1 M.J. 58 | United States Court of Military Appeals | 1975
OPINION OF THE COURT
For the theft of a United States Treasury check in an amount of over $200, the accused was given a sentence that included a dishonorable discharge, total forfeitures, confinement at hard labor for 20 months, and reduction to the lowest grade. In accordance with a pretrial agreement, the convening authority reduced the confinement portion of the sentence to 10 months but otherwise approved the findings and sentence. The Court of Military Review affirmed the findings and sentence in a brief pro forma opinion, but in response to the appellant’s petition a single issue was ordered to be heard which deals with the validity of the pretrial agreement.
Under the terms of the agreement, the accused offered to plead guilty provided that the convening authority would not approve any confinement at hard labor that exceeded 10 months. The agreement also contained a provision which limits the order or timing when certain motions might be made at trial. The validity of this provision is the subject of the issue under consideration. The part of the agreement that covers this limitation is as follows:
This plea will be entered by me or my counsel prior to presentation of any evidence on the merits and/or presentation of motions going to matters other than jurisdiction.
In addition, there is a provision for automatic cancellation of the agreement upon the occurrence of certain contingencies, including:
3. My failure to enter a plea of Guilty prior to presentation of evidence on*443 the merits and/or presentation of nonjudicial motions.1
On many occasions, petitions have been reviewed by this Court in which a guilty plea was entered pursuant to a pretrial agreement. Our approval of these arrangements in subsequent opinions, however, was not intended either to condone or to permit the inclusion of indiscriminate conditions in such agreements, even when initiated or concurred in by the accused. Moreover, this reservation is sustained by other opinions of this Court that prove the contrary. Indeed, the many and varied schemes that have been employed in disposing of charges by way of the guilty plea route have demanded our continued scrutiny of the plea bargaining process. That this effort under the guise of efficiency and expedition is on going is demonstrated by the circumstances of the present case. It is noted that the instant agreement, with its included conditions, appears to have been patterned after a sample proposed in Hunter, A New Pretrial Agreement, The Army Lawyer, October 1973, at 23 (D. A. Pamphlet 27-50-10).
While there are certainly benefits which accrue to an accused from a bargain ensuring a fixed maximum sentence, this type of agreement may not include a provision which denies him a fair hearing, even if the hearing is limited by the plea to matters other than guilt or innocence. It was this objective which required the inquiry that was ordered in United States v Allen, 8 USCMA 504, 25 CMR 8 (1957). There, the accused pleaded guilty pursuant to a pretrial agreement. After findings and during the sentencing procedure, nothing was presented on accused’s behalf. Available mitigating evidence was reflected in the staff judge advocate’s review, and by affidavit, the accused submitted other matters to support his contention that he had been deprived of the effective assistance of counsel during the presentencing portion of the trial. The case was remanded for a factual determination when accused’s assertions were disputed by an affidavit of his former counsel. The opinion emphasized, however, that a pretrial "agreement cannot transform the trial into an empty ritual.” 8 USCMA at 507, 25 CMR at 11. Both before and after the Allen case, more positive attempts to preclude the exercise of one’s rights by means of a prior waiver have been condemned. Instances reflecting these arrangements are catalogued and discussed in United States v Cummings, 17 USCMA 376, 38 CMR 174 (1968). That case also involved an accused who had entered a plea of guilty pursuant to a pretrial agreement. In addition, the agreement contained a provision in which " 'any issue of speedy trial or of denial of due process’ ” was specifically waived. 17 USCMA at 378, 38 CMR at 176. Holding that this waiver in the agreement was null and void as contrary to public policy, the words from Allen, set out above, were quoted with approval. Later, in the same opinion, the Court’s reasoning which resulted in the agreement being declared null and void, was contained in the following passage:
Attempting to make them into contractual type documents which forbid the trial of collateral issues and eliminate matters which can and should be considered below, as well as on appeal, substitutes the agreement for the trial and, indeed, renders the latter an empty ritual. We suggest, therefore, that these matters should be left for the court-martial and appellate authorities to resolve and not be made the subject of unwarranted pretrial restrictions.
Under this particular standard, as well as the more general one implicit in opinions dealing with command control,
Accordingly, the decision of the Court of Military Review is reversed and the record of trial is returned to the Judge Advocate General of the Army. A rehearing may be ordered.
Although jurisdiction and judicial are not necessarily synonymous, we assume "non-judicial” was intended to mean motions that were not jurisdictional.
United States v Cummings, 17 USCMA 376, 380, 38 CMR 174, 178 (1968) (emphasis added).
United States v Tavolilla, 17 USCMA 395, 38 CMR 193 (1968); United States v Wright, 17 USCMA 110, 37 CMR 374 (1967); United States v Kitchens, 12 USCMA 589, 31 CMR 175 (1961).
United States v Sears, 20 USCMA 380, 43 CMR 220 (1971).