UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Lenny JIMÉNEZ-BELTRE, a/k/a Tony Pérez, Héctor Cintrón, Héctor Guzmán-Rivera, Defendant, Appellant.
No. 05-1268.
United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
Heard Jan. 12, 2006. Decided March 9, 2006.
440 F.3d 514
Peter Goldberger, Joshua Dratel, Charles W. Rankin, Rankin & Sultan, and Carmen D. Hernandez Gil on brief for The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers and the Criminal Justice Act
Judith H. Mizner, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Massachusetts Federal Defender Office, Amy Baron-Evans, National Sentencing Resource Counsel, Federal Defender Office, Miriam Conrad, Federal Public Defender, Districts of Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Rhode Island, Joseph C. Laws, Federal Public Defender, District of Puerto Rico, and David Beneman, Federal Public Defender, District of Maine, on brief for the Federal Public Defenders for the Districts of Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Rhode Island, the District of Puerto Rico and the District of Maine, Amici Curiae.
Cynthia A. Young for appellee.
Michael J. Sullivan, United States Attorney, and Paul G. Casey, Assistant United States Attorney on brief for appellee.
Paula D. Silsby, United States Attorney, Margaret McGaughey, Assistant United States Attorney, H.S. Garcia, United States Attorney, Nelson Perez-Sosa, Assistant United States Attorney, Robert Clark Corrente, United States Attorney, Donald C. Lockhart, Assistant United States Attorney, and Patty Merkamp Stemler, Chief, Appellate Section, Criminal Division, United States Department of Justice, on supplemental/en banc brief for appellee.
Before BOUDIN, Chief Judge, TORRUELLA, SELYA, LYNCH, LIPEZ, and HOWARD, Circuit Judges.
OPINION EN BANC
BOUDIN, Chief Judge.
A year has now passed since the Supreme Court‘s decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), and courts are being asked to review sentences imposed under the post-Booker advisory guidelines regime. See United States v. Pho, 433 F.3d 53 (1st Cir.2006); United States v. Robinson, 433 F.3d 31 (1st Cir.2005). We have heard this case en banc to provide stable guidance in this circuit for the determination and review of post-Booker sentences.
The facts of the present case are generally not in dispute. Cambridge, Massachusetts, police arrested Lenny Jimenez-Beltre on drug trafficking charges in March 2000. He pled guilty to distributing cocaine and doing so within 1,000 feet of school property. He was sentenced to two and one-half years of imprisonment and, on March 19, 2002, released and deported to the Dominican Republic.
Without the necessary permission from the Attorney General or Secretary of Homeland Security,
The district court held the sentencing hearing on February 15, 2005, just over a month after Booker had been handed down. At sentencing, the district court began, with clarity much appreciated by us, with an explanation that it would first calculate the guideline sentence, then determine whether departures were warranted under the guidelines, and finally determine whether a non-guideline sentence was warranted by the relevant factors set forth in
I‘m certainly treating the Guidelines as advisory, not mandatory, but I feel I need to start someplace, and that‘s where I‘m going to start. I do intend to give them substantial weight, but they
don‘t have controlling weight; and if there are clearly identified and persuasive reasons why I should not impose a Guidelines sentence, I will consider those and impose a sentence accordingly.
The judge then calculated the guideline sentence. For Jimenez-Beltre‘s crime, the base offense level is eight.
For criminal history, the pre-sentence report assigned Jimenez-Beltre five points, placing him in category III. Jimenez-Beltre asked the district court to depart on the ground that he did not have an extensive criminal history and that the Fitchburg offense had involved a small quantity of drugs. The district court denied the request for a departure, saying that the amount was uncertain but the offense had been a felony and the court deemed the matter to be within the guideline “heartland.”
Jimenez-Beltre also argued that the guideline sentence should not control, saying among other things that “fast-track” federal courts in the Southwest gave lower sentences in comparable cases, that he had already served some period in the custody of state and immigration authorities before being turned over for federal prosecution, and that re-deportation was in itself punishment and would protect the public.
The district court, after calculating the guidelines range and considering the above-described arguments, said that it recognized that the guidelines were only advisory but saw “no clearly identified and persuasive reasons to impose a non-guidelines sentence.” The guideline range, for level 21 and criminal history category III, was 46 to 57 months. The court sentenced Jimenez-Beltre to 46 months, saying that “a higher sentence is not necessary to achieve the various goals of sentencing.” This appeal followed, primarily urging that the sentence is unreasonable.
