444 F.3d 430 | 5th Cir. | 2006
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Robert JONES, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 05-60152.
United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
March 27, 2006.
COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED Paul David Roberts, Asst. U.S. Atty. (argued), Oxford, MS, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Thomas Constantine Levidiotis (argued), Oxford, MS, for Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi.
Before BENAVIDES, STEWART and OWEN, Circuit Judges.
OWEN, Circuit Judge:
Robert Jones pleaded guilty to possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C § 2252A(a)(5)(B). At sentencing, which occurred after the United States Supreme Court decided United States v. Booker,1 the district court sentenced Jones to the statutory maximum prison term of 120 months,2 which was beyond the 46-to-57 month range calculated under the Guidelines. Jones challenges his sentence on three grounds, claiming, for the first time on appeal, that (1) in violation of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(h), he did not receive notice before sentencing that an upward departure was contemplated or notice of the grounds for that departure, (2) the district court based its decision to depart upwardly on impermissible factors, and (3) the sentence is unreasonable. Because we conclude that plain error has not been shown, we affirm Jones's sentence.
* Jones pleaded guilty to the possession of child pornography that has been transported in interstate commerce, which constitutes a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B). At his plea hearing, Jones specifically admitted to each element that established this crime, and he also admitted to all facts contained in the presentence report ("PSR"). Prior to the sentencing hearing, the Supreme Court decided Booker, which rendered the Sentencing Guidelines effectively advisory.3 The district court understood the Guidelines to be advisory at the time of sentencing and upwardly departed from the range calculated under the Guidelines citing several factors including prior arrests that did not result in convictions and "aggravating circumstances ... not adequately taken into consideration by the sentencing commission." Jones appeals his sentence.
II
Because the issue of whether the district court considered impermissible factors in deciding to depart upwardly from the Guidelines range informs our consideration of Jones's other contentions, we turn to it first. The PSR prepared by United States Probation reflects that Jones was indicted on February 26, 2004 for allegedly possessing child pornography on January 28, 2004. On February 22, 2004, he was arrested on state charges of two counts of sexual battery based on allegations that he inserted his penis in the mouth of a five-year-old and in the mouth of a six-year-old while babysitting. The PSR also reflected that Jones had been charged in 1993 with the rape of his four-year-old niece but that those charges had been dismissed. The sentencing hearing for Jones's conviction of the federal crime at issue in this case was held in March 2005. The two state sexual battery charges were pending at that time.
United States Probation determined Jones's base offense level to be 15 pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2G2.4. After certain enhancements4 and a three-point reduction for acceptance of responsibility, Jones's total offense level was calculated to be 23. Because Jones had a criminal history category of I, the Guidelines imprisonment range was 46 to 57 months.5
The district court did not include a written statement in the judgment setting forth the reasons for the upward departure but did orally state its reasons at the sentencing hearing. It is clear the court considered the prior arrests in deciding to impose the maximum statutory sentence.6 The Guidelines expressly provide in a policy statement that "[a] prior arrest record itself shall not be considered for purposes of an upward departure...."7 While the Guidelines contemplate that a district court may base an upward departure on "[p]rior similar adult criminal conduct not resulting in a criminal conviction,"8 they also contemplate that there must be "reliable information" of such conduct.9 Arrests, standing alone, do not constitute reliable information under either the Guidelines or our precedent pre-dating the Guidelines.10 The district court did not find that Jones actually committed the rape of a child in 1993 or that Jones committed the sexual batteries of which he had been accused at the time of sentencing. Had there been such findings, supported by evidence, the district court could have considered those facts in determining the likelihood that Jones would commit crimes in the future. But absent such evidence and findings, it was error to take the mere fact of prior arrests into account. The government's contentions to the contrary are not well-taken.
