Case Information
*1 FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT (cid:252) S TATES OF A MERICA ;
S TATE OF C ALIFORNIA , ex rel.
R OMAN Z ARETSKY ; R OBERT
Y ARDLEY ,
Plaintiffs-Appellants, No. 04-55536 v. (cid:253) D.C. No.
J , I .; M ICHAEL CV-03-00028-DOC M ATHES ; R ICHARD B EDDIE , OPINION Defendants-Appellees,
and
M ICHAEL P UTICH , (cid:254) Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California David O. Carter, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted February 13, 2006—Pasadena, California Filed August 9, 2006 Before: William C. Canby, Jr., John T. Noonan, and Marsha S. Berzon, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge Berzon COUNSEL Richard C. Goodman and Marc J. Schneider, Stradling Yocca Carlson & Rauth, Newport Beach, California, for the plaintiffs-appellants.
Brian W. McGrath and David W. Simon, Foley & Lardner LLP, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Susanne C. Washington, Foley & Lardner LLP, San Diego, California, for the defendants-appellees.
OPINION
BERZON, Circuit Judge:
This case requires us to interpret, once again, the statutory provisions relating to the “public disclosure” bar and the “original source” exception to that bar in the Federal False Claims Act (FCA), 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-3733, and the Califor- nia False Claims Act (CFCA), C AL . G OV ’ T C ODE §§ 12650- 12656. We hold that the federal and state statutes do not require that an individual report relevant information to the government prior to the “public disclosure” at issue to qualify as an “original source.”
I.
Johnson Controls, Inc. (Johnson Controls, or the Company) manufactures control systems that monitor and coordinate the air environment in large buildings and building complexes. The Company sells its control systems both directly to end- users and through a network of independent distributors called “Authorized Building Controls Specialists” (ABCSs). Yardley-Zaretsky, Inc. and the George Yardley Co. (collec- tively, the Yardley Companies) operate as an ABCS. Accord- ing to Roman Zaretsky, President of Yardley-Zaretsky, Inc., Johnson Controls threatened the Yardley Companies with ter- mination if they bid against Johnson Controls itself on certain government jobs, including jobs at the Long Beach Veterans Administration Hospital and the University of California, Riv- erside.
9134 C . The Yardley Companies filed a civil complaint in Califor- nia state court against Johnson Controls and several of its employees alleging, inter alia, that Johnson Controls was engaged in a bid-rigging scheme in violation of section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1. Johnson Controls removed the case to federal court. The Yardley Companies subse- quently voluntarily dismissed the lawsuit and filed a demand for arbitration with the American Arbitration Association, asserting the same claims. [1]
Shortly thereafter Zaretsky and Robert Yardley, Vice- President of Yardley-Zaretsky, Inc., sent letters to officials at the Long Beach Veterans Administration Hospital, the United States Attorney’s Office, the University of California, River- side, and the Office of the California Attorney General, alleg- ing that Johnson Controls violated the FCA and the CFCA. The letters stated that Zaretsky and Yardley (Relators) would file a qui tam complaint, [2] a draft of which was included with the letters, two weeks later, unless state or federal officials contacted them in the meantime.
No governmental officials contacted Relators during the two-week period. Shortly after the two-week period expired, Relators filed under seal a qui tam complaint against Johnson [1] According to appellants’ letter submitted to us in accordance with Fed- eral Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(j), the arbitration panel eventually held that the defendants “committed a per se antitrust violation, tortious interference, and breach of contract.”
[2] Under 31 U.S.C. § 3730, a “qui tam plaintiff,” also known as a “rela- tor,” may bring a civil action for a violation of the FCA for herself and for the United States government, in the name of the government. See U.S.C. § 3730(b)(1).
