Case Information
*2 WARDLAW, Circuit Judge:
Every day along the southwest border, previously deported aliens lacking entry documents are arrested, detained, and charged with illegal reentry. Once convicted, they serve a term of imprisonment, and then are again deported. The numbers are so great that federal prosecutors in these border states began to resort to an efficient means of securing a conviction: a “fast-track” plea agreement that binds the government and the defendant, but not the district judge.
The government secures the benefit of a streamlined process that minimizes the burden on its prosecutorial resources. It need not go before a grand jury to secure an indictment; battle motions, including collateral attacks on the underlying deportation; prosecute a jury trial; or oppose an appeal. The defendant, in turn, waives constitutional and other rights and agrees to a term of incarceration and, often, a term of supervised release ordinarily discouraged by the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines. What is the incentive for the defendant to take this deal? The prosecutor binds his office to recommend a four-level downward departure in the offense level now advised by the Guidelines, and to present a “united front” in favor of a reduced sentence to the district judge. If the judge does not accept this sentence, the defendant may walk away from his guilty plea, and proceedings will begin anew.
Paul Gabriel Morales Heredia (Morales) was one such defendant. But in Morales’s case, the orderly and efficient plea-bargaining process did not play out as intended. The government extended the promise of a reduced prison term with one hand and took it away with the other. The prosecutor’s recommendation of a six-month prison term rang hollow as he repeatedly and unnecessarily emphasized Morales’s criminal history, adding for good measure his personal opinion that “defendant’s history communicates a consistent disregard for both the criminal and immigration laws of the United States.” Morales’s counsel timely objected and sought specific performance of the plea agreement. The district judge denied this relief on the irrelevant ground that the prosecutor’s statements did not influence him. We conclude that Morales is entitled to relief, and we vacate his sentence and remand for further proceedings before a different judge.
I.
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 imposed felony criminal liability for a previously deported alien who subsequently entered, attempted to enter, or was found in the United States. See Pub. L. 82-414, § 276, 66 Stat. 163, 229 S . 5 (1952) (codified as amended at 8 U.S.C. § 1326). For several decades thereafter, this provision—like the immigration laws as a whole—was lightly enforced along the southwest border. Aliens were seldom charged with illegal reentry under § 1326. A few were charged with misdemeanor improper entry, 8 U.S.C. § 1325, and most were simply deported without criminal sanctions. [1] In 1992, out of more than 565,000 undocumented aliens apprehended in the Southern District of California, only 245 were charged with a felony of any kind, and many of those charges arose from conduct other than the unlawful entry itself.
In the mid-1990s, the federal government increased its enforcement of the immigration laws in the southwest, rapidly expanding the resources available to the Border Patrol. [3] Since then, the United States has prosecuted increasing numbers of aliens for illegal reentry under § 1326 and improper entry under § 1325. In 1993, the Department of Justice initiated fewer than 2,500 illegal reentry prosecutions. [4] By 2004, that number had grown to more than [1] See Alan D. Bersin, Reinventing Immigration Law Enforcement in the Southern District of California , 8 F ED . S ENT ’ G R EP . 254, 254–55 (1996). [2] See William Braniff, Local Discretion, Prosecutorial Choices and the Sentencing Guidelines , 5 F ED S ENT ’ G R EP . 309, 309 (1993). See generally U.S. G EN A CCOUNTING O FFICE , GAO-01-842, INS’ OUTHWEST B ORDER S TRATEGY : R ESOURCE AND I MPACT I SSUES R EMAIN A FTER EVEN Y EARS (2001). See At Nearly 100,000, Immigration Prosecutions Reach All-Time
High in FY 2013 , T RANSACTIONAL R ECORDS A CCESS C LEARINGHOUSE (Nov. 25, 2013), http://trac.syr.edu/immigration/reports/336. *5 6 U NITED S TATES V M ORALES H EREDIA 13,000. [5] In each of the past five years, the federal government has initiated over 30,000 illegal reentry prosecutions, including an all-time high of 37,440 last year. [6] These prosecutions constitute a significant proportion of the federal criminal docket. More than a third of all federal defendants in the Ninth Circuit are charged with immigration offenses. [7]
Fast-track plea programs are both a response to and a
cause of this rise in prosecutions. In 1993, the United States
Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of California
began to offer accelerated plea deals to defendants charged
with illegal reentry under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b), who faced
increased sentencing exposure because their previous removal
had occurred subsequent to a felony conviction.
