that ground. Although the objection is a narrow one, yet the statute being highly penal, rendering its violator liable to fine and imprisonment, we are compelled to construe it strictly. * * * If it be urged that the act of these plaintiffs in error is within the reason of the statute, the answer must be that it is so far outside of its language that to include it within the statute would be to legislate, and not to construe, legislation.”
The rules of strict construction in favor of a defendant charged with a crime, as well as the presumption of innocence "and the requirement that guilt must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt, are priceless heritages that have come down to us as warnings out of the bloody pages of tyranny and oppression. And while there be some who doubt their present-day necessity, they remain unbroken. For further cases sustaining the rule, see United States v. Clayton, 2 Dill. 219, Fed. Cas. No. 14,814; United States v. Wiltberger, 5 Wheat. 76, 5 L. Ed. 37; Francis v. United States, 188 U. S. 375, 23 Sup. Ct. 334, 47 L. Ed. 508; United States v. Benecke, 98 U. S. 447, 25 L. Ed. 192.
I am clearly of the opinion that the first count does not state an offense, and the motion to quash is therefore sustained.
Second Count.
The indictment attempts to charge in the second count, an offense under the first clause of section 5440, to wit, a conspiracy to commit an offense against the United States. The means to be used, as heretofore seen in the discussion on the first count, were neither criminal nor unlawful, but it is claimed that the end to be accomplished is a crime, to wit, a violation of section 4746, which is expressly penal; and it is further claimed that the acts charged bring the case within the terms of the latter section. It is necessary to support the last contention in order to sustain the second count; we therefore direct our attention to that point.
This section 4746 was originally, and prior to amendment, section 33 of the act of March 3, 1873, which was entitled “An Act to Revise, Consolidate, and Amend the Laws Relating to Pensions.” Act March 3, 1873, c. 234, 17 Stat. 566. That section (33) was amended by Act July 7, 1898, c. 578, 30 Stat. 718. We here give the original section (33) and the amended section (4746), the amendment,being within parentheses, as follows:
“That every person who knowingly or willfully (makes or aids, or assists in the making or) in any wise procures the making or presentation of any false or fraudulent affidavit, declaration, certificate, voucher or paper, or writing purporting to be such, concerning any claim for pension or payment thereof, or pertaining to any other matter within the jurisdiction of the Commissioner of Pensions (or of the Secretary of the Interior), or who knowingly or willfully (makes or causes to be made, or aids or assists in the making, or) presents or causes to be presented at any pension agency any' power of attor*405 -iiey, or other paper required as a voucher in drawing a pension, which paper bears a date subsequent to that upon which it was actually signed or acknowledged (executed) (by the pensioner, and every person before whom any declaration, affidavit, voucher, or other paper or writing to he used in aid of the prosecution of any claim for pension or bounty land or payment thereof purports to have been executed, who shall knowingly certify that the declarant, affiant, or witness named in such declaration, affidavit, voucher, or other paper or writing, personally appeared before him and was sworn thereto, or acknowledged the execution thereof, when, in fact, such declarant, affiant or witness did not personally appear before him or was not sworn thereto, or did not acknowledge the execution thereof), shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment for a term of not more than five years.”
The word “acknowledged,” was inserted in place of “executed.”
Original section 33 received consideration in the Supreme Court in Edgington v. United States, 164 U. S. 361, 17 Sup. Ct. 72, 41 L. Ed. 467. The subject there specially treated was whether section 5438 was repealed by section 4746 (being original section 33); the court said:
“We are unable to accept the contention tliat the latter section is to be deemed a repeal of the former. Undoubtedly there is some ground that is common to both. Thus the procuring or causing to be made a false deposition or affidavit in promoting a fraudulent pension claim is made an offense by both statutes. But the earlier statute is wider in its scope, because not restricted to fraudulent pension claims nor to merely procuring a false affidavit to be made.”
In Pooler v. United States, 127 Fed. 519, 62 C. C. A. 317, section 4746, as now amended, was construed as applicable only in pension matters.