At the threshold, we face the government‘s position that a sentence within the guidelines is inherently unreviewable on appeal on grounds of “unreasonableness.” The argument is based on the structure of the review provisions of the statute governing appeals from sentences,
Whatever its logic (a matter on which reasonable people can differ), the government‘s position in this court is hopeless. A majority of Justices said explicitly in Booker that sentences would be reviewable for reasonableness whether they fell within or without the guidelines,1 and for us that is the end of the matter. The government says that this was merely “dicta“; but “considered dicta of recent vintage” are effectively binding on us. Rossiter v. Potter, 357 F.3d 26, 31 (1st Cir.2004) (quoting McCoy v. MIT, 950 F.2d 13, 19 (1st Cir.1991)).
Our conclusion is rooted in both parts of the Booker decision. In holding the mandatory regime unconstitutional, the flaw discerned by the five-Justice majority was that mandatory guidelines created mini-crimes requiring jury findings. Booker, 125 S.Ct. at 750-52. Although making the guidelines “presumptive” or “per se reasonable” does not make them mandatory, it tends in that direction; and anyway terms like “presumptive” and “per se” are more ambiguous labels than they at first appear.
At the same time, the guidelines cannot be called just “another factor” in the statutory list,
Yet the guidelines are still generalizations that can point to outcomes that may appear unreasonable to sentencing judges in particular cases. Some of the guidelines in particular cases were not reflections of existing practice but were deliberate deviations or turned tendencies into absolutes. Others have been affected by directions from Congress. See, e.g., Pho, 433 F.3d at 61-63. Booker‘s remedial solution makes it possible for courts to impose non-guideline sentences that override the guidelines, subject only to the ultimate requirement of reasonableness.
Accordingly, at sentencing, the district court must continue to “consider the Guidelines ‘sentencing range.’ ” Booker, 125 S.Ct. at 764 (quoting
In sum, we agree with the district court‘s general approach, quoted above, and we find very helpful the district court‘s sequential determination of the guideline range, including any proposed departures, followed by the further deter-
This brings us to Jimenez-Beltre‘s detailed objections on appeal, which focus upon the district court‘s treatment of various factors cited by Jimenez-Beltre at sentencing as reasons urged for a sentence below the guideline range. To sum up again at the outset, our emphasis in reviewing such claims will be on the provision of a reasoned explanation, a plausible outcome and—where these criteria are met—some deference to different judgments by the district judges on the scene.
Whether the sentence falls inside or outside the applicable guideline range, it is important for us to have the district court‘s reasons for its sentence;
Assuming that the district court correctly calculates the guidelines range and its reasoning is express or can be discerned, the remaining question on appellate review is one of reasonableness which Booker expressly held to be reviewable. Often, there can be more than one reasonable way of assessing a factor and more than one reasonable result. Assuming a plausible explanation and a defensible overall result, sentencing is the responsibility of the district court.
In this case, Jimenez-Beltre asked the district court for a below-guidelines sentence on several grounds, four of which are pressed on appeal. The first is that a below-guidelines sentence was necessary to avoid the “unwarranted sentencing disparity,”
This certainly permits disparities but they are the result of a congressional choice made for prudential reasons, implicitly qualifying the general aim of equality. The impact is probably more modest than the decision of a United States Attorney, in a district with a heavy case load, to forgo entirely some prosecutions that would routinely be brought in other districts. Whether it would even be permissible to give a lower sentence on the ground sought is itself an open question. Martinez-Flores, 428 F.3d at 30 n. 3.
In any event, the district court ruled that the defendant had not furnished a factual basis for assessing the extent of the disparities or provided a reason why to take them into account. As with departures, the proponent of a factor that would work in the proponent‘s favor has to provide the basis to support it. United States v. Derbes, 369 F.3d 579, 582 (1st Cir.2004). In declining to alter the sentence on this ground, the district court did not act unreasonably.
Jimenez-Beltre‘s second argument for a lower sentence was based on his
Next, Jimenez-Beltre asked the district court to adjust the sentence to account for the time that he spent in state custody and that of the federal Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE“) authorities. The district court quite reasonably disregarded the time spent in state custody—apparently five weeks; Massachusetts, a “separate sovereign” (as the district court pointed out), was holding Jimenez-Beltre in aid of new drug charge, not illegal re-entry.