Under California Government Code section 12652, a “qui tam plaintiff” may bring a civil action for a violation of the CFCA “for [herself] and either for the State of California in the name of the state, if any state funds are involved, or for a political subdivision in the name of the political sub- division, if political subdivision funds are exclusively involved.” C AL G OV ’ T ODE § 12652(c)(1). C 9135
Controls and several of its employees (collectively, JCI), alleging that JCI violated the FCA and the CFCA by engaging in bid-rigging on federal and state government jobs, including jobs at the Long Beach Veterans Administration Hospital and the University of California, Riverside.
After the federal and state governments declined to inter- vene, the district court filed an order unsealing the complaint. Before Relators obtained discovery from JCI or third parties, and well before the discovery cutoff dates set by the district court, JCI moved for summary judgment on two grounds: (1) that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction under 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4) because the complaint was “based upon [a] public disclosure,” but Relators were not an “original source”; and (2) that Relators’ FCA and CFCA claims fail on the merits because they are “based on an alleged Rule of Rea- son antitrust violation, a subjective, fact-specific analysis that cannot support False Claims Act liability.” Relators’ opposi- tion to the motion for summary judgment contended that Relators are an “original source” and that the motion should be denied with respect to the second ground because Relators had not been able to obtain discovery that might reveal perti- nent facts.
The district court granted JCI’s motion on the ground that there was no subject matter jurisdiction under 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4). The court held that to qualify as an “original source” under the FCA, a prospective relator must provide the government with the pertinent information prior to the “public [3] Under 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b), an FCA qui tam complaint must be filed under seal and served, initially, on the government only. 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(2). The qui tam complaint remains under seal for a period of sixty days (or longer, if the government obtains an extension), during which time the government must determine whether to intervene and pro- ceed with the action. Id. § 3730(b)(2)-(4). If the government elects not to proceed with the action, the person who initiated the action has the right to conduct the action. Id. § 3730(c)(3). The CFCA includes similar requirements. See AL . G OV ’ T C ODE § 12652(c)(2)-(8). disclosure” at issue if, but only if, the “public disclosure” occurs through a private lawsuit brought by the prospective relator. The district court’s order did not address JCI’s alter- nate contention that Relators could not prove a substantive violation of the FCA or the Relators’ assertion that decision on that issue should be delayed to allow for development of the record through discovery.
On appeal, Relators contend that the FCA and CFCA do not require them to inform the government prior to public dis- closure to qualify as “original sources.” JCI disagrees and also argues, in the alternative, that we should affirm on the ground that Relators have not stated a substantive FCA or CFCA vio- lation.
II.
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de
novo.
Warren v. City of Carlsbad
,
A.
1. Section 3730(e)(4) of Title 31 of the United States Code provides, in full:
(4)(A) No court shall have jurisdiction over an action under this section based upon the public dis- closure of allegations or transactions in a criminal, civil, or administrative hearing, in a congressional, administrative, or Government Accounting Office report, hearing, audit, or investigation, or from the news media, unless the action is brought by the Attorney General or the person bringing the action is an original source of the information.
(B) For purposes of this paragraph, “original source” means an individual who has direct and independent knowledge of the information on which the allegations are based and has voluntarily pro- vided the information to the Government before fil- ing an action under this section which is based on the information.
31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4) (footnote omitted).
[1] The parties agree that the Yardley Companies’ civil complaint in state court alleging, inter alia, antitrust violations was a “public disclosure” of pertinent allegations or transac- tions, see United States v. Alcan Elec. & Eng’g, Inc. , 197 F.3d 1014, 1018-21 (9th Cir. 1999), and that Relators’ qui tam action is “based upon” that public disclosure because it con- tains the same factual allegations, see United States ex rel. Biddle v. Bd. of Trs. of the Leland Stanford, Jr. Univ. , 161 F.3d 533, 536-40 (9th Cir. 1998). The district court thus had jurisdiction under § 3730(e)(4) only if Relators are an “origi- nal source” within the meaning of the statute.
[2]
As we noted in
Wang v. FMC Corp.
, § 3730(e)(4)(B)
dictates that to be an “original source” a plaintiff must fulfill
several requirements: He must “show that he has ‘direct and
independent knowledge of the information on which his alle-
gation is based’ . . . and . . . that he ‘has voluntarily provided
the information to the Government before filing’ his
qui tam
action.”