In view of the foregoing authorities, the title of the act, the phraseology of the section as amended, and the discussion of the amendment (record of which was exhibited in argument),. I think under familiar rules of construction the amended section (4746) must be taken as applicable only to pension matters (or claim for bounty land), before the Commissioner or Secretary. It is urged that the broad language, “or pertaining to any other matter within the jurisdiction of the Commissioner of Pensions or of the Secretary of the Interior” should be taken to cover everything which those officers are given authority to hear. But it must be noticed that all of this was a part of the original act, except the phrase “or of the Secretary of the Interior.” Consequently, the original act, in the phrase “or pertaining to any other matter within the jurisdiction of the Commissioner of Pensions,” could not under the rule ejusdem generis go beyond the specific subjects therein named, to wit, claims for pension or bounty land; and for greater reason this must be so, when we consider the limited duties and jurisdiction of that officer as they existed then and now. I think the obvious purpose of the amendment, in the particular now considered, was to reach falsification before the Secretary in such matters, when appealed to him from the Commissioner. But inasmuch as two unreported cases from other districts have been called to my attention, in which my Brothers appear to hold to the contrary; and seem to take the view that the phrase “or pertaining to any other matter” should be construed to cover all subject-matters within the
We come then to consider how we shall understand the section in this particular: “pertaining to any other matter within the jurisdiction * * * of the Secretary of the Interior.” The indictment charges that the false filings, declarations, affidavits, certificates, papers, and writings used in each particular entry was a matter and proceeding before the register and receiver within the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior. The register and receiver are not subordinate officers to the Secretary, in the sense that they act for him and perform duties incumbent on him. They are not his agents. They hold office under appointment by the President. They discharge duties fixed on them by statute. Their findings in some cases are final; in others there is a right of appeal to the Commissioner of the Band Office and from his rulings to the Secretary. What is meant by “jurisdiction” as here used? Its prime conception is one of power. When used in a political sense, it means governmental authority; such as when we say, the federal government has jurisdiction over navigable waters and interstate commerce, such as when we say,, a state has jurisdiction over affairs purely local. The section does not use the phrase “within the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior” in that sense. That would smack too much of that imperialism, when the spirit of the Caesars brooded over a vast -empire, from whose capital city an impending hand reached out to its remotest confines. The word “jurisdiction,” must be here used in its legal sense, meaning authority to hear and determine a cause. Daniels v. Tearney, 102 U. S. 415, 418, 26 L. Ed. 187; Simmons v. Saul, 138 U. S. 439, 454, 11 Sup. Ct. 369, 34 L. Ed. 1054. But in determining whether the Secretary had authority to hear and determine the matters charged to have been presented to the register and receiver, other statutes must be considered. He could not of his own motion take the matter then pending in the local land office to himself for decision. It could only reach him, if at all, by a process of appeal, as provided by statute. It is not charged that the matter was appealed to him. Indeed, it was tacitly admitted in argument that the matters progressed no further than where they were first lodged in the local land office with the register and receiver. In no event is jurisdiction acquired by a court or officer on whom the law confers the power, until the power so given is exercised or invoked by an interested party. To hold that the Secretary had jurisdiction of the matters charged in the indictment would be to liken jurisdiction in its legal sense to jurisdiction in its political sense, which cannot be done under this statute. I think it clearly appears that the matters charged in the indictment were not within the jurisdiction of the Secretary as contemplated in section 4746.
But aside from this, and waiving all that has been said, it appears from the. indictment that the entries of coal lands complained of in the indictment were made under section 1 of the Act of March 3, 1873. That act does not require of the entryman any of the affidavits, certificates, papers, and writings complained of in the second count. These papers must, therefore, have been required, if required at all,
“Much more does this principle apply to a case where it is sought substantially to prescribe a criminal offense by the regulation of a department. It is a principle of criminal law that an offense which may be the subject of criminal procedure is an act committed or omitted ‘in violation of a public law, either forbidding or commanding it.’ 4 Am. & Eng. Enc. of L. 642 ; 4 Bl. Com. 5. It would be a very dangerous principle to hold that a thing prescribed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, as a needful regulation under the oleomargarine act, for carrying it into effect, could be considered as a thing ‘required by law,’ in the carrying on or conducting the business of a wholesale dealer In oleomargarine, in such manner as to become a criminal ■offense punishable under section 18 of the act. * * * Regulations prescribed by the President and by the heads of the departments, under authority granted by Congress, may be regulations prescribed by law, so as lawfully to support acts done under them and in accordance with them, and must thus have, in a proper sense, the force of law; but it does not follow that a tiling required by them Is a thing so required by law as to make the neglect to do the thing a criminal offense in a citizen, where a statute does not distinctly make the neglect in question a criminal offense.”
It seems to me that to hold that the second count charges an offense would be going in direct conflict with what is said in the Eaton Case.
For these reasons, the motion to quash the second count is also sustained.