As for the time Jimenez-Beltre spent in ICE custody, it amounted to 30 days, and he was sentenced at the bottom of the guidelines range whose breadth was 11 months. Jimenez-Beltre does not claim that he was legally entitled to an automatic credit under the guidelines. The district court was uncertain whether the 30-day period was an appropriate basis to adjust the sentence, decided not to do so and—we conclude—did not act unreasonably.
Next, Jimenez-Beltre says that the district court should have given a non-guidelines sentence to account for his immediate detention and likely future deportation once released from prison. This, said Jimenez-Beltre, made a normal guideline sentence unnecessary for deterrence or public protection and was a pertinent factor under
The crime in question—re-entry after deportation—is ordinarily going to be committed by persons who will be deported after their sentences have been served. The guideline sentencing range was likely predicated on this understanding. And Jimenez-Beltre, who himself did re-enter after deportation, is hardly in a good position to argue for a shorter sentence on the ground that another deportation of him will protect the public adequately against yet another repetition.
Finally—and independent of the reasonableness of his sentence—Jimenez-Beltre argues that, under the Sixth Amendment, the fact and nature of his prior state conviction should have been proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. The Supreme Court held to the contrary in Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998), but Jimenez-Beltre contends that Almendarez-Torres has been “eviscerated” by the Supreme Court‘s more recent decisions in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), Booker, and Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 125 S.Ct. 1254, 161 L.Ed.2d 205 (2005).
Whatever the continuing viability of Almendarez-Torres, we have previously held that we are bound to follow it until it is expressly overruled, United States v. Ivery, 427 F.3d 69, 75 (1st Cir.2005), and we see no reason to revisit that conclusion here. As it happens, Jimenez-Beltre admitted his prior conviction which, under Booker and Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004), would avoid the constitutional issue in this case even if Almendarez-Torres were to be overturned.
Affirmed.
Since Booker was decided, district courts have been forced to navigate murky waters. I write separately to articulate my reasons for joining the majority‘s central holding, for the benefit of district judges who must interpret and apply it to the difficult task of sentencing defendants in their courtrooms.
I am in agreement with the majority opinion to the extent that it establishes a post-Booker sentencing regime wherein the guidelines enjoy no presumption of reasonableness. I also agree that, procedurally, district judges should first calculate the guideline range including any proposed departures, as they did before Booker was decided.
Further, I agree with the majority opinion to the extent that it requires the district court to explain the reasoning for the sentence imposed, whether it falls within the guidelines range4 or outside of it. I do not think the majority‘s suggestion that a district court‘s reasoning can “often be inferred” should be interpreted as an exception to the rule set forth in
Finally, I think it is of critical importance that the majority opinion be understood to reinforce our commitment to the statutory requirement that, in all cases, district courts must impose sentences that are “sufficient, but not greater than necessary” to effectuate the goals of criminal punishment, as articulated in
As the case law develops, the standards we announce today will evolve. District courts will more substantively contribute to the development of our jurisprudence and less frequently confront remand if they comply with our instructions to make sentencing as transparent a process as possible.
HOWARD, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment.
The Supreme Court‘s opinions in Booker left many questions unanswered. While my views overlap to some extent with those of the lead opinion, I write separately to emphasize that sentencing courts are still to accord the guidelines substantial weight and that sentences outside the guidelines sentencing range are reasonable only so long as and only to the extent that they can be said to comport with the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 (which remains a legitimate expression of congressional purpose post-Booker). Moreover, I have come to accept the government‘s position that sentences within the guidelines sentencing range are reasonable, absent a claim of error in calculating the range. Certainly, I cannot say that these positions are required by the language of Booker (nor, however, are they inconsistent with that language). But they are, I believe, likely to yield a federal sentencing regime that accords with Congress‘s policy preferences. I shall explain briefly, organizing my comments around three propositions that have received less prominent consideration in the post-Booker cases than I think is warranted.
1. “Reasonableness” within the meaning of Booker is not common-law
Prior to the Act, federal district court judges had almost unbounded discretion to sentence within statutory limits—a discretion that was largely exempted from appellate review. As a result, federal defendants with similar criminal backgrounds who engaged in similar unlawful conduct could receive vastly different sentences. Congress determined that this lack of uniformity—described in the Act‘s legislative history as “astounding,” Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, S.Rep. No. 98-225, at 41, reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 3224—was fair to neither defendants nor the public. The result was the Act, which had as a “primary” goal the elimination of unwarranted sentencing disparities. Id. at 52, reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 3235; see also Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 363-67, 109 S.Ct. 647, 102 L.Ed.2d 714 (1989) (discussing the Act and its legislative history).