To qualify as an original source, a relator must show that he or she has direct and independent knowledge of the information on which the allega- tions are based, voluntarily provided the information to the government before filing his or her qui tam action, and had a hand in the public disclosure of allegations that are a part of . . . [the] suit.
United States ex rel. Lujan v. Hughes Aircraft Co. , 162 F.3d 1027, 1033 (9th Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks omitted).
[3] JCI does not contend that Relators fail to satisfy any of the preceding criteria, so, for purposes of this opinion, we treat them as established. [4] Instead, JCI’s jurisdictional argu- ment is that Relators fail to satisfy what they argue is an addi- tional criterion under § 3730(e)(4): that prospective relators provide the requisite information directly to the government prior to the public disclosure at issue. It is undisputed that Relators provided the federal government with no information prior to the filing of the civil complaint in state court, the pub- lic disclosure in the present case. Rather, the first time Rela- tors directly provided the federal government with information was when they sent letters to government offi- cials indicating their intent to file a qui tam action, an event which occurred after they filed their civil complaint in state court.
[4] JCI’s motion for summary judgment stated that “[f]or purposes of this motion, JCI will assume that Relators have ‘direct and independent knowl- edge’ of the circumstances underlying the so-called bid-rigging scheme that forms the basis of their FCA claim.” JCI’s brief to this court states that JCI has “accepted [the] assertion [that Relators had direct and inde- pendent knowledge] for the purposes of this analysis, but do not concede that it is true.”
[4]
The only dispute regarding the FCA claim is thus over
a single question of law: Does the FCA require — all of the
time or, as the district court held, under some circumstances
— that prospective relators provide relevant information to
the government prior to the public disclosure at issue? The
Eighth Circuit has held that the FCA does not so require, and
the Sixth and D.C. Circuits have held that it does.
See Minn.
Ass’n of Nurse Anesthetists v. Allina Health Sys. Corp.
, 276
F.3d 1032, 1050-51 (8th Cir. 2002);
United States ex rel.
McKenzie v. BellSouth Telecomms., Inc.
,
2.
[5]
In determining whether there is a pre-disclosure notice
requirement, we must interpret the FCA “to give effect to the
intent of Congress.”
United States v. Am. Trucking Ass’ns
,
[6]
Here, the language
is
plain and unambiguous with
respect to whether it will bear JCI’s interpretation.
See Allina
,
[7]
Subsection (A) § 3730(e)(4) also cannot withstand JCI’s
interpretation. That subsection states that public disclosure is
not a jurisdictional bar if “the person bringing the action is an
original source of the information.” § 3730(e)(4)(A). This lan-
guage is ambiguous with respect to the question of whether
the prospective relator must be a source for the government
or for the entity responsible for the public disclosure, an
ambiguity resolved by
Wang
in favor of the latter interpreta-
tion.
See Wang
,
In Findley , the D.C. Circuit noted that “the government notice part of the ‘original source’ exception may appear extraneous in light of the statute’s filing provisions, which require cases to be filed under seal for a period of at least sixty days and served only on the government.” 105 F.3d at 690 (referring to provisions in § 3730(e)(4)(B) and 3730(b)(2), respectively). The court went on to observe that the government notification provision in § 3730(e)(4)(B) is not superfluous if it is interpreted to require notice to the gov- ernment prior to any public disclosure. See id. at 690-91. On the basis of that and other considerations — but with no basis in the language of the pertinent sections — the court held that § 3730(e)(4) requires that an individual notify the government prior to any public disclosure to qualify as an original source. Id.
We are far from sure that even the redundancy
Findley
sup-
poses would justify inserting an additional requirement at
odds with the plain language of § 3730(e)(4)(B).
See Morton
v. United Parcel Serv., Inc.
