Aрpellants, John Andreadis, a/k/a John Andre, and Drug Research Corporation, a company that Andre controlled, appeal from judgments of conviction entered after a jury trial before Judge Bartels in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. Appellants were indicted, tried, and convicted on forty-two counts of knowingly using either the United States mails or radio and television communication in interstate commerce, in furtherance of an intentional scheme to defraud prospective purchasers of the product “Regimen Tablets” by false or fraudulent pretenses, representations and promises in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 (mail fraud) 1 and 1343 (wire fraud); 2 on one count of conspiring to violate the federal statutes just cited in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; and on one count of causing to be introduced and delivered in interstate commerce, with intent to defraud and mislead, a quantity of cartons of a product labeled “Regimen Tablets,” together with a display kit, which contained statements that were false and misleading in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 331(a), 333(b) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. We find no error and affirm the judgments on all counts.
“Regimen Tablets,” manufactured for, and sold by, appellants, consisted of supplies of three pills, a green pill containing 22.5 mg. of benzocaine plus vitamins and minerals that was supposed to deaden the tongue and sense of taste; a pink pill containing 648 mg. of ammonium chloride and various vitamins that was supposed to act as a diuretic; and a yellow pill containing 75 mg. of phenyl-propanolamine (PPA) that was supposed to act as an appetite depressant. Boxes of “Regimen Tablets” were sold, without prescription, over-the-counter, in two sizes; a $3 box containing 78 tablets, a so-called 10 day supply; and a $5 box containing 156 tablets, a so-called 20 day supply.
*427 For a period of years between the mid-1950’s and 1962, when the Federal Drug Administration finally removed “Regimen Tablets” from the market, appellants devised and executed a scheme to merchandise this product as a miracle weight-reduсing drug. At the start Drug Research Corporation, controlled by Andre, who was also its President, 3 used mail order advertising to sell “Regimen Tablets.” The advertising material mailed to the public claimed that “Regimen Tablets” was a new “wonder drug for fat people” that made possible “no diet reducing” and that without dieting, special eating, or giving up “the kinds of food you like to eat” the pills would cause “your body to lost weight the fastest acting way * * In 1957, Andre retained Kastor-Hilton, Chesley, Clifford & Atherton, Inc. (hereinafter Kastor-Hilton), an advertising agency, to develop advertising copy to be placed in various national media. 4 Kastor-Hilton remained Andre’s advertising agency for the “Regimen Tablets” account until 1961. During that time reliance on mail order advertising to sell the product was replaced by reliance on more sophisticated advertising techniques. KastorHilton arranged for advertisements to be placed in the newspapers of every major city in the country, in magazines, of national circulation, and on programs televised on all the major networks, which claimed that “Regimen Tablets” made possible “no-diet” reducing, or reducing “without dieting” and that the pills had been “clinically tested” or “proven clinically effective.” In certain instances these claims were qualified when a national magazine or television program refused to accept the “Regimen Tablets” copy as first submitted by Kastor-Hilton, but Andre agreed to such changes grudgingly and he ordered Kastor-Hilton to retain these extravagant claims in the copy submitted to other, less particular, media. Without much doubt, the most successful of the advertising schemes devised by KastorHilton for “Regimen Tablets,” and assuredly the most spectacular, involved the use of “endorsers,” that is, individuals who for a period of time would appear each week, “live,” on a television program, demonstrate their weekly weight loss, which usually was quite substantial, 5 and state inter alia that they were losing the weight while eating the foods they normally ate and “without dieting,” that, “thanks to Regimen Tablets [they] felt sаtisfied with a fraction of the calories [they] used to eat * * and that they “never felt better.”
Each of the counts charging a scheme to defraud by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, on which appellants were convicted, set forth a specific instance in which the United States mails or interstate radio or television communication had been utilized by appellants to disseminate their advertising claims that “Regimen Tablets,” taken as directed, would cause a person of normal health to lose weight “without dieting,” or that this product made possible “no-diet reducing” and that it had been “clinically tested” or “proven clinically effective.” The thrust of the Government’s case was that there was here an intent to defraud because these representations and statements were scientifically and factually false, and yet appellants continued to include these representations and statements in their advertisements for “Regimen Tablets.” 6 It is the Government’s *428 contention that proof of these facts sufficed to convict appellants under 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1343 on each of the counts on which they were convicted. This contention will bear some further analysis. 7 But, assuming for present purposes that the Government is correct and that proof of this set of facts warrants the conclusion that 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1343 were violated, the essential issue before us becomes that of determining whether the Government adduced evidence sufficient to support the jury’s determination that this set of facts existed in every instance in which it returned a verdict of guilty.