The Act sought to accomplish this goal in a number of ways. It created an expert Sentencing Commission to collect data and write sentencing guidelines “intended to treat all classes of offenses committed by all categories of offenders consistently.” S.Rep. No. 98-225, at 51, reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 3234. It identified explicitly the four purposes a sentencing judge should consider in imposing sentence. See
The guidelines therefore are not only central to the uniformity that Congress sought to bring about in passing the Act; they also are the data-driven and experience-based manifestations of Congress‘s considered views on how, in the usual case, to accomplish the purposes of federal sentencing. Thus, while there surely is more play in the joints following Booker, it would not serve the Act‘s purposes to regard the guidelines as merely one factor among many that are relevant in arriving at an appropriate sentence. For the Act‘s purposes to be served, the guidelines—which, as matters stand, are the only conceivable centers of gravity around which
2. In terms of Congress‘s purposes, there is no one “reasonable” federal sentence in a given criminal case; rather, there is a range of “reasonable” sentences which always will include within it the guidelines sentencing range but, post-Booker, may frequently be broader. That a properly calculated guidelines sentence always is “reasonable” in terms of Congress‘s purposes may be inferred from the fact that Congress did not give the appellate courts jurisdiction to review challenges to such a sentence. See
3. Congress created appellate jurisdiction to ensure that its preferred, more uniform sentencing regime would emerge; it did not create appellate jurisdiction to allow the government or a defendant to challenge a district court‘s discretionary determination that a case is sufficiently ordinary to warrant a sentence within the properly calculated guidelines sentencing range. Admittedly, in Booker, Justice Scalia reads Justice Breyer‘s remedial opinion to authorize appellate challenges to the reasonableness of sentences imposed within the properly calculated guidelines sentencing range, and Justice Breyer said nothing in response to disabuse him of the notion. Compare Booker, 125 S.Ct. at 793-94 (Scalia, J., dissenting in part) with id. at 766 (Breyer, J., delivering the opinion of the Court in part). I shall leave aside the vexing question how, notwithstanding Justice Breyer‘s silence, excision of those portions of the Act which made the guidelines mandatory (which is all that the Booker remedial opinion purports to accomplish) reasonably might be thought to alter the settled meaning of
Given the much-publicized dissatisfaction with the guidelines in a number of quarters, it is not surprising that the federal courts have tended to answer the questions left open by Booker in such a way as to return to federal judges some of the powers over federal sentencing that Congress appropriated to itself (or shifted to the executive branch) when it passed the Act. There may be reason to hope that the post-Booker regime will be viewed not only as tolerable, but even as an improvement over guidelines sentencing. But if post-Booker sentencing practices come to be perceived as resembling too much the non-uniform sentencing that gave rise to the guidelines, Congress may well respond with legislation that circumscribes judicial power and discretion even more tightly. And there is for certain good reason to doubt that criminal justice interests would be better served by such a system.
LIPEZ, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
I agree with some of the majority‘s description of the role that the advisory guidelines should play in the determination of post-Booker sentences, and its rejection of the reasoning of Judge Howard‘s concurring opinion. The guidelines remain an important consideration in sentencing. The guidelines should not be presumptively controlling, and a guidelines sentence should not be deemed per se reasonable. The guidelines are generalizations that can be unreasonable in particular cases.
But the district court‘s approach to the guidelines in this case was inconsistent with these principles. I do not say this to be critical of the district court. It was operating in an uncertain environment. Its discussion of the guidelines was careful and thoughtful. However, this statement of the district court, quoted by the majority, is the problem:
I am certainly treating the guidelines as advisory, not mandatory, but I feel I need to start someplace and that‘s where I am going to start. I do intend to give them substantial weight, but they don‘t have controlling weight; and if there are clearly identified and persuasive reasons why I should not impose a guidelines sentence, I will consider those and impose a sentence accordingly.