,
In any event, we disagree with Findley ’s predicate assump- tion that the government notice provision in § 3730(e)(4)(B) is redundant with the filing and notice provisions in § 3730(b). The statutory provisions are different in a number of respects, indicating that they serve different functions. Sec- tion 3730(e)(4)(B)’s notice provisions apply only to qui tam plaintiffs seeking to avoid the “public disclosure” bar by establishing that they are “original sources,” whereas § 3730(b)’s notice provisions apply to all qui tam plaintiffs. Moreover, the provisions differ with respect to what must be turned over to the government: Section 3730(e)(4)(B) requires individuals to provide the government with “information” only, while § 3730(b) requires individuals to provide the gov- ernment with much more — “[a] copy of the complaint and written disclosure of substantially all material evidence and information the person possesses.” § 3730(b)(2). At the same time, the provisions vary in that § 3730(e)(4)(B) incorporates a requirement that information be provided to the government “voluntarily,” a requirement wholly absent from § 3730(b). See United States ex rel. Fine v. Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. , 72 F.3d 740, 744 (9th Cir. 1995) (en banc) (holding that disclo- sures of a government auditor who “was employed specifi- cally to disclose fraud” were “nonvoluntary” and that the auditor was thus not an “original source”). Finally, submis- sions to the government at the same time the lawsuit is filed under seal under § 3730(b) protect the relator’s right to a bounty, see 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d), while there is no such explicit protection in the statute for pre-filing submissions under § 3730(e)(4)(B).
We therefore do not find the D.C. Circuit’s redundancy point helpful in construing § 3730(e)(4)(B). The statutory lan- guage is simply not ambiguous with respect to JCI’s proposed requirement.
Even if we were to conclude otherwise and “look not only
to the particular statutory language, but to the design of the
statute as a whole and to its object and policy,”
Crandon v.
United States
,
The purposes of the FCA as reflected in the Act’s history
have been well documented elsewhere.
[5]
See, e.g.
,
Allina
, 276
F.3d at 1041-42;
McKenzie
, 123 F.3d at 938;
Findley
, 105
F.3d at 679-81;
Wang
,
In response to
Hess
, Congress amended the Act in 1943, removing
jurisdiction over qui tam actions “whenever it shall be made to appear that
such suit was based upon evidence or information in the possession of the
United States, or any agency, officer or employee thereof, at the time such
suit was brought.” 31 U.S.C. § 232(C) (1946) (amended 1986). This provi-
sion was meant to “curtail parasitical suits in which the informer ‘rendered
no service’ to the government.”
Allina
, 276 F.3d at 1041 (quoting 89
C ONG . R EC . 10844, 10846 (1943)). Courts interpreted this jurisdictional
bar restrictively. For example, in 1984, the Seventh Circuit held that a
state that had disclosed Medicaid fraud to the government, as it was
required to do by statute, was jurisdictionally barred from being a qui tam
relator.
See United States ex rel. Wisconsin v. Dean
,
In 1986, Congress again amended the False Claims Act, in part to “cor- rect[ ] restrictive [court] interpretations” that “tend to thwart the effective- ness of the statute,” S. R EP . N O . 99-345, at 4, and to “encourage more private enforcement suits,” id. at 23-24. The 1986 amendments included the public disclosure and original source provisions that now appear at 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4).
their own to contribute to the suit. See Seal 1 v. Seal A , 255 F.3d 1154, 1158 (9th Cir. 2001). Congress also meant to add to the corps of enforcers of the law — “to encourage more private enforcement suits,” S. R EP . N O . 99-345, at 23-24 (1986), as reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5266, 5288-89 — while “ensuring that the United States’ rights are not preju- diced by the relator’s conducting of the action,” United States ex rel. Green v. Northrop Corp. , 59 F.3d 953, 964 (9th Cir. 1995). JCI’s proposed requirement does not further these carefully balanced congressional goals.
As to the first goal, encouraging citizens to come forward
with information concerning fraud on the federal government,
the Sixth Circuit contends that JCI’s proposed rule, requiring
notification to the government prior to any public disclosure
to qualify as an original source, “is most likely to bring
‘wrongdoing to light,’ ” because the proposed rule “discour-
ages persons with relevant information from remaining silent
and encourages them to report such information at the earliest
possible time.”