At the outset we note that, first, on appeal from a jury conviction we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Government, United States v. Press,
In order to establish that appellants' advertising claims were scientifically false the Government introduced two expert witnesses, Dr. Jean Mayer and Dr. Arthur Grollman, both of whom were well-qualified to assess the scientific merit of thе claims that “Regimen Tablets” would cause a person to lose weight “without dieting,” and would make possible “no-diet reducing.” Taken together, the testimony of Drs. Mayer and Grollman almost conclusively established that a dosage level of PPA double that found in “Regimen Tablets” would not, even when combined with the other ingredients found in “Regimen Tablets,” cause a loss of weight unless accompanied by a diet. Dr. Grollman also testified that certain Andre-sponsored clinical tests of the effectiveness of “Regimen Tablets” could not have produced valid scientific results and that the results of these Andre-sponsored clinical tests were flatly contradicted by the Fazekas test, а test of the effectiveness of PPA recognized as authoritative by experts on the problem of obesity.
In order to establish that appellants knew that the claims they made for “Regimen Tablets” were scientifically false the Government introduced evidence tending to prove that several impartial observers had called Andre’s attention to the mass of material that cast fundamental doubt on the truthfulness of the claims made for “Regimen Tablets,” but that Andre had ignored all requests that he modify his advertising unless he could substantiate his claims and had only diluted his claims when prominent advertising media had refused to run the undiluted claims, and even then had only diluted the copy suppliеd to the media that objected. For example, it was established that throughout the period of the popularity of “Regimen Tablets” the National Better Business Bureau compiled the comments of organizations, like the American Medical Association and the New York Academy of Medicine Consultants, that had expressed doubts about the effectiveness of “’Regimen Tablets,” and that the Bureau had brought these well-documented expressions of doubt to the attention of Andre and his associates in the hope that the extravagant unsupported claims would be withdrawn; and that the attempts of *429 the Bureau were entirely unsuccessful, even when the Bureau’s President personally carried its case to Andre in October 1957. On several occasions several advertising media detailed to Andre and his associates their doubts as to the effectiveness of “Regimen Tablets” and the truthfulness of the scientific claims made for the product. The Kansas State Board of Health refused to allow “Regimen Tablets” to be advertised in Kansas on the ground that the Andre-sponsored clinical studies did not substantiate the claims made for “Regimen Tablets.” Although Andre knew this, his only response was to dispatch an agent to Kansas in an attempt to get the Kansas Board to reverse its position. Finally, it was established that in July 1959 a Better Business Bureau bulletin and an articlе in the New York Times reported the results of the clinical study conducted by Dr. Joseph F. Fazekes of the District of Columbia General Hospital, and others. This study, recognized as authoritative by experts on the problem of obesity, concluded that those patients who had taken the “Regimen” dosage of 75 mg. of PPA, as well as double that dosage, lost no more weight than those taking a placebo. Andre and his associates knew of this report and discussed its conclusions but nevertheless failed to modify the advertising claims made for “Regimen Tablets.” We think this evidence substantially supports the Government’s position that the “without dieting” and “proven clinically effective” claims made by appellants for “Regimen Tablets” were scientifically false, that appellants knew they were false, and that, knowing of the falsity, they nevertheless continued to include these claims in their advertising.