III
Had Jones apprised the district court of his objection to consideration of prior arrests, we would have a roadmap from the Supreme Court, at least prior to the Booker decision. In Williams v. United States, the district court had erred in relying on prior arrests among other factors in imposing an upward departure.11 The Supreme Court granted certiorari to decide "whether a reviewing court may affirm a sentence in which a district court's departure from the guideline range is based on both valid and invalid factors."12
The Court explained that in reviewing a departure from a Guidelines range "the reviewing court is obliged to conduct two separate inquiries."13 The first is under 18 U.S.C. § 3742(f)(1).14 If the sentence was "imposed either in violation of law or as a result of an incorrect application of the Guidelines," a remand is required.15 If remand is not required under that section, the reviewing court should determine under § 3742(f)(2) if "the resulting sentence [is] an unreasonably high or low departure from the relevant guideline range."16 Accordingly, we first consider § 3742(f)(1).
The Williams decision held that a departure from a Guidelines range based on a factor that the Sentencing Commission has expressly rejected as an appropriate ground for departure "is an incorrect application of the Guidelines" within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 3742(f)(1).17 However, Williams concluded that because the statute only requires remand "if the sentence was `imposed as a result of an incorrect application,'" remand is not automatic.18 The Court reasoned that if the district court did not "intend[] to depart from the Guidelines, a sentence is imposed `as a result of' an incorrect application... when the error results in the district court selecting a sentence from the wrong guideline range."19 But if the district court intended to depart from the guideline range, "a sentence is imposed `as a result of' a misapplication of the Guidelines if the sentence would have been different but for the district court's error."20 The Court then said, "in determining whether a remand is required under § 3742(f)(1), a court of appeals must decide whether the district court would have imposed the same sentence had it not relied upon the invalid factor or factors."21
The Supreme Court further held in Williams that the "harmless error" rule applies,22 despite the dissenting opinion's assertion that "appellate review of departure sentences under § 3742 does not accommodate `harmless-error' review."23 Citing Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 52(a), Williams concluded:
[T]he party challenging the sentence on appeal, although it bears the initial burden of showing that the district court relied upon an invalid factor at sentencing, does not have the additional burden of proving that the invalid factor was determinative in the sentencing decision. Rather, once the court of appeals has decided that the district court misapplied the Guidelines, a remand is appropriate unless the reviewing court concludes, on the record as a whole, that the error was harmless, i.e., that the error did not affect the district court's selection of the sentence imposed.24
The Williams decision did not directly discuss whether the "would-have-been-a-different-sentence" inquiry is altered when appellate review is for plain error. But based on the Court's reliance on Rule 52(a), its discussion of harmless error, and its pointed rejection of the dissenting opinion's position, it would seem that a defendant challenging a sentence for the first time on appeal should have a different burden, consistent with Rule 52(b)'s "subtle but important" difference, as articulated in the Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Olano.25
The decision in Olano set forth three "limitation[s] on appellate authority under Rule 52(b)," which are that there must be error, the error must be plain, and the plain error must affect substantial rights.26 Even when these elements are present, "the court of appeals has authority to order correction, but is not required to do so," and "the standard that should guide the exercise of remedial discretion under Rule 52(b)" is whether "the error `seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.'"27 We have little difficulty in concluding that consideration of the mere fact of prior arrests was error and that it was plain. Whether the consideration of prior arrests in conjunction with other, permissible, factors affected Jones's substantial rights and whether, assuming it did, the error "seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings" are more complex questions.