McKenzie
,
Biddle held that a qui tam action is “based upon” a public disclosure within the meaning of the statute if the allegations or transactions of the complaint have been publicly disclosed and the qui tam action follows, even if the qui tam action alle- gations were not “derived from” the public disclosure. 161 F.3d at 540. Thus, under Biddle, an individual with informa- tion about fraud against the government will be barred from bringing suit if there has been a public disclosure of the alle- gations or transactions in her complaint unless she is an “orig- inal source,” even if she found out about the allegations in her complaint not from the public disclosure but from another source (such as an informant). Such an individual therefore has the incentive to either (1) file a qui tam complaint before the pertinent information is publicly disclosed, or (2) ensure that she qualifies as an “original source.” Because Wang , in turn, holds that one must have had a hand in the public disclo- sure to qualify as an “original source,” an individual with per- tinent information can ensure she qualifies as an “original source” under the statute only by playing a role in the public disclosure at issue. Thus, Wang and Biddle operate together to assure that individuals who have direct information about fraud against the government have a strong incentive to come forward with that information early, either by (1) filing a qui tam complaint, or (2) playing a role in publicly disclosing the information so as to ensure they are “original sources.” Either way, Wang and Biddle provide potential relators with an incentive to come forward with information rather than keep- ing it secret until the last possible minute. JCI’s proposed requirement does not create an incentive for individuals to come forward with information earlier than do the Wang and Biddle rules, taken together. That requirement therefore does not serve the first goal of the statute.
As to the second goal, discouraging parasitic lawsuits, the
Sixth Circuit maintains that the requirement that the prospec-
tive relator report information to the government prior to the
public disclosure effectuates Congress’s goal of protecting
only the “true whistleblower,” not individuals bringing “para-
sitic qui tam actions.”
McKenzie
, 123 F.3d at 943 (internal
quotation marks omitted). It is true that in the Sixth and D.C.
Circuits, given those circuits’ surrounding law, the proposed
requirement may help to some degree to serve this goal.
Those circuits permit relators to be “original sources” even if
they had nothing to do with the public disclosures.
See id.
at
943;
Findley
,
Finally, JCI’s proposed requirement also does not further the third goal of the statute, encouraging more private enforcement suits while ensuring that the government’s rights are not prejudiced by the manner in which relators conduct those suits. The proposed requirement discourages qui tam suits, as it establishes yet another roadblock to obtaining juris- diction for such suits. At the same time, it provides no protec- tion of the government’s rights concerning qui tam suits not already provided by (1) § 3730(e)(4)(B), which requires that an individual provide information to the government prior to filing a qui tam complaint to qualify as an “original source,” and (2) § 3730(b), which provides that qui tam complaints must be filed under seal and served solely on the government so as to provide the government with an opportunity to deter- mine whether to intervene and proceed with the action before the defendant learns of the action, see § 3730(b)(2). In partic- ular, the proposed requirement would not ensure against “tip offs” by prospective qui tam plaintiffs to the targets of ongo- ing government investigations. Cf. S. R EP . N O . 99-345, at 24 (noting that § 3730(b) is motivated, in part, by a concern that the filing of a qui tam action could “tip off” targets of ongoing government criminal investigations). The proposed require- ment provides no mechanism for requiring or inducing pro- spective relators not to publicly disclose pertinent information once they have provided information to the government, and so does not preclude tip-offs to prospective defendants.
In short, given existing case law in our circuit, JCI’s pro- posed requirement does nothing to further the purposes of the FCA. Instead, the requirement is contrary to those purposes, as it precludes qui tam actions that are not parasitic in nature.
3.
The district court in this case attempted to respond to some of these problems with the position advocated by JCI by adopting a more limited approach. The district court held that prospective relators must inform the government prior to pub- lic disclosure if, but only if, the public disclosure is in the form of a lawsuit filed by the prospective relators. This lim- ited version of JCI’s proposed requirement exacerbates rather than cures the problems with a non-literal interpretation of the statute.
