This is an appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York after a trial before a jury, Jack B. Weinstein, Judge, convicting appellant оf bank robbery and bank robbery while armed. Defendant was sentenced to 15 years in prison on each count, to run concurrently. We find no error and affirm the judgment.
At trial, defendant’s ease centered primarily around his claimed legal insanity. In his charge to the jury, Judge Weinstein gave instructions consistent with decisions of this court:
The terms “mental disease or defect” do not include an abnormality manifested only by repеated criminal or otherwise antisocial conduct.
On appeal, defеndant’s first point is that this charge was erroneous. In United States v. Freeman,
We adhere to the standards set forth in
Freeman,
despite the attack raised here for the first time on aрpeal, and the doubts expressed by the Ninth Cir
*4
cuit in Wade v. United States,
Appellant also contends that thе trial court improperly denied his motion to acquit on the grounds of insanity. The cоntention is that since the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt thаt the defendant was sane once the defendant has raised the issue of sanity, and since on the basis of the evidence presented at trial a reasonable doubt as to defendant’s sanity existed as a matter of law, the jury should not have been allowed to find defendant legally sane. We cannot say, however, that а reasonable doubt existed as a matter of law. The mere fact that a rеasonable jury might, on the basis of the evidence introduced, have concluded that defendant was in fact insane does not mean that a different conclusiоn was beyond the province of the jury. On cross examination, the defense psychiatrist, Dr. Schwartz, acknowledged that a fellow like the defendant could have bеen faking insanity. The government psychiatrist, Dr. Johnston, who had observed defendant ovеr a two-year period and had interviewed him often, testified that defendant was “probably responsible and competent” at the time of the crime.
Appеllant also assigns error in the admission in evidence on the issue of mental comрetence of a letter from appellant to a priest, as a violation of a priest-penitent privilege. The priest took the letter, which requested him to get in touch with Agent Jansen of the FBI and have him come to see appellant, as intended not to be kept in confidence and turned a copy оf it over to the FBI. Judge Weinstein also so interpreted it, and admitted it into evidence.
In this ruling we think the court was correct. The letter contains no hint that its contents were to be kept secret, or that its purpose was to obtain religious or other counsel, advice, solace, absolution or ministration. It merely requested аssistance by putting Wells in touch with the agent and explained Wells’ purpose and рlan in asking this. While the privilege has been recognized in the federal courts it aрpears to be restricted to confidential confession or other confidential communications of a penitent seeking spiritual rehabilitation. Mullen v. Unitеd States,
The letter was not privileged and was relevant on the issue of sanity. While its contents wеre not claimed for the truth of statements contained therein, its coherent and reasoned tone was undoubtedly of some weight on the appellant’s mental condition at the time it was written, within some two months after the robbery.
The judgment is affirmed.
Notes
. See also, United States v. Smith,