Olano explained that when a defendant has failed to call a complaint to the district court's attention and review is for plain error, the burden of establishing prejudice is generally shifted.28 "Normally, although perhaps not in every case, the defendant must make a specific showing of prejudice to satisfy the `affecting substantial rights' prong of Rule 52(b)."29 Prejudicial means "it must have affected the outcome of the district court proceedings."30
Pre-Booker, this circuit reviewed a district court's upward departure in United States v. Ravitch, and said "where we have concluded that `[i]f the case were remanded the trial judge could reinstate the same sentence,' we have upheld the defendant's sentence although the district court's stated reasons for departing evidence a mistaken application of the Sentencing Guidelines."31 Thus, based on this circuit's pre-Booker precedent, the inquiry in Williams and Koon under Rule 52(a) shifts from whether the district court would have imposed the same sentence32 to an inquiry under Rule 52(b) of whether the district court could have imposed the same sentence.33
Post-Booker, in United States v. Villegas, this circuit articulated the Rule 52(b) standard somewhat differently in the context of misapplication or misinterpretation of an enhancement under the Guidelines.34 We said that the inquiry "is whether the defendant can show a reasonable probability that, but for the district court's misapplication of the Guidelines, he would have received a lesser sentence."35 This seems more consistent with the discussion in Williams of an appellate court's authority to affirm a sentence "when the district court, once made aware of the errors in its interpretation of the Guidelines, may have chosen a different sentence," and Williams's admonition that the selection of a sentence is left to the district court:
In practical effect, therefore, the divergence of the dissent's interpretation of the statute [including the could-have-based-its-departure-on-the-remaining-factors inquiry] from our own is in the degree of an appellate court's authority to affirm a sentence when the district court, once made aware of the errors in its interpretation of the Guidelines, may have chosen a different sentence. Although the Act established a limited appellate review of sentencing decisions, it did not alter a court of appeals' traditional deference to a district court's exercise of its sentencing discretion. The selection of the appropriate sentence from within the guideline range, as well as the decision to depart from the range in certain circumstances, are decisions that are left solely to the sentencing court.... The development of the guideline sentencing regime has not changed our view that, except to the extent specifically directed by statute, "it is not the role of an appellate court to substitute its judgment for that of the sentencing court as to the appropriateness of a particular sentence."36
The inquiry set forth in Ravitch — whether the district court could have imposed the same sentence — is an objective one. The inquiry under Villegas — whether there is a reasonable probability that, but for the misapplication of the guidelines, a lesser sentence would have been imposed — is more subjective. We need not resolve whether the two can be harmonized or which standard governs because a remand is not required under either.
The record as a whole does not indicate that it is reasonably probable Jones would have received a lesser sentence if the district court had not considered the prior arrests. At sentencing, Jones admitted that a file on his computer contained 989 still images and 45 movies involving child pornography. The Guidelines provide for increasing the level of the offense of possessing child pornography based on the number of images:
If the offense involved —
(A) at least 10 images, but fewer than 150, increase by 2 levels;
(B) at least 150 images, but fewer than 300, increase by 3 levels;
(C) at least 300 images, but fewer than 600, increase by 4 levels;
(D) 600 or more images, increase by 5 levels.37
The district court stated that "the facts found are ... of the kind not sufficiently contemplated by the sentencing commission." The court stated that it had considered the Guidelines, the factors enumerated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553, as well as subsection 3553(b)(2), which the court noted dealt with child crimes and sexual offenses, and the court explained that when it finds "that there exists [sic] aggravating circumstances of a kind or to a degree not adequately taken into consideration by the sentencing commission, then I can give a sentence that is greater than that described in the sentencing guidelines." The district court acknowledged the prior rape allegation and pending charges against Jones and said it was considering those factors in the sentence. But the district court also said, "I believe that in this particular case, under 3553, that this is a very serious offense," then repeated, "[t]his is a very serious offense." The most reasonable interpretation of the references to "offense" means the child pornography offense since the reference is to a single offense. The court continued, "I don't know in this defendant's case whether any sentence will deter him from any future criminal conduct, but I do know that to the extent I have any authority I'm going to protect the public from further crimes by this defendant, and that is one of the options I have and one of the responsibilities I have." This discussion and the pointed "to the extent I have any authority" statement indicate that it is not reasonably probable that the district court would have imposed a lesser sentence if it had ignored the prior arrests.
Consistent with the inquiry in Ravitch, the district court could reinstate the same sentence if we were to remand because that sentence was not unreasonable for reasons we discuss more fully in our analysis under 18 U.S.C. § 3742(f)(2).