The district court maintained, first, that without such a requirement, a prospective whistleblower could use the threat of a qui tam action as leverage in private settlement negotia- tions of a private lawsuit filed prior to giving information to the federal government. The district court reasoned that if pro- spective defendants were able to “buy” from prospective rela- tors a promise not to bring a qui tam action, the government would never learn about the fraud and thus may never recover its losses. For other kinds of public disclosures — releases to the media, for example — this consideration, suggested the district court, does not obtain, so for those circumstances the literal interpretation adopted by the Eighth Circuit is proper.
This reasoning in support of a special rule that applies only when the “public disclosure” at issue occurs through the filing of a lawsuit is flawed for several reasons. First and most important, a special rule for disclosure through lawsuits has absolutely no basis in the statutory language or structure. The statute treats all forms of public disclosure equally. The spe- cial problems the district court perceived with lawsuits as opposed to other forms of public disclosure are related not to the “disclosure” aspect of lawsuits — that a complaint is a public document — but to their ultimate dispute-resolution function, a function that could be pursued through private mediation or arbitration not giving rise to any public disclo- sure.
Second, one of the premises underlying the district court’s reasoning — that a prefiling agreement by a prospective rela- tor not to bring a qui tam action, entered into without the gov- ernment’s knowledge or consent, is enforceable — is false. We so held in Green . See 59 F.3d at 969; see also United States ex rel. Hall v. Teledyne Wah Chang Albany , 104 F.3d 230, 233 (9th Cir. 1997) (distinguishing Green and enforcing such an agreement in a case in which the government was aware of and had investigated the relevant allegations). Thus, the district court’s approach does little to further the goal of ensuring that prefiling releases do not squelch the flow of information about fraud to the government, as Green and Hall already serve this goal.
Third, the district court’s requirement does little to cure the problem at which it is directed. Prospective relators could still issue demand letters and settle prospective suits before filing the suit that would constitute a public disclosure. Here, for example, there is no reason Zaretsky or Yardley could not have written to Johnson Controls threatening to bring the original antitrust suit and pointing out that the suit, if filed, could result in governmental knowledge and involvement. If settlement ensued, the result would be greater secrecy, not less, as the information underlying the suit would never have seen the light of day. In contrast, once a predicate suit is filed, the government could learn of the information on which it is based — which is why it is considered a public disclosure.
[8]
In sum, we agree with the Eighth Circuit’s conclusion
that it “would change the balance Congress struck if we were
to further restrict the class of those whose discoveries had
been made public but who were nevertheless permitted to pro-
ceed as relators.”
Allina
,
B.
[9] The California False Claims Act has a jurisdictional public disclosure bar almost identical to the federal one, except that it makes explicit the rule adopted by our circuit in Wang . [6] It states, in full:
(3)(A) No court shall have jurisdiction over an action under this article based upon the public dis- closure of allegations or transactions in a criminal, civil, or administrative hearing, in an investigation, report, hearing, or audit conducted by or at the request of the Senate, Assembly, auditor, or govern- ing body of a political subdivision, or by the news media, unless the action is brought by the Attorney General or the prosecuting authority of a political subdivision, or the person bringing the action is an original source of the information.
(B) For purposes of subparagraph (A), “original source” means an individual who has direct and independent knowledge of the information on which the allegations are based, who voluntarily provided the information to the state or political subdivision before filing an action based on that information, and whose information provided the basis or catalyst for the investigation, hearing, audit, or report that led to the public disclosure as described in subparagraph (A).
[6] The California adoption of the rule that the original source must be the source of any public disclosure pre-dated Wang , as California adopted its version of that rule in 1987. See Act of Sept. 30, 1987, ch. 1420, § 1, 1987 Cal. Stat. 5237, 5242 (codified at C AL . G OV ’ T ODE § 12652(d)(3)(B)). C C AL . G OV ’ T ODE § 12652(d)(3).