See United
States v. Estrada-Plata
,
[6] Id. While the number of § 1326 charges has increased in rough parallel with the number of § 1325 charges, the number of § 1326 convictions has started to decline as defendants increasingly resolve their cases by pleading to misdemeanors. See Despite Rise in Felony Charges, Most Immigration Convictions Remain Misdemeanors , T RANSACTIONAL R E C O R D S A C C E S S C LE A R I N G H O U S E ( J une 2 6 , 20 1 4) , http://trac.syr.edu/immigration/reports/356. In the District of Arizona, in particular, almost 90 percent of defendants initially charged under § 1326 are eventually convicted under § 1325. See id. See U NITED TATES C OURTS FOR THE N INTH C IRCUIT , 2012 A NNUAL
R EPORT 65 (2012).
of the then-binding Guidelines. See id . In 1995, the same United States Attorney’s Office began to offer fast-track pleas to all illegal reentry defendants with substantial criminal histories, requiring defendants to plead guilty under § 1326(a) and to stipulate to the entry of an order of removal that would result in their deportation immediately upon their release from prison. Making widespread use of fast-track pleas, the Southern District of California prosecuted more felony *6 immigration offenses in 1995 than it had in the previous ten years combined. [9] In other border districts where the federal government had committed additional resources to enforcement, fast-track programs also emerged, and prosecutions rapidly increased. [10]
In 2003, Congress endorsed fast-track pleas by directing the United States Sentencing Commission to promulgate a policy statement authorizing reduced sentences for participants in fast-track programs. See Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today (PROTECT) Act of 2003, Pub. L. No. 108- 21, § 401(m)(2)(B), 117 Stat. 650, 675 (2003). The Sentencing Guidelines now permit the district court to adjust the offense level of a defendant who participates in a fast- track program not more than four levels downward. See U.S.S.G. § 5K3.1. The courts of appeals eventually split over whether a district court could impose a below-Guidelines sentence for a defendant in a district without a fast-track [8] See Bersin, supra note 1, at 256. See id. See id. at 258 n.1; see also Thomas E. Gorman, A History of Fast-
Track Sentencing , 21 F ED ENT ’ G R EP . 311, 311 (2009).
program on the basis of an unwarranted sentencing disparity
with a fast-track defendant who had committed the same
offense.
Compare, e.g.
,
United States v. Gonzalez-Zotelo
,
While the details may vary from district to district, all fast-track programs “are based on the premise that a defendant who promptly agrees to participate in such a program saves the government significant and scarce resources that can be used to prosecute other defendants, and . . . has demonstrated an acceptance of responsibility above and beyond what is already taken into account by the adjustments contained in the Sentencing Guidelines.” Id. at *7 1. According to the Department of Justice, fast-track plea agreements have become an important nationwide tool to address the “compelling, and otherwise potentially intractable, resource issue” posed by the number of immigration crimes on the federal criminal docket. Id. The government has also responded to these resource challenges by appointing Special Assistant United States Attorneys to handle criminal prosecutions. These attorneys may be on loan from other government agencies, or may be unpaid volunteers. See Joe Davidson, ‘Special’ Assistant United States Attorneys Work for Free , W ASH P OST , July 18, 2013.
Because the object of a fast-track plea is to achieve greater than normal efficiency through a lighter than normal sentence, the parties in a fast-track case typically encourage the district court to impose the negotiated sentence. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11 provides them with the means to do so. Rule 11 governs the process for entering pleas and sets forth requirements for the district court’s acceptance of a guilty plea. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(a), (b). It also recognizes three distinct types of plea agreements. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(1). The government may agree to dismiss or not to bring further charges; to make a sentencing recommendation that does not bind the district court; or to make a sentencing recommendation that binds the district court if the court accepts the agreement. Id.