We find equally convincing the Government’s evidence that many of appellants’ advertising claims were factually false, that appellants knew these claims to.be false, and that they nevertheless continued to include them in their “Regimen Tablet” advertising. Most of the Government’s evidence, relating to this branch of its case, concerned statements made by various of the “live” endorsers. Since this evidence was largely cumulative we think it suffices for our purposеs to summarize the Government’s case as it related to the first of the “live” endorsers only, a Mrs. Dorothy Bryce. Mrs. Bryce stated on national television that until she began to take “Regimen Tablets” she had been unable to lose weight, that “without dieting” the tablets had caused her to lose 25 pounds in six weeks, and that she “never felt better” than she did during this period of rapid weight loss. In fact, as Mrs. Bryce testified at trial, she had previously successfully reduced her weight through dieting, she had continued to diet strenuously during the six week period in which she lost the 25 pounds, 8 and she became ill during this period of strenuous dieting. Other “live” endorsers also testified that they strenuously dieted in order to lose weight, and then attributed this weight loss to “Regimen Tablets” during their nationwide television appearances. 9
In order to establish that appellants knew the statements made by the “live” endorsers were factually false the Government first introduced testimony of the endorsers to the effect that they had been instructed to diet when they were hired: George Levine, the liaison between Kastor-Hilton and Andre,
*430
corroborated this
by testifying
that when Andre interviewed endorsers he invariably asked them whether they had dieted before and impressed upon them the fact that “Regimen will not burn off fat!” The Government also introduced substantial evidence tending to prove that many of Kastor-Hilton’s employees, including Richard King, who was in control of the “live” endorser campaign, knew that Bryce and the other endorsers were dieting. George Bailey, a former account executive for “Regimen Tablets,” testified that there was much general discussion at Kastor-Hilton to the effect that the endorsers were dieting. Finally, the Government established that Kastor-Hilton kept Andre well informed about the progress of the “live” endorsers’ campaign, and that Andre in turn supervised that campaign closely. Viewed cumulatively, the evidence adduced by the Government convincingly established that many of the claims made by the “live endorsers” were factually false. The Government’s evidence was also sufficient to support the proposition that appellants knew these claims were false. The Government did not prove that Andre specifically directed Kastor-Hilton to advertise the factually false claims, knowing them to be false, but as he reviewed and approved the “live” endorser campaign this does not insulate him from liability for their propagation. Harris v. United States,
Beforе this court, appellants raise no substantial question as to the sufficiency of the evidence adduced by the Government and summarized above. Appellants do advance nine grounds that they urge require us to reverse the judgments of conviction entered below. They first urge that all the convictions for violating 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1343 must be reversed, because the Government failed to adduce proof of an essential element of guilt under those sections. Second, appellants argue that alleged prosecutorial misconduct denied appellants a fair trial. Appellants raise four questions concerning the admission of allegedly inadmissible evidence, each of which they contend requires reversal. One portion of the trial court’s charge to the jury is alleged to have denied appellants a fair trial because it was hopelessly confusing. Finally, appellants argue there was insufficient evidence to *431 convict on the conspiracy count and on the misbranding count, and they raise several other questions that relate to the misbranding count alone. We turn to consider each of the grounds for reversal urged by appellants.
Appellants argue that all the convictions for violating 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1343 must be reversed because the Government failed to prove, as to each of the substantive counts on which they were convicted, that some person or persons were actually defrauded. Appellants recognize that the great weight of authority is to the effect that in prosecutions for mail fraud or wire fraud it is not essential that the Government allege or prove that purchasers were in fact defrauded. E. g., Pereira v. United States,
Appellants’ second argument is that they were denied a fair trial because Martin Pollner, the Assistant United States Attorney who prosecuted the case, improperly collaborated with one Peter Wyden,- author of a book “The Overweight Society,” which dealt in part with the “Regimen” fraud and was published on March 22, 1965, and of a magazine article dealing exclusively with the “Regimen” fraud, which appeared in the May 1, 1965 issue of “T. V. Guide.” We find this argument unconvincing. In the first place, we cannot characterize Pollner’s conduct as improper. Pollner, on several occasions, permitted Wyden to examine, in his (Pollner’s) office, depositions which were a matter of public record that had been taken in connection with a previous civil libel proceeding against “Regimen Tablets” commenced by the Food & Drug Administration. Pollner refused to comment on the then pending criminal prosecution, he requested a pre-publication copy of the book so that he could check its contents, and he repeatedly urged Wyden to ask his publishers to delay publication until after the trial. Once Pollner learned Wyden had agreed to write an article on the “Regimen” fraud for “T. V. Guide” he asked that the article not be published until the trial was concluded. Wyden and his publishers ignored Pollner’s requests and both the book and thе magazine article were published before the trial’s conclusion.