JCI’s argument concerning why there is no jurisdiction
under the CFCA is identical to its parallel argument under the
FCA — that the CFCA requires that a prospective relator
inform relevant governmental authorities prior to public dis-
closure to qualify as an “original source.” Only one published
California case has had occasion to interpret the “public dis-
closure” bar of the CFCA,
[7]
City of Hawthorne ex rel. Wohlner
v. H&C Disposal Co.
,
[7]
A case currently pending before the California Supreme Court involves
the public disclosure bar but not the original source provision.
See State
ex rel. Harris v. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
,
[8] California Insurance Code section 1871.7(h)(2) provides:
(A) No court shall have jurisdiction over an action under this section based upon the public disclosure of allegations or transac- tions in a criminal, civil, or administrative hearing in a legislative or administrative report, hearing, audit, or investigation, or from the news media, unless the action is brought by the Attorney General or the person bringing the action is an original source of the information.
(B) For purposes of this paragraph, “original source” means an individual who has direct and independent knowledge of the information on which the allegations are based and has voluntar- ily provided the information to the district attorney or commis- sioner before filing an action under this section which is based on the information. C
Where the wording and objectives of a California statute
are similar to the wording and objectives of a federal statute,
California courts look to interpretations of the federal statute
for guidance in interpreting the state statute.
See Richards v.
CH2M Hill, Inc.
, 26 Cal. 4th 798, 812 (2001);
Allstate
, 107
Cal. App. 4th at 563 (applying this principle to California
Insurance Code section 1871.7(h)(2) and 31 U.S.C.
§ 3730(e)(4)). Applying this precept, California courts inter-
preting the CFCA generally rely on FCA cases.
See City of
Pomona v. Superior Court
, 89 Cal. App. 4th 793, 802 (Ct.
App. 2001) (“Given the lack of California authority and the
very close similarity of [the CFCA] to [the FCA], it is appro-
priate to turn to federal cases for guidance in interpreting the
act.”);
Wohlner
,
Here, the relevant language in the CFCA and the FCA — as interpreted by us in Wang and the Second Circuit in Dick — is materially identical. All requirements in § 3730(e)(4) of the FCA are also in section 12652(d)(3) of the CFCA, and the only requirement in the CFCA not explicit in the text of the FCA — the requirement that for an individual to qualify as an “original source,” that individual’s “information [must have] provided the basis or catalyst for the investigation, hearing, audit, or report that led to the public disclosure as described in subparagraph (A),” C AL . G OV ’ T ODE § 12652(d)(3)(B) — has been held implicit in the FCA by our circuit and the Sec- ond Circuit, see Wang , 975 F.2d at 1418; Dick , 912 F.2d at 16. Also, the purposes of the California and federal statutes — and, in particular, the purposes of the public disclosure bar provisions of those statutes — are similar. See Wohlner , 109 Cal. App. 4th at 1676 (“California’s False Claims Act was enacted in 1987 and is patterned largely on similar federal legislation. (31 U.S.C. § 3729 et seq.).”); id. at 1683 (“The public disclosure jurisdictional bar [in the CFCA] . . . is designed to bar parasitic or opportunistic qui tam actions by persons simply taking advantage of public information with- out contributing to or assisting in the exposure of the fraud.”); Allstate , 107 Cal. App. 4th at 566 (“Like the federal False Claims Act, the [CFCA] was intended to limit the availability of qui tam actions so as to protect against ‘opportunistic’ or ‘parasitic’ actions.”).
