256 F. 707 | W.D. Ky. | 1919
The indictment in this case ^ charges:
“That heretofore, to wit, on the 7th day of December, in the year of our Lord 1918, at Louisville, in said district and within the jurisdiction of this court, one Harry Hicks, late of said district, unlawfully did then and there receive and permit to be received for immoral purposes certain persons into a lilacs used for the purpose of lewdness, assignation, and prostitution, within the distance oí a military cantonment designated by the Secretary of War; that is to say, that said Harry Hicks did then and there receive and permit to be received for immoral purposes both men and women, whose names are to tho grand jurors unknown, into a place operated as a house of ill fame, designated as 401 Seventh street, Louisville, Ky., and within five miles of a military cantonment, to wit:, Camp Zachary Taylor, and used for the purpose of lowdness, assignation and prostitution, and did then and there keep and set up a house of ill fame as aforesaid, in violation of section 13 of the act of May 18, 1917, and the order, rule, and regulation of the Secretary of War, issued to carry out the object and purpose of said section of said act.”
The defendant entered a plea of not guilty and also a plea that he had previously been convicted of the offense charged in this indictment on a.similar indictment therefor in a state court in Louisville, and had
“The general police power is reserved to the states. The power to protect the public health and the public safety, to preserve good order and the public morals, to protect the lives and property of their citizens, ‘the power to govern men and things’ within the limits of their dominions, by any legislation appropriate to that end and which does not encroach upon the rights guaranteed by the national Constitution, nor come in conflict with the acts of Congress passed in pursuance of that instrumentáis a power originally and always belonging to the states, not surrendered by them to the general government, nor directly restrained by the Constitution of the United States.”
This is supported by a great number of notable cases.
Under the Constitution of the United States (article 1, § 8, cl. 11), Congress is authorized to declare war, by clause 12. to raise and support armies, by clause 14 to make rules for the government of the land and naval forces, and by clause 18 it is empowered to make all laws which may be “necessary and proper” for carrying into execution the powers' given in that article and all other powers vested by the
We. may assume for the purpose of this opinion that section 13 of the act referred to (Comp. St. 1918, § 2019b) covered a legitimate exercise of the powers of Congress. Although there is no express provision in that section which authorizes the Secretary of War to make regulations to meet the exigencies of the section, we may assume (without deciding) not only that such regulations were made, but that they conformed to the provisions of the act. We may also assume that Congress had concluded that the legislation to be referred to was “necessary and proper” to carry into effect the other powers authorized to be exercised in the great emergency of war that had a few days before come upon the country.
Jly a joint resolution passed by Congress and approved by the President on April 6, 1917, it was resolved:
“That the state of war between the United States and the Imperial German government which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby formally declared; and that the President be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to employ the entire naval and military forces of the United States and the resources of the government to carry on war against the Imperial German government; and to bring the conflict to a successful termination all of the resources of the country are hereby pledged by the Congress of the United States.” 40 Stat. 1, c. 1.
This situation, in the judgment of Congress, required much legislation. Among the acts it passed was that approved May 18, 1917, the thirteenth section of which is as follows:
“That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized, empowered, and directed during the present war to do everything by him deemed necessary to suppress and prevent, the keeping or setting up of houses of ill fame, brothels, or bawdy houses within such distance as ho may deem needful of any military camp, station, fort, post, cantonment, training, or mobilization place, and any person, corporation, partnership, or association receiving or permitting to be receiver! for immoral purposes any person into airy place, structure, or building used for the purpose of lowdness, assignation, or prostitution ^vithin such distance of said places as may be designated, or shall permit any such person 1o remain for immoral purposes in any such place, structure, or building as aforesaid, or who shall violate any order, rule, or regulation issued to carry out the object and purpose of this section shall, unless otherwise punishable under the Articles of War, be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and be punished by a line of not more than $1,000, or imprisonment for not more than twelve months, or both.” 40 Stat. 83.
Events of greatest moment continued to follow, and early in the month of November, 1918, the military power of the enemy collapsed. In no part of our history did anything arouse more universal interest among the people of the United States than did this situation.
Article 2, § 3, of the Constitution provides that the President “shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Unioip and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.” For much the greater part of the existence of our government the method of complying with this constitutional requirement lias been by what we are accustomed to call the “messages of the President.” The President of to-day fas he law
“Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), that the two houses of Congress assemble in the hall of the House of Representatives on Monday, the 11th of November, 1918, at 1 o’clock in the afternoon, for the purpose of receiving such communication as the President of the United States shall be pleased to make to them.”