IV
Having concluded that a remand is not required under 18 U.S.C. § 3742(f)(1), we must determine whether remand is required under § 3742(f)(2).38 We are persuaded that Booker does not alter the way in which an upward departure is reviewed under § 3742(f)(2) for plain error. The remedial opinion in Booker did not sever or excise 18 U.S.C. § 3742(f)(3), which directs that a court of appeals "shall affirm [a] sentence" unless it is "described in paragraph (1) or (2)" of § 3553(f). We are to reverse and remand an upward departure from a Guidelines range that was "based on an impermissible factor" only "if [the court of appeals] determines that the sentence is too high."39 The statutory "too high" requirement is the equivalent of the "unreasonableness" standard set forth in Booker. The remedial opinion in Booker expressly recognized that not every appeal in the wake of that decision would "lead to a new sentencing hearing . . . because we expect reviewing courts to apply ordinary prudential doctrines, determining, for example, whether the issue was raised below and whether it fails the `plainerror' test."40 The requirement in Booker that courts of appeals review sentences "across the board" for unreasonableness41 does nothing to undercut Rule 52(b)'s burden-shifting when review is for plain error.
We must determine, therefore, whether the district court could reasonably have imposed the maximum statutory sentence, 120 months, for Jones's offense based on the record before it. As Booker directs,42 we are guided by the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a),43 and although we are not bound by the Guidelines or policy statements, we consult and take them into account.44 The policy statement in the Guidelines regarding upward departures in child crimes and sexual offenses is contained in U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0(a)(1)(B).45
Jones did not object to any of the factual statements in the PSR, and the district court adopted those statements as its findings of fact. The PSR reflects that Jones was in possession of 989 still images of child pornography and 42 movies. Since November 2003, the commentary to the Guidelines has provided that each movie is considered to have 75 images of child pornography.46 Based on that commentary, Jones was in possession of 4,139 images of child pornography. The Guidelines provide for increasing the level of the offense of possessing child pornography based on the number of images:
If the offense involved —
(A) at least 10 images, but fewer than 150, increase by 2 levels;
(B) at least 150 images, but fewer than 300, increase by 3 levels;
(C) at least 300 images, but fewer than 600, increase by 4 levels;
(D) 600 or more images, increase by 5 levels.47
These Guidelines are advisory only, and the district court could have reasonably concluded that the possession of 4,139 images of child pornography was "an aggravating circumstance, of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the guidelines that, in order to advance the objectives set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2), should result in a sentence different from that described."48 After considering the factors in § 3553(a), the district court could reasonably have concluded that the maximum statutory sentence was necessary to reflect the nature and seriousness of Jones's offense and was necessary to protect the public from further crimes.
It is unclear whether the district court imposed a "Guidelines" sentence within the meaning of the Court's recent decisions in United States v. Duhon49 and United States v. Smith,50 which would include a departure from a sentencing range calculated under the Guidelines based on the factors set forth in section 5K2.0 of the Guidelines,51 or a "non-Guidelines" sentence within the meaning of those decisions, which would be a departure that is not based on the factors set forth for departures within the Guidelines themselves.52 In the case before us today, the district court stated that "as I understand the status of the law at this time, I'm bound by the statute and not the guidelines," indicating that it might not have based the sentence on the factors for departure contained in the Guidelines. But the district court also stated that it intended "to depart from the . . . guidelines" due to "aggravating circumstances . . . not adequately taken into consideration by the sentencing commission," a sentencing factor found in section 5K2.0 of the Guidelines53 as well as in a statute applicable to child crimes and sexual offenses, 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b)(2)(A)(I).54 We need not determine whether the sentence Jones received was a Guidelines or non-Guidelines sentence because in either case, under the totality of the relevant statutory factors,55 the sentence was not unreasonable. The sentence adequately takes into account the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b)(A), and all the factors listed in § 3553(a),56 which we are to consider under 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e) and Booker in determining if a sentence is unreasonable.57