13
It seems clear that Pollner took no steps to ignite interest in having any material published that dealt with the “Regimen” fraud; this interest had already been kindled by the FDA’s earlier civil libel proceeding against “Regimen Tablets” and the earlier New York State prosecution of these appellants and others for violating that state’s false advertising statutes.
14
Thus, this is clearly not a case in which the prosecution itself initiated the intrusion of the press into the process of the trial. Compare Sheppard v. Maxwell,
We turn next to the four issues appellants raise that concern the admission at trial of allegedly inadmissible evidence.
They argue first that the court below erred in admitting in evidence testimony and documents tending to prove that several impartial observers like the National Better Business Bureau and the Kansas State Board of Health brought reports highly critical of “Regimen Tablets” to appellants’ attention. As support for this position appellants note that the contents of these reports were hearsay and thus inadmis
*433
sible to prove the truth of the matter asserted therein — the total ineffectiveness of “Regimen Tablets.” The evidence was admitted for a limited purpose only. The trial court permitted the Government to introduce it only after carefully and repeatedly instructing the jury that the evidence was only admissible as tending to prove that appellants knew there was a widespread belief among experts that “Regimen Tablets” were ineffective. This evidence was admissible, under these limiting instructions, on this limited issue of notice. E. g., United States v. Press,
Appellants’ second contention as to the admission of evidence is that the testimony of Drs. Mayer and Grollman should not have been admitted because it did not represent a “universality of scientific belief” that “Regimen Tablets” were ineffective — the test appellants allege was established by the Court in Reilly v. Pinkus,
Third, appellants allege error by the admission into evidence of their pleas of guilty interposed in the New York courts to certain counts of an information charging them with committing a misdemeanor by falsely advertising “Regimen Tablets” as a “no diet,” “proven clinically effective” drug, in violation of the New York false advertising statutes.
15
Intеnt to defraud is not an element of false advertising under New York laws. It is difficult to state precisely appellants’ objection to the admission of this evidence except to say that they consider its introduction prejudicial. To be sure, this evidence tended to prove one element of the Government’s case in this federal proceeding. Under New York law the guilty pleas entered by appellants in the state proceeding were formal judicial admissions of the allegations contained in the information. People v. Mason,
The final claim that inadmissible evidence was admitted into evidence *434 concerns the testimony of a Miss Ethel Rosenthal, employed by a Dr.. Milton Plotz as a secretary-receptionist from 1942 until his death in 1962. Appellants object on imprecise grounds that this testimony should have been excluded as prejudicial. Dr. Plotz was one of several doctors hired by appellants to conduct clinical tests establishing the effectiveness of “Regimen Tablets.” The Plotz clinical report was introduced below by Kastor-Hilton as tending to prove that there was clinical proof of the effectiveness of “Regimen Tablets.” The Plotz report, which was favorable, purported to be based on the experience of 50 patients drawn from Dr. Plotz’s practice in internal medicine. It stated that 46 of the original 50 subjects continued to participate in the test for the full test period of 10 weeks. Charts accompanying the Plotz report indicated that each of the 46 subjects was examined and weighed by Dr. Plotz each week for a period of 10 successive weeks. The testimony of Miss Rosenthal tended to disprove this for she testified she knеw the patients named as participants in the clinical test survey and that during the time in question none of them came to see the doctor every week for a 10 week period or for even a two week period. The trial court carefully limited the admissibility of this evidence to the issue of the validity of the Plotz clinical survey and report. This evidence was relevant to the issue on which it was offered and we hold it was admissible for that purpose. See McCormick, Evidence §§ 151-52 (1954).