Accordingly the two houses assembled in joint session in the hall of the House; the President appeared at the Speaker’s seat, and gave to Congress information of the state of the Union in respect of the war it had declared on April 6, 1917. Having read to the Congress thus assembled the 34 terms stipulated in the armistice agreement entered into a few hours before and signed by the representatives of the German, army, the President said:
“The war thus comes to an end; for, having accepted these terms of armistice, it will be impossible for the German command to renew it.
“It is not now possible to assess the consequences of this great consummation. We lenow only that this tragical war, whose consuming flames siwept from one nation to another until all the world was on Are, is at an end, and that it was the privilege of our own people to enter it at its most critical juncture in such fashion and in such force as to contribute in a way of which we are all deeply proud to the great result. We know, too, that the object of the war is attained, the object upon which all free men had set their hearts, and attained with a sweeping completeness which even now we do not realize. Armed imperialism, such as the men conceived who were but yesterday the masters of Germany, is at an end, its illicit ambitions engulfed in black disaster.” Congressional Record of November 11, 1918, and Official U. S. Bulletin, also of that date.
The question now to be decided is presented in this way: The acts charged in the indictment and claimed to constitute an offense against the United States were committed and done on December 7, 1918, at least 25 days after the President’s communication to Congress had been officially and most conspicuously made declaring that the war “is at an end.” Were the acts of the accused committed “during the present war” within the true meaning of that phrase as used in the section of the act upon which the government seeks to maintain the indictment and the conviction thereunder? Upon the proper answer to that question depends the authority of the court to inflict punishment upon him.
At the hearing it was urged on behalf of the United'States that Congress alone can begin war, and consequently that Congress alone can terminate it. But that does not follow, for the Constitution, while in express terms giving Congress the sole power of declaring war, in no way so expresses itself as to give that body any authority itself to terminate it. And so in this instance, while Congres's has not itself declared the war to be ended, in its presence the President — also the commander-in-chief of the army — did officially communicate to Cok-
The authoritative publications show that, while war is usually terminated by a treaty of peace, and that such treaty is the best evidence of such termination, history shows many instances in which wars were terminated without any treaty at all. Notably this must be so in domestic wars. So it is also where a complete conquest of the weaker nation leaves no one authorized to make a treaty. The public is oftentimes, perhaps generally, notified of treaties by official proclamation. But there is no prescribed form for such latter documents, and at last they are but official announcements o E a state of fact. The President’s official communication to Congress met all the conditions of an official proclamation, so far as such documents are designed for giving information. It ivas made on a notable occasion; it was made upon a theater that attracted the attention of all the people of the United States, and indeed of the civilized world. The purpose of the President’s oral message being to communicate information, it, if true, met the requirements of the question before us. Was that information accurate, or were the facts perverted? Does it now lie in the mouth of the government, in this prosecution made in its name, to insist that: it was false, even if there is nothing like a technical estoppel ?
Undoubtedly, if there be any doubt about it, a completely ratified treaty of peace is the best evidence of the termination of a war; but as we have said such a treaty is not essential to the actual ending of a war, as has many times been demonstrated. Indeed, there is no formal or ceremonious way agreed upon in international law or otherwise for ending a war. Circumstances govern such situations, and here, as we have seen, they raise a most important, if not vital, question of fact, namely: Was the 7th day of December, 1918, “during the present-war?”
For reasons more or less publicly known, no treaty of peace has yet been made; but it is claimed that actual war was nevertheless in fact ended last November, and the statement of tire President, officially made and acclaimed on the 11th day of that month, and which met with quite universal acceptance by the people, is as effective in showing the fact of the actual termination of real war as would be the case with a treaty. In advance of a treaty it is, of course, possible for the war to break out again; but, if it does not do so, then certainly it was in faci ended. If the announcement of the President was true and correct, then the 7th day of December, 1918, came after the war was at an end, and was not “during the present war,” as that phrase is used in the statute under which this prosecution was begun. The accuracy of this proposition would seem to be obvious.
Again, the President’s official statement was either true or it was mere rhetorical optimism. This court is by no means at liberty to yield to the latter alternative, for it is clearly of opinion, in view of cur
Every citizen of the United States, the defendant included, may well be presumed, first, to have been informed of the substance of the declaration made by the president, and, second, to have relied upon it as true. Probably all accepted it as correct, and rightfully acted upon it as being in fact true. Hostilities ceased, not a gun has since been fired, the demobilization of our troops is in active progress, and much acclaimed peace negotiations have been under way. Under these circumstances every person in the country had the right to accept the President’s official declaration as true, and to act upon it, and especially if it affected the question of whether certain acts were criminal or the reverse. Here most reprehensible conduct was made criminal only if committed “during the present War.” When the war came to “an end,” so did the thirteenth section of the act of May 18, 1917, for, if the President’s notable declaration was true and correct, the 7th of December, 1918, we repeat, was not “during the present war.” That date, in those circumstances, was after that statute had ceased to be a law of the United States, in which case the acts alleged in the indictment could only be punished under the law of the state.
