Jоhn F. Puntillo, defendant-appellant, was indicted for violating 18 U.S.C. § 1952 1 by traveling from Kenosha, Wisconsin, to Chicago, Illinois, with intent to carry on an illegal gambling enterprise in violation of the laws of the State of Wisconsin, аnd by thereafter performing acts in Wisconsin which facilitated his unlawful activity. After a verdict of guilty by a jury, the court imposed a fine and a prison sentence.
The defendant asserts four grounds for reversal of his сonviction: (1) his motion for acquittal should have been granted; (2) evidence of his presence in Chicago on November 10, 1969 was improperly admitted; (3) the grant of immunity to a Government witness was improperly authorized; and (4) a fair trial was not afforded because the witness was allowed to claim his testimonial privilege in the jury’s presence and because the jury was aware that the witness had been granted' immunity.
Beginning on October 20, 1969 officers Donald Kenney and Ronald Herion of the Chicago Police Department kept a building located at 610 North Bishop Street, Chicago, under surveillance on four successive Monday evenings. The officers observed an identical occurrence on each occasion: a car would stop at 610 North Bishop about 9 p.m., packages would be unloaded, and later packages would be picked up by a number of people. On November 3, 1969 the officers saw an automobile with Wisconsin plates arrive at the Bishop Street address. The driver entered the building, rеturned with a package, and drove off. Officer Kenney trailed the automobile and observed the driver as he got out of the car at a nearby restaurant. The of
Government witness Frank Turk, a resident of Kenosha, Wisconsin, testified that the defendant also resided in Kenosha and was a fellow employee at the American Motors plant in that city. According to his testimony, Turk picked up football parlay cards аt defendant’s residence during the fall of 1968 and 1969, and defendant came to Turk’s residence on each Saturday during that time to pick up cards which had been played and any monies wagered during the week. Turk received twenty-five percent of the bets placed by his efforts.
A special agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation testified as an expert that one of the parlay cards distributed by Turk during the wеek of November 3 and one of the cards seized during the November 10 raid at 610 North Bishop were prepared from the same original art work.
The defendant contends the Government offered no prоof that, as charged in the indictment, he traveled from Wisconsin to Chicago on November 3, 1969 or did anything on the following day which facilitated his illegal activity in Wisconsin. Though no direct evidence was introduced to prove either of these alleged occurrences, the defendant overlooks the application of the principle that circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences drawn from proven facts may substitute for direct evidence. The fact that the defendant was seen in Chicago on the evening of November 3 driving an automobile with Wisconsin license plates, when сoupled with the additional fact that he lived in Kenosha, Wisconsin, was sufficient evidence from which the jury could reasonably infer that the defendant traveled interstate on or about the time specified in the indictment. Similarly, the jury could reasonably infer that the defendant was engaged in gambling in Wisconsin on November 4, 1969 from Turk’s testimony that he picked up parlay cards at defendant’s home on that day, particularly when such testimony is considered in light of the other evidence. 2
There is no merit in defendant’s additional contention that there was a fatal variance between the proof and the charge in that the jury was permitted to determine guilt on the basis of the events of November 8, when Turk turned over cards to the defendant, and November 10, when the latter was arrested in Chicago. The record, including the instructions and closing arguments, shows that the Government’s evidence was directed to proving the specific charge described in the indictment. The jury could not have misapprehended that it was deciding guilt or innocence on any other basis.
The defendant further complains about the admission of evidence relating to his November 10 arrest in Chicago. This evidence was admissible to establish the identification of the defеndant and his engagement in the business of gambling. Moreover, the evidence was so closely related both as to time and character to the specific offense with which the defendant was charged as to be clearly relevant.
Defendant’s final contentions relate to the Government witness Turk’s invocation of his testimonial privilege under the fifth amendment and his subsequently being granted immunity.
During its direct examination the prosecution brought out the fact that when the witness was first questioned by Federal Bureau of Investigation agents he denied his dealings with “football pools,” giving as a reason, “Well, I was implicated, I didn’t want to admit it.” On cross-examination the following questions were then asked and the witness responded:
Q. Did you discuss the case with them [the F.B.I.] ?
A. They wanted to know what was wrong because I invoked the fifth amendment аt the hearing, the grand jury hearing.
Q. Did you discuss this case in your home?
A. No, we didn’t discuss the case. They just came to tell I would be granted immunity.
Defense counsel’s objection that the answer was unresponsive was overruled.
The defendant argues that the Government’s ease was unfairly bolstered in the minds of the jurors when they were allowed to witness Turk’s invocation of his testimonial privilege and to hear his subsequent statement that he had been granted immunity. The problem presented when a witness invokes his fifth amendment privilege in the presence of the jury is not new. The Supreme Court in Namet v. United States,
Neither of the factors mentioned in Namet are present in this case. The prosecution made no сonscious or flagrant attempt to bolster its case as the result of the invocation by the witness of his testimonial privilege. In fact, it was the judge who insisted that a record of the witness’ refusal to testify be made in the jury’s presence. Moreover, the witness, after being granted immunity took the stand and testified. Consequently, no impermissible inferences could be drawn because the witness was not subject to cross-examinаtion.
We are also convinced that no reversible error occurred when, on cross-examination, the witness Turk revealed to the jury that he had been granted immunity. The only request made at the time was that the answer relating to immunity be stricken from the record as being unresponsive to the question. No motion for a mistrial was made and if one had been made, we would hesitate to say that its denial was not within the sоund discretion of the judge. In order to find error we would be required to speculate that the jury might have given credence to Turk’s testimony because he had been granted immunity. But a counter speculation is equally valid; the jury, as a result of such knowledge, might have been less willing to believe the witness.
The trial court granted immunity to Turk on the basis of a request signed by Will Wilson, Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Criminal Division of the Deрartment of Justice. The defendant argues that 18 U.S.C. § 2514 authorizes only the Attorney General to sign the application for the grant and that the statute does not permit a delegation of this authority. This precisе question was presented in December 1968 Grand Jury v. United States,
The judgment of conviction is affirmed.
Notes
. This section provides, in pertinent part: (a) Whoever travels in interstate or foreign commerce * * * with intent to—
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(3) otherwise promote, manage, establish, carry on, оr facilitate the promotion, management, establishment, or carrying on, of any unlawful activity, and thereafter performs or attempts to perform any of the acts specified in sub-paragraphs (1), (2), and (3), shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both.
(b) As used in this section “unlawful activity” means (1) any business enterprise involving gambling * * * offenses in violation of the laws of the State in which they are committed or of the United States. * * *
. Later in his testimony, Turk said the cards were left between the doors of his home. This change in his testimony is immaterial to the issue.