Appellants’ remaining contentions are conclusory and wholly without merit. They argue, without a shred of evidentiary support, “that the conspiracy charged in this indictment was not proved, simply as a matter of the manifest deficiencies of the trial proofs.” To the contrary, the Government’s proofs, summarized above, amply support the proposition that Andre, Drug Research Corporation, and Kastor-Hilton conspired to perpetrate a fraud. A verdict supported by such substantial evidence cannot be disturbed. United States v. Tutino,
Appellants readily concede that the trial judge, in his charge, faced with the heavy intellectual burden of delineating to the jury the various statutory elements of mail fraud, wire fraud, conspiracy to defraud, and misbranding, as those elements related to the facts the Government adduced at trial in support of thе allegations in the 58-count indictment, did a thoroughly commendable job. They argue, however, that near the conclusion of his long uninterrupted charge
16
he summarized what he had previously said and in so doing rewrote the indictment and eliminated from the jury’s consideration the presumption of appellants’ innocence and the requirement that guilt be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. This claim of error is entirely lacking in substance. Viewing the trial judge’s charge to the jury as a whole, as we should, see United States v. Marchisio,
Appellants argue that the jury verdict on the misbranding count must be revеrsed for failure of proof and because it appeared to be a compromise verdict; they further assert that the misbranding conviction is inextricably connected with the convictions on the other counts and that the arguments for reversal of these other judgments of conviction thus apply to the misbranding conviction as well. These contentions also lack merit. There was evidence sufficient to convict on the misbranding count and the evidence on this count was kept separate from the evidence on the mail and wire fraud counts in the indictment. It is true that the indictment contained 12 misbranding counts and the jury returned a guilty verdict on only one of them. This does not, however, in this case, indicate a compromise verdict: the jury had not yet reached
*435
any verdict as to the remaining 11 counts when the trial court, without objection, accepted the jury’s verdict up to that point as a final verdict as to all counts. And even if this disposition indicated a compromise or inconsistent verdict, it would not necessitate reversal for prejudicial trial error because it is well settled that “[cjonsistency in the verdict is not necessary. Each count in an indictment is regarded as if it was a separate indictment.” Dunn v. United States,
The judgments of conviction are affirmed in all respects.
Notes
. This section provides in relevant part as follows:
Whoever, having devised * * * any scheme or artifice to defraud * * * by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, rеpresentations, or promises * * * for the purpose of executing such scheme or artifice * * * places in any post office * * * any matter or thing whatever to be sent or delivered by the Post Office Department * * * shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
. This section provides in relevant part as follows:
Whoever, having devised * * * any scheme or artifice to defraud * * * by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, transmits or causes to be transmitted by means of wire, radio, or television communication in interstate or foreign commerce, any writings, signs, signals, pictures, or sounds for the purpose of executing such scheme or artifice shall be finеd not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
. In effect Andre was Drug Research Corporation and throughout this opinion we will refer to both as Andre.
. Kastor-Hilton was a codefendant below. It was found guilty of having violated, on several counts, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1343, and of having conspired so to do in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. It has not appealed its conviction.
. Endorser Bryce lost 25 pounds in six weeks; Endorser Antonacci lost 12 pounds in fourteen days.
. On appeal appellants do not argue that the Government failed to make out its case with respect to certain counts in the indictment hut not with respect to other counts. Thus it suffices to review the Government’s case generally as it rеlates to all the counts on which appellants were ultimately found guilty.
. See pp. 430, 431 infra.
. During the first three weeks she ate only lean meat, lettuce, tomatoes, grapefruit, and boiled eggs. By the middle of the fourth week her daily meal was: half a grapefruit, yogurt, and a small piece of lean meat or fish. During the sixth week she began to eat only a half grapefruit and some yogurt each day, and during the last days of that week she had only black coffee and cigarettes.
. In order to prove appellants’ advertising claims were factually false the Government also introduced appellants’ pleas of guilty to certain counts contained in a New York State information, filеd on June 10,1960, charging them, and KastorHilton, with violating Section 421 of New York’s Penal Law, McKinney’s Consol. Laws, e. 40, which proscribes untrue and misleading advertisements. N.Y.Penal Law, § 421.
. Thus we do not decide, and need not, whether Kastor-Hilton’s knowledge that the claims were false should in any event be imputed to Andre on the ground that the former was the agent of the latter.
. We state this as an alternative ground in order to make it clear that we are holding that the Government sufficiently proved that Andre knew the claims were false.
. The fact that other courts in other circuits have read Baren as meaning more than this is not determinative in this court.
. That Pollner could have done more than strenuously urge a delay in publication may be doubted. See Sheppard v. Maxwell,
. See note 9, supra.
. See note 9, supra.
. Pp. 5621-5878 of the trial record.