After it had declared war, Congress found it necessary to enact much war legislation, and provided in each act for a more or less extended period for the operation of its provisions, and doubtless undertook to make the length of that existence depend upon what it deemed the necessities of the subject-matter — the limitation fixed in the thirteenth section of the act of May 18, 1917, presumably being based upon the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution. Possibly the most restricted continuance of such legislation was that fixed in the section involved in this case. A more detailed examination and search than is now deemed at all necessary might show in the so-called war legislation a great variety of phraseology used in'fixing the circumstances and contingencies upon which its operation would come to an end; but all the while, and in respect to all such legislation, it must be presumed that Congress expressed itself exactly as it preferred in respect to each subject-matter. The extremes of this would probably be shown on the one hand in the phrase “during the present war,” used in section 13 of the act of May 18, 1917, and on the'other in the quite intensive phraseology of clause 4 of section 1 of the act entitled “An act to enable the Secretary of Agriculture to carry out during the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and. nineteen, the purposes of the previous act entitled 'An act to provide further for the national security and defense by stimulating agriculture and facilitating the distribution of agricultural products,’ and for other purposes” approved November 21, 1918 (40 Stats, 1046, c. 212), which is as follows:
“That after June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen, until the conclusion of the present war and thereafter until the termination of demobilization, the date of which shall be determined and proclaimed by the President of the United States, for the. purpose of conserving the man power of the nation, and to increase efficiency in the production of arms, munitions, food, and clothing for the army and navy, it shall be unlawful to sell for beverage pur*713 poses any distilled spirits, and during said time no distilled spirits held in bond shall be removed therefrom for beverage purposes except for export. After May first', nineteen hundred and nineteen, until the conclusion of the present war and thereafter until the termination of demobilization, ilie date of which shall be determined and proclaimed by the President of the United States, no grains, cereals, fruit, or other food product, shall be used in the manufacture or production of beer, wine, or other intoxicating malt or vinous liquor for beverage purposes. After June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen, until the conclusion of the present war and thereafter until the termination of demobilization, the date of which shall be determined and proclaimed by the President of the United States, no boer, wine, or other intoxicating malt, or vinous liquor shall be sold for beverage purposes except; for export. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue is hereby authorized and directed to prescribe rules and regulations, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, in regard to the manufacture and sale of distilled spirits and removal of distilled spirits held in bond after June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen, until tills act shall cease to operate, for other than beverage purposes; also in regard to the manufacture, sale, and distribution of wine for sacramental, medicinal, or other than beverage uses. After the approval of this act no distilled, malt, vinous, or other intoxicating liquors shall be imported into the United States during the continuance of they present war and period of demobilization: Provided, that this provision against importation shall not apply to shipments en route to the United States at the time of the passage of this act.” i
But in no event can the contention made at the argument that section 13 of the act of May 18, 1917, should be so construed as to continue its operation during the demobilization at Camp Zachary Taylor be sustained. No criminal legislation (to which strict rules of construction must be applied) could properly admit of the latitudinous construction thus contended for. The language of section 13 is plain, explicit, and unambiguous, and contains no provision in respect to demobilization nor anything resembling it.
To summarize: The act of May 18, 1917, made criminal certain immoral conduct if committed “during the present war” — of course meaning the war with Germany, which, a few weeks before, had been declared by Congress. The limitation distinctly specified by Congress for the continued operation of this criminal legislation was expressed in the words just stated. This limit thus fixed was not the making of any treaty of peace, nor its ratification, nor the mustering out of the troops making up our army. In fixing the time of continued operation of the act Congress used the words “during the present war.” This does not appear to be a case for technicalities, but for facts. If the war in fact had ended on November 11, 1918, it did not continue until the following December 7th. We know the war began on April 6, 1917 When did it end? On November 11th, as we have stated, the President communicated to Congress the express information that this “tragical war * * * is at an end.” This status, then ascertained and communicated. to the Congress by the chief of the executive and of the military service of the United States government, should,, we think, be accepted as accurate and final by the court in this case
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