Although our review to determine whether the district court could have imposed the sentence that it did is an objective one, we note that the district court did in fact express permissible factors, in addition to the impermissible factors of prior arrests, in imposing the maximum statutory sentence.58 Even post-Booker, a sentencing court must "enumerate particular reasons for a departure from the sentencing range."59 The district court could have more particularly enumerated its reasons, and we again urge district courts to do so when departing from a Guidelines range. And, assuming that the district court imposed a non-Guidelines sentence, we emphasized in Mares that district courts should "carefully articulate" the reasons for imposing a non-Guidelines sentence.60
Jones contends that the extent of the departure was unreasonable. Even when the Guidelines were mandatory, the Supreme Court recognized that "[t]he development of the guidelines sentencing regime has not changed our view that except to the extent specifically directed by statute, `it is not the role of an appellate court to substitute its judgment for that of the sentencing court as to the appropriateness of a particular sentence.'"61 This circuit has sustained upward departures from the Guidelines that were proportionately greater than the departure at issue here and departures of the magnitude at issue here.62 The same factors that lead us to conclude that a departure was not unreasonable also lead us to conclude that the extent of the departure was not unreasonable.
Jones has not challenged the district court's failure to set forth in writing in the judgment and order of commitment its reasons for the upward departure as required by § 3553(c)(2).63 This requirement remains binding post-Booker.64 We note that had Jones raised this issue, § 3742(f)(2) provides that if "the district court failed to provide the required statement of reasons in the order of judgment and commitment" and the court of appeals "determines that the sentence is too high," the court of appeals "shall set aside the sentence and remand."65 But as discussed above, the sentence is not "too high."
V
Finally, Jones contends that his sentence should be reversed because the district court did not give him notice prior to the sentencing hearing that it was considering an upward departure and that he had no notice of the grounds for that departure. Our review is for plain error since this issue was raised for the first time on appeal.
Rule 32(h) provides:
Before the court may depart from the applicable sentencing range on a ground not identified for departure either in the presentence report or in a party's rehearing submission, the court must give the parties reasonable notice that it is contemplating such a departure. The notice must specify any ground on which the court is contemplating a departure.66
We will assume, without deciding, that the district court did not comply with this rule.
One of the purposes of Rule 32(h) is to "`promot[e] focused, adversarial resolution of the legal and factual issues relevant to fixing Guidelines sentences.'"67 Jones contends that had he received prior notice, he would have pointed out to the district court that reliance on prior arrests was prohibited. He offers no other basis to support his contention that he was prejudiced by the lack of notice. For the reasons already considered, we cannot say that it was reasonably probable that the district court would have chosen a lesser sentence had it not relied on the prior arrests.68 At best, the record indicates that it is equally plausible that the district court would have imposed the same sentence as it is plausible that the court would not have.69
* * *
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Jones's sentence.
Notes:
543 U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738, 160 L. Ed. 2d 621 (2005)
18 U.S.C. § 2252A(b)(2)
543 U.S. at 245, 125 S. Ct. 738
See U.S.S.G. § 2G2.4(b)(1) (2003) (two-level increase in base offense level for possession of material involving a minor under the age of twelve); § 2G2.4(b)(2) (two-level increase in base offense level for possession of ten or more items that contain a visual depiction involving the sexual exploitation of a minor); § 2G2.4(b)(3) (two-level increase in base offense level if possession of material resulted from the defendant's use of a computer); § 2G2.4(b)(5)(D) (five-level increase in base offense level if the offense involved 600 or more images).
See U.S.S.G. Ch. 5, pt. A. (Sentencing Table) (2003).
The district court stated:
Having looked at the defendant's criminal history, it is true, as his counsel stated, that he presently has two state charges against him, separate charges, for sexual battery of children. One of them is six years of age, and I think the other is five years of age. Those are two separate events. You also were charged with rape of a child in 1993 and that was dismissed. It turns out it was your four-year-old niece. Those charges were dismissed against you. I am considering those factors in your sentence.