The majority characterizes this paragraph as “adroit” and a “useful compass.” I disagree. There is a significant difference between treating the guidelines as important and giving them substantial weight. There is scant difference between treating a guidelines sentence as presumptively controlling and stating that the court will depart from that sentence only for “clearly identified and persuasive reasons.”5 Here, the judge gave the guidelines a
weight and a centrality that uncomfortably approximate the mandatory guidelines system that the Supreme Court found unconstitutional in Booker. To steer a sensible course between the Supreme Court‘s rejection on constitutional grounds of mandatory guidelines and Congress‘s continuing reliance on the guidelines to achieve uniformity in sentencing, I think that a different approach to sentencing post-Booker is required.
I.
There is useful guidance for this approach in the Sentencing Reform Act (“SRA“) itself, and particularly
The statute then tells the district court how it must evaluate these arguments. The court should determine whether a sentence within the GSR is “sufficient, but not greater than necessary,”8 to comply with
the purposes set forth in [section 3553(a)(2)],9 based on the “nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant,” “any pertinent policy statement ... issued by the Sentencing Commission,” “the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct,” and “the need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense.”
If, after conducting this multi-factor analysis, the court concludes that a sentence within the GSR does not comply with the purposes set forth in section 3553(a)(2), the court should impose a non-guidelines sentence. See Booker, 543 U.S. at 245-46, 125 S.Ct. 738 (stating that the SRA, as amended by Booker, “requires a sentencing court to consider Guidelines ranges, see
Before Booker, the mandatory guidelines overwhelmed the other sentencing factors set forth in section 3553. There was scant need to look beyond the guidelines system (including its departure standards) to justify a sentence. That is no longer true. All of the sentencing factors in section 3553 are now fully in play. As a matter of statutory construction, there is nothing in the language of section 3553(a) that justifies attributing to the guidelines “substantial weight” in the sentencing decision.
There are some who contend that the advisory guidelines largely account for all of the relevant sentencing factors. See, e.g., Shelton, 400 F.3d at 1332 n. 9 (“The factors the Sentencing Commission was required to use in developing the Guidelines are a virtual mirror image of the factors sentencing courts are required to
This argument is too facile. As the majority points out, the guidelines are inescapably generalizations. They say little about “the history and characteristics of the defendant.” Indeed, the guidelines prohibit consideration of certain individualized factors, namely, lack of guidance as a youth and similar circumstances; drug or alcohol dependence or abuse and gambling addiction; personal financial difficulties and economic pressures upon a trade or business; post-sentencing rehabilitative efforts; diminished capacity where the offense involved violence or serious threat of violence, or where diminished capacity was caused by voluntary use of drugs or other intoxicants; and aberrant behavior involving, among other things, a serious drug trafficking offense.
The very mention of these prohibited and discouraged factors dismays some critics of sentencing who see in them the potential for unseemly consideration of a defendant‘s plight and a return to the sentencing abuses and disparities that inspired the guidelines. That potential is surely there. We must be concerned about it. But it is also true that the old system operated in the complete absence of guidelines. We now have an advisory guidelines system whose consequences are unforeseeable. Despite the dire predictions of some, there is also the possibility that this new system will permit the individualized sentencing absent under the mandatory guidelines system without repeating the disparities so troubling to Congress. As the remedial majority in Booker states, the “features of the remaining system, while not the system Congress enacted, nonetheless continue to move sentencing in Congress‘s preferred direction, helping to avoid excessive sentencing disparities while maintaining flexibility sufficient to individualize sentences where necessary.” 543 U.S. at 264-65, 125 S.Ct. 738. Section 3553(a)‘s other factors are not necessarily antithetical to Congress‘s “preferred direction,” and may be part and parcel of it—“maintaining flexibility sufficient to individualize sentences where necessary.” Id.
II.
I have focused on the procedural role of the advisory guidelines post-Booker be-
The key is the faithful performance of the statutory duties set forth in section 3553. That faithful performance will require more than the formulaic invocation of the words of the statute by sentencing judges. There will have to be explanations that are responsive to the sentencing issues raised by the parties and that relate the court‘s decisions on those issues to the multiple purposes and factors of section 3553. See United States v. Cunningham, 429 F.3d 673, 679 (7th Cir.2005) (“[W]e have to satisfy ourselves, before we can conclude that the judge did not abuse his discretion, that he exercised his discretion, that is, that he considered the factors relevant to that exercise.“). The burden of explanation for the district courts is inescapably greater than it was before because of the more open-ended nature of sentencing post-Booker.10 Although the guidelines were legally complex, and the factfinding required by the guidelines could be burdensome at times, the bottom-line judgments were largely mechanical once
the offense level and the criminal history numbers were calculated. All of that guidelines work is still there because the guidelines are still there. But now the bottom-line judgments are not mechanical. They must now be more nuanced judgments that reflect both the guidelines analysis and the larger context of the sentencing factors and purposes identified in section 3553.