Specifically, Rule 11(c)(1)(C) authorizes the government to “agree that a specific sentence or sentencing range is the appropriate disposition of the case, or that a particular provision of the Sentencing Guidelines . . . or sentencing factor does or does not apply.” The agreement “is contingent until the court accepts” it. Freeman v. United States , 131 S. Ct. 2685, 2692 (2011) (plurality opinion). When presented with a Rule 11(c)(1)(C) agreement, the district court may accept the agreement, reject the agreement, or wait to consider the agreement until it has reviewed the presentence report. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(3). If the district court ultimately accepts the agreement, it must impose the recommended sentence. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(4). If it ultimately rejects the agreement, it must give the defendant *8 10 U NITED S TATES V . M ORALES H EREDIA the opportunity to withdraw his plea. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(5). [12]
While Rule 11(c)(1)(C) may apply to any offense, it plays a particularly important role in fast-track illegal reentry cases. The Department of Justice requires that United States Attorneys retain the discretion to compel defendants who wish to participate in fast-track programs to enter into Rule 11(c)(1)(C) agreements. See Cole Memorandum at 4. In some judicial districts, fast-track defendants are in fact required to enter into Rule 11(c)(1)(C) agreements. [13] In 2006, the Central District of California began to offer a Rule 11(c)(1)(C) agreement as its standard fast-track plea offer to Sentence bargains are a longstanding, though controversial, practice. See Joshua D. Asher, Note, Unbinding the Bound: Reframing the Availability of Sentence Modifications for Offenders Who Entered Into 11(c)(1)(C) Plea Agreements , 111 C OLUM . L. R EV . 1004, 1005–06, 1021–23 & n.90 (2011). One district judge has described Rule 11(c)(1)(C) pleas as “the best tool between the extremes of no prosecution at all and an effort to obtain the most severe sentence available under the law and the Guidelines.” John Gleeson, The Sentencing Commission and Prosecutorial Discretion: The Role of the Courts in Policing Sentence Bargains , 36 H OFSTRA L. R EV . 639, 641 (2008). But Rule 11(c)(1)(C), like other procedural provisions that allocate power to prosecutors to determine sentences, also raises the concern that “the prosecutor becomes the adjudicator—making the relevant factual findings, applying the law to the facts, and selecting the sentence or at least the sentencing range.” Rachel E. Barkow, Institutional Design and the Policing of Prosecutors: Lessons from Administrative Law , 61 S TAN L. R EV . 869, 878 (2009). See Fast-Track Policies for Illegal Reentry Cases by District and Circuit , D EFENDER ERVICES O FFICE (Dec. 2013), http://www.fd.org/docs/select-topics/sentencing-resources/fast-track- policies-for-illegal-reentry-cases-by-district-and-circuit-%28december- 2013%29.pdf?sfvrsn=4.
*9
most defendants charged with illegal reentry. As far as we
are aware, this policy remains in effect. In the Central
District and throughout the Ninth Circuit, Rule 11(c)(1)(C)
agreements are a common way of resolving illegal reentry
prosecutions.
See, e.g.
,
United States v. Gonzalez
, 502 F.
App’x 665 (9th Cir. 2012);
United States v. Soto-Lopez
,
II.
Within this larger context, enter (or, reenter) Morales. Like so many others, Morales, a native and citizen of Mexico, has repeatedly crossed the southwest border into the United States without authorization. After being removed from the United States in 1992, 2009, and 2010, he again entered without inspection in 2011. Immigration authorities apprehended him. The government charged Morales in an information with illegal reentry, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326. The government also provided notice that one of Morales’s prior removals had occurred subsequent to an aggravated felony conviction, thereby increasing the statutory maximum penalty from two years’ imprisonment to twenty years’ imprisonment. See 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2).
In January 2012, Morales and the government executed a written fast-track plea agreement under Rule 11(c)(1)(C). Morales agreed to plead guilty to the sole count of illegal reentry in the information at the earliest opportunity provided See Memorandum Reporting Revisions to Illegal Reentry Fast-Track Program in Central District of California , 21 F ED ENT ’ G R EP . 349, 350 (2009).
by the government. He agreed to waive his constitutional rights to be indicted by a grand jury, to contest his guilt at trial, to confront adverse witnesses, to testify on his own behalf, and to avoid self-incrimination. Morales also promised not to pursue any affirmative defenses, to seek the suppression of evidence under the Fourth or Fifth Amendments, or to pursue any other pretrial motions. Finally, he agreed to waive his right to appeal his conviction. Morales acknowledged that his conviction might subject him to deportation.
In return, the United States promised to recommend a *10 particular sentence that would bind the district court unless it rejected the agreement. The parties agreed on the applicable provisions of the United States Sentencing Guidelines. They also agreed that Morales’s total offense level under the Guidelines was nine. This included the four-level reduction advised by the Guidelines for participation in a fast-track program. See U.S.S.G. § 5K3.1. The parties agreed that the probation office could prepare a presentence report (PSR) that addressed only Morales’s criminal history, and that no further factual development of the record was required. The parties acknowledged that the district court would calculate Morales’s criminal history category. The intersection of the criminal history category with Morales’s stipulated total offense level would determine his sentencing range under the Guidelines. See U.S.S.G. ch. 5, pt. A.