U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3(a)(3) (2003)
Id. § 4A1.3(a)(2)(E).
See id. § 4A1.3(a)(1) ("If reliable information indicates that the defendant's criminal history category substantially under-represents the seriousness of the defendant's criminal history or the likelihood that the defendant will commit other crimes, an upward departure may be warranted.").
See United States v. Cantu-Dominguez, 898 F.2d 968, 971 (5th Cir.1990) (holding that "arrests that did not result in convictions ... [are] not the type of `reliable information' that justifies a departure from the applicable sentencing range"); United States v. Labarbera, 581 F.2d 107, 109 (5th Cir.1978) (observing that "an arrest, without more, is quite consistent with innocence").
503 U.S. 193, 197, 112 S. Ct. 1112, 117 L. Ed. 2d 341 (1992)
Id. at 198, 112 S. Ct. 1112.
Id. at 202, 112 S. Ct. 1112.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id. at 200, 112 S. Ct. 1112.
Id. at 202-03, 112 S. Ct. 1112 (emphasis in original).
Id. at 203, 112 S. Ct. 1112 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3742(f)(1)).
Id.
Id.; see also Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 113, 116 S. Ct. 2035, 135 L. Ed. 2d 392 (1996) ("When a reviewing court concludes that a district court based a departure on both valid and invalid factors, a remand is required unless it determines the district court would have imposed the same sentence absent reliance on the invalid factors."). The dissent in Williams advocated that "[w]hen some but not all of the district court's reasons for departure are invalid," the test should be "whether the district court could have based its departure on the remaining factors, ... and not on whether it would still have chosen so to act," a position the Court's opinion expressly rejected. 503 U.S. at 216, 112 S. Ct. 1112 (White, J., dissenting).
Williams, 503 U.S. at 216 n. 13, 112 S. Ct. 1112.
Id.
Id. at 203, 112 S. Ct. 1112.
507 U.S. 725, 734, 113 S. Ct. 1770, 123 L. Ed. 2d 508 (1993)
Id. at 732, 734, 113 S. Ct. 1770; see also United States v. Mares, 402 F.3d 511, 520 (5th Cir.2005).
Olano, 507 U.S. at 735, 736, 113 S. Ct. 1770 (quoting United States v. Atkinson, 297 U.S. 157, 160, 56 S. Ct. 391, 80 L. Ed. 555 (1936)); see also Mares, 402 F.3d at 520.
See Olano, 507 U.S. at 734-35, 113 S. Ct. 1770.
Id. at 735, 113 S. Ct. 1770.
Id. at 734, 113 S. Ct. 1770.
128 F.3d 865, 869 (5th Cir.1997) (quotingUnited States v. Brunson, 915 F.2d 942, 944 (5th Cir.1990)).
Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 113, 116 S. Ct. 2035, 135 L. Ed. 2d 392 (1996); Williams v. United States, 503 U.S. 193, 203, 112 S. Ct. 1112, 117 L. Ed. 2d 341 (1992).
But see Williams, 503 U.S. at 204, 112 S. Ct. 1112 (rejecting a could-have-departed test when error was preserved: "the dissent's position requires the appellate court to consider whether the district court could have based its departure on the remaining factors... and not whether it would still have chosen so to act").
404 F.3d 355, 364 (5th Cir.2005)
Id. ("[T]he question in the third step of the plain-error test is not the same as it was in Mares, ... it is not whether the defendant can show a reasonable probability that the district court would have imposed a different sentence had the Guidelines been advisory instead of mandatory. Instead, the proper question here is whether the defendant can show a reasonable probability that, but for the district court's misapplication of the Guidelines, he would have received a lesser sentence.").
503 U.S. at 204-05, 112 S. Ct. 1112 (citations omitted)
U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(7) (2005)
See Williams, 503 U.S. at 202, 112 S. Ct. 1112 ("If the court concludes that the departure is not the result of an error in interpreting the Guidelines, it should proceed to the second step: is the resulting sentence an unreasonably high or low departure from the relevant guideline range?").
18 U.S.C. § 3742(f)(2)(A)
Booker, 543 U.S. at 268, 125 S. Ct. 738.
Id. at 262, 125 S. Ct. 738.
Id. at 243-62, 125 S. Ct. 738.
The factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) include:
(1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant;
(2) the need for the sentence imposed —
(A) to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense;
(B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct;
(C) to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and
(D) to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational training, medical care, or other correctional treatment in the most effective manner;
(3) the kinds of sentences available;
(4) the kinds of sentence and the sentencing range established for . . . the applicable category of offense committed by the applicable category of defendant as set forth in the guidelines . . . .
(5) any pertinent [sentencing guidelines] policy statement . . . [;]
(6) the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct; and
(7) the need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense.
Booker, 543 U.S. at 264, 125 S. Ct. 738; United States v. Mares, 402 F.3d 511, 518-19 (5th Cir.2005).
The policy statement in U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0(a)(1)(B) provides in pertinent part:
IN GENERAL. — The sentencing court may depart from the applicable guidelines range if — . . .
(B) in the case of child crimes and sexual offenses, the court finds, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b)(2)(A)(i), that there exists an aggravating circumstance,
of a kind or to a degree, not adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the guidelines that, in order to advance the objectives set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2), should result in a sentence different from that described.
U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 cmt. n.4 (B)(ii) (2005) ("Each video, video-clip, movie, or similar recording shall be considered to have 75 images. If the length of the recording is substantially more than 5 minutes, an upward departure may be warranted.")
Id. § 2G2.2(b)(7).
Id. § 5K2.0(a)(1)(B).
440 F.3d at 714 (5th Cir.2006)
440 F.3d at 714 (5th Cir.2006)
U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0
See Duhon, 440 F.3d at 714 (concluding that when a district court announced that it was using "the discretion granted by Booker to `deviate from the United States Sentencing Commission Guidelines and impose a sentence that . . . is appropriate based on the facts,'" the district court had imposed a non-Guidelines sentence); Smith, 440 F.3d at 714 (concluding that post-Booker this Court has recognized "three different types of sentences under the advisory Guidelines regime," the first being "a sentence within a properly calculated Guidelines range," the second "an upward or downward departure as allowed by the Guidelines," and the third, "a sentence either higher or lower than the relevant Guideline sentence").
See supra note 45.
The United States Supreme Court specifically severed and excised § 3553(b)(1) inBooker, 543 U.S. at 259, 125 S. Ct. 738. Although it did not sever or excise section (b)(2), in keeping with the substantive holding of Booker, we assume that the mandatory aspects of § 3553(b)(2) are now advisory only. Section 3553(b)(2)(A)(i) provides:
(A) In sentencing a defendant convicted of an offense under . . . chapter . . . 110 . . ., the court shall impose a sentence of the kind, and within the range, referred to in subsection (a)(4) unless —
(i) the court finds that there exists an aggravating circumstance of a kind or to a degree, not adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the guidelines that should result in a sentence greater than that described.
See generally Duhon, 440 F.3d at 715 ("Under section 3553(a), however, a sentence must be supported by the totality of the relevant statutory factors.").
See supra note 43.
Booker, 543 U.S. at 259-60, 125 S. Ct. 738 ("We infer appropriate review standards from related statutory language, the structure of the statute, and the `sound administration of justice.' And in this instance, those factors, in addition to the two past decades of appellate practice in cases involving departures, imply a practical standard of review for `unreasonable[ness].' 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e)(3) (1994 ed.).") (citations omitted, alteration in original).
The trial court stated:
The statutory provisions in this case provide for not more than 10 years incarceration, and as I understand the status of law at this time, I'm bound by the statute and not the guidelines. I find in this case that I'm going to depart from the sentence called for by the application of the guidelines inasmuch as the facts found are not — are of the kind not sufficiently contemplated by the sentencing commission. . . .