Given this daunting task, there is value in procedural regularity that begins with the guidelines analysis and then, with particular attention to the sentencing issues raised by the parties, moves on to the additional analysis required by section 3553. While the district court‘s reasoning can, as the majority states, “often be inferred by comparing what was argued by the parties or contained in the presentence report with what the judge did,” our ability to infer from the record should be no substitute for the trial court‘s obligation to explain. That obligation is particularly important in these early days post-Booker, when the district courts must view and apply the guidelines in a new way. The guidelines are no longer self-justifying. They are not the safe harbor they once were. However, if district courts assume that the guidelines sentence complies with the sentencing statute, and focus only on the compliance of the non-guidelines sentence urged by the defendant, the district courts will effectively give the guidelines a controlling weight and a presumptive validity that is difficult to defend under the constitutional ruling in Booker.11 That is precisely what happened in this case.
The district court began its sentencing analysis with a calculation of the guidelines sentencing range and the rejection of any guidelines departures. As I have indicated, I think that guidelines calculation is a sensible beginning point. But the district court then made a mistake because of its view that a guidelines sentence should be accorded substantial weight and that any deviation from the guidelines must be based on clear and persuasive reasons. Having completed the guidelines analysis, the court said to defense counsel: “All right. Let‘s turn then to a—whether a nonguideline sentence will be appropriate under—taking into account the factors set forth at [section 3553(a)].” This question assumed that a sentence within the calculated guidelines range complied with the multi-purpose, multi-factor requirements of section 3553(a). The court stated that it would only subject any non-guidelines sentence urged by defense counsel to the analysis required by the sentencing statute.
Although defense counsel, wittingly or unwittingly, tried to shift the focus, arguing at length that a guidelines sentence would not comply with the requirements of section 3553(a), and a sentence below the guidelines would, the district court did not shift its focus. After hearing the government‘s predictable argument for a guidelines sentence—“the guidelines in this particular case take into account all of the considerations and all of the goals set forth in section 3553(a)“—the district court stated its conclusion:
So, for those reasons,12 I‘m not inclined to impose a nonguideline sentence in this case. I have the authority to do so, and I have considered the various factors set forth in [section 3553(a)], and have listened to the eloquent argument of [defense counsel], but I think under the circumstances I‘m going to impose a sentence that is within the sentencing guidelines even though they are part advisory and not mandatory.
After announcing its specific sentence, which included imprisonment for a term of 46 months (a sentence at the bottom of the guidelines range), the court stated that “a higher sentence is not necessary to achieve the various goals of sentencing.” It then added: “For the reasons previously indicated, I see no basis for a departure from the guidelines within the guidelines framework and no clearly identified and persuasive reasons to impose a non-guidelines sentence.”
In the end, the court applied the approach to the guidelines that it announced at the beginning of the sentencing hearing. Given the substantial weight that it gave to the appropriateness of a guidelines sentence, it required clearly identified and persuasive reasons to impose a non-guidelines sentence. Finding none, and having therefore concluded that a non-guidelines sentence did not comply with the purposes and factors of the sentencing statute, it imposed a guidelines sentence whose compliance with the sentencing statute was assumed.
Does it matter that the district court‘s negative finding that a non-guidelines sentence did not comply with the sentencing statute might imply a positive finding that a guidelines sentence did comply with the statute? Does it matter that the specific sentence that the district court imposed here might seem reasonable?13 In my view, it does not.
Word choices matter because they reflect mental processes, and mental processes matter because they organize infor-
Moreover, there is not one reasonable sentence. Reasonableness covers a wide span of possibilities, including possibilities outside the guidelines. The district court gave insufficient consideration to those possibilities because of its assumption that a guidelines sentence complied with the sentencing statute. That assumption was a legal error, and “errors of law render a sentence per se unreasonable.” Pho, 433 F.3d at 60-61. Resentencing is therefore required. I respectfully dissent.
Notes
(A) to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense;
(B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct;
(C) to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and
(D) to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational training, medical care, or other correctional treatment in the most effective manner