Morales and the United States agreed that the appropriate disposition of the case was a prison term equal to the low end of the applicable Guidelines range, plus the statutory maximum of three years of supervised release, see 18 U.S.C. § 3583(b)(2). They did so despite the provision of the Sentencing Guidelines advising against supervised release in cases involving aliens who, like Morales, would likely be deported after incarceration. See U.S.S.G. § 5D1.1(c). Morales acknowledged that the conditions of his supervised release would include compliance with the immigration laws of the United States.
Both parties agreed to recommend that the district court impose the stipulated sentence. They also agreed that they would not “seek, argue, or suggest in any way, either orally or in writing, that any other specific offense characteristics, adjustments, departures, or variances in sentence . . . be imposed, or that the Court impose a sentence other than what has been stipulated to by the parties herein.” Both reserved the right to “supplement the facts” by supplying the court with relevant information, as well as the right to “correct any and all factual misstatements” relating to the district court’s Guidelines calculations. If the district court imposed the stipulated sentence, both parties waived the right to appeal any part of the sentence except the court’s calculation of Morales’s criminal history category.
The district court provisionally accepted Morales’s plea of guilty, while cautioning Morales that it reserved the right to reject the Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement and that, if it did so, Morales would have an opportunity to withdraw his *11 plea. Several weeks later, Morales’s probation officer disclosed his presentence report to the parties and the district court. The PSR detailed Morales’s criminal history, which included felony convictions for burglary, receiving stolen property, and the sale of heroin, as well as a misdemeanor domestic violence conviction. The probation officer determined that Morales had three criminal history points, resulting in a criminal history category of II and, with the fast-track downward adjustment in offense level, an applicable Guidelines range of six to twelve months in prison. The probation officer recommended that the district court impose the stipulated low-end sentence of six months’ imprisonment plus three years of supervised release.
The government then filed its sentencing position in the district court. The government recommended a low-end sentence of six months’ imprisonment and a three-year period of supervised release, as it had agreed to do. It then went on to detail “[d]efendant’s 20-year criminal history” already identified in the PSR. Discussing Morales’s 1993 conviction for possession of heroin for sale, the government noted that Morales had been “arrested with 56 balloons filled with over 9 grams of heroin.” Addressing Morales’s 1995 domestic violence conviction, the government explained that Morales “allegedly choked the mother of his then-infant daughter, grabbed her face, shook her vigorously, shoved her against a wall, and cut her lip.” Morales’s criminal history, the government argued, “communicates a consistent disregard for both the criminal and immigration laws of the United States.”
Furthermore, though it argued that a six-month sentence was reasonable, the government also noted that “defendant’s demonstrated propensity for drug trafficking and theft-related offenses is also concerning, and an appropriate sentence is warranted to ensure sufficient deterrence to future criminal conduct.” And, to support the recommended term of supervised release, the government stated that Morales “poses a danger to the community because his criminal history includes both drug trafficking and battery.”
Defense counsel promptly emailed the prosecutor to express his view that the government had breached the plea agreement by failing to recommend, in substance, a sentence
U NITED TATES V M ORALES H EREDIA 15 at the low end of the Guidelines range. Counsel urged the government to withdraw its sentencing position and file a new one. The prosecutor denied breaching the agreement. Shortly thereafter, the government filed a supplemental sentencing position without withdrawing the original. In its supplemental memorandum, the government corrected two technical errors and reiterated its support for a “low-end 6- month prison term” and a three-year period of supervised release. The government stated that it had “consistently advocated” for this sentence and that its prior memorandum had “analyze[d] defendant’s criminal history because criminal history is a major component of any thorough [sentencing] analysis.”
A few weeks later, the district court informed the parties that it would not accept the terms of the Rule 11(c)(1)(C) agreement and that Morales therefore had the right to withdraw his guilty plea. Defense counsel immediately moved for specific performance of the plea agreement, arguing that the government’s initial sentencing memorandum had breached it. At a hearing on the motion, the district court expressed its view that Rule “11(c)(1)(C) is a different kind of plea agreement,” and that it retained discretion to reject the agreement irrespective of the government’s statements. Defense counsel argued that “the breach[] jurisprudence is no less applicable in the 11(c)(1)(C) context than it is in any other plea agreement context.”
The district court denied Morales’s motion for specific performance of the plea agreement