I have considered and given great weight to the sentencing guidelines. . . . I have further considered the factors enumerated in 18 U.S.C. 3553. I have also looked at 3553(b)(2) which deals with child crimes and sexual offenses, and it provides that when the Court finds that there exists aggravating circumstances of a kind or to a degree not adequately taken into consideration by the sentencing commission, then I can give a sentence that is greater than that described in the sentencing guidelines, and I think under the recent U.S. Supreme court [sic] cases, unless I give a sentence that's plainly unreasonable outside the statute, that I have not exceeded my authority.
Having looked at the defendant's criminal history, it is true, as his counsel stated, that he presently has two state charges against him, separate charges, for sexual battery of children. One of them is six years of age, and I think the other is five years of age. Those are two separate events. You also were charged with rape of a child in 1993 and that was dismissed. It turns out it was your four-year-old niece. Those charges were dismissed against you. I am considering those factors in your sentence. I believe that in this particular case, under 3553, that this is a very serious offense . . ., [and] this defendant needs to have respect for human life and the dignity of others. This is a very serious offense. I don't know in this defendant's case whether any sentence will deter him from any future criminal conduct, but I do know that to the extent I have any authority I'm going to protect the public from further crimes by this defendant, and that is one of the options I have and one of the responsibilities I have.
So in order to protect the public from further crimes . . . Robert Jones is hereby committed to the custody of the Bureau of Prisons to be imprisoned for a term of 10 years. . . .
United States v. Saldana, 427 F.3d 298, 310 (5th Cir.2005).
United States v. Mares, 402 F.3d 511, 519 (5th Cir.2005).
Williams v. United States, 503 U.S. 193, 205, 112 S. Ct. 1112, 117 L. Ed. 2d 341 (1992) (quoting Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 290 n. 16, 103 S. Ct. 3001, 77 L. Ed. 2d 637 (1983)).
United States v. Smith, 417 F.3d 483, 492 (5th Cir.2005) (upholding departure to 120 months from a guideline maximum of 41 months, "an increase of nearly 300%"); United States v. Daughenbaugh, 49 F.3d 171, 174-75 (5th Cir.1995) (upholding departure to 240 months from range of 57 to 71 months (338%)); United States v. Rosogie, 21 F.3d 632, 633 (5th Cir.1994) (upholding departure to 150 months from range of 30 to 37 months (405%)).
See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(2) ("The court, at the time of sentencing, shall state in open court the reasons for its imposition of the particular sentence, and, if the sentence . . . is outside the range[ ] described in subsection (a)(4), the specific reason for the imposition of a sentence different from that described, which reasons must also be stated with specificity in the written order of judgment and commitment. . . .").
See Saldana, 427 F.3d at 310 n.48.
18 U.S.C. § 3742(f)(2)
FED.R.CRIM.P. 32(h)
United States v. Milton, 147 F.3d 414, 421 (5th Cir. 1998) (quoting Burns v. United States, 501 U.S. 129, 137, 111 S. Ct. 2182, 115 L. Ed. 2d 123 (1991)).
See United States v. Villegas, 404 F.3d 355, 364 (5th Cir.2005) (holding that when the district court misinterpreted and misapplied the Guidelines by finding an enhancement was appropriate for possession of a firearm, "the proper question . . . is whether the defendant can show a reasonable probability that, but for the district court's misapplication of the Guidelines, he would have received a lesser sentence").
See United States v. Mares, 402 F.3d 511, 521 (5th Cir.2005) ("[T]his burden of proof. . . requires `the defendant to show that the error actually did make a difference: if it is equally plausible that the error worked in favor of the defense, the defendant loses; if the effect of the error is uncertain so that we do not know which, if either, side it helped the defendant loses.'") (quoting United States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291, 1299 (11th Cir. 2005)).