Because of the similarity between the relevant wording and purposes of the CFCA and the FCA, as interpreted by our cir- cuit and the Second Circuit, California courts would look to pertinent federal precedent in the Second and Ninth Circuits in interpreting the CFCA. Although there is a circuit split on whether the federal statute requires that individuals inform the government prior to making the “public disclosure” at issue, there is not a circuit split on whether the federal statute so requires in those circuits that recognize under the FCA the requirement that the CFCA explicitly states — that individu- als play a role in the “public disclosure” at issue to qualify as “original sources.” The question whether these statutes require notification to the government prior to public disclo- sure is, as established earlier, closely linked to the question whether these statutes require that individuals have a hand in the public disclosure. Because the CFCA incorporates the lat- ter requirement, we expect that California courts would look to federal precedent from only those circuits recognizing that requirement in determining whether the former requirement obtains under the CFCA.
[10] In any case, the same reasons we cited to justify our holding that the federal statute does not incorporate JCI’s pro- posed requirement apply with at least equal force to the Cali- fornia statute. Indeed, there are two respects in which the reasons we cited earlier apply with greater cogency in the context of interpreting the CFCA. First, the fact that all requirements under the CFCA heretofore recognized, includ- ing the requirement that individuals must have had a hand in the “public disclosure” at issue to qualify as “original sources,” are explicit in the CFCA suggests that we should be especially loath to read into the CFCA implicit requirements. Second, California courts have stated that “the public disclo- sure bar should be applied only as necessary to preclude para- sitic or opportunistic actions, but not so broadly as to undermine the Legislature’s intent that relators assist in the prevention, identification, investigation, and prosecution of false claims.” Wohlner , 109 Cal. App. 4th at 1683. Reading JCI’s proposed requirement into the CFCA is not “necessary to preclude parasitic or opportunistic actions,” suggesting that California courts would not recognize such a requirement.
[11] For all of the foregoing reasons, we hold that there is no requirement under the CFCA that individuals inform the government prior to the “public disclosure” at issue to qualify as “original sources.” We therefore reverse the district court’s contrary holding. [9]
C.
JCI points out that, even though the district court’s grant of summary judgment relied only on jurisdictional grounds, we may affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on any ground supported in the record. See Summers v. Teichert & Son, Inc. , 127 F.3d 1150, 1152 (9th Cir. 1997). JCI con- tends that “[a] separate basis for affirming the district court’s decision lies in the fact that Relators’ substantive allegations cannot support a claim under the FCA” because they are “based on an alleged Rule of Reason antitrust violation, a sub- [9] Because of our holding, we do not reach Relators’ argument that even if the California statute encompasses JCI’s proposed requirement, they sat- isfied that requirement by informing officials at the University of Califor- nia, Riverside about Johnson Controls’ “bid rigging” prior to filing the civil complaint in state court.
jective, fact specific analysis that cannot support False Claims Act liability.”
We decline JCI’s invitation to affirm on this alternate ground. We have noted that while “we may affirm the district court’s judgment on a different ground, we need not do so,” and “we usually do not.” Broudo v. Dura Pharms., Inc. , 339 F.3d 933, 941 (9th Cir. 2003) (emphasis added), rev’d on other grounds , 544 U.S. 336 (2005).
The question of whether, and if so when, bid rigging
amounts to an FCA violation is complex, nuanced, and fact-
dependent.
See Harrison v. Westinghouse Savannah River
Co.
,
[12] District courts have wide latitude in controlling dis- covery, and decisions not to permit further discovery in response to motions made pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f) [10] are reviewed for abuse of discretion. United [10] Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f) provides: Should it appear from the affidavits of a party opposing the motion [for summary judgment] that the party cannot for reasons stated present by affidavit facts essential to justify the party’s opposition, the court may refuse the application for judgment or may order a continuance to permit affidavits to be obtained or depositions to be taken or discovery to be had or may make such other order as is just. .
States ex rel. Aflatooni v. Kitsap Physicians Serv. , 314 F.3d 995, 1000 (9th Cir. 2002). Because Relators’ FCA claims are complex and fact-dependent and because the district court has not ruled on Relators’ request for additional discovery and has broad discretion to decide that issue, we decline to affirm the district court’s decision on this alternate ground on the current record.
[13] We therefore reverse the district court’s grant of sum- mary judgment for JCI on both the FCA and CFCA claims and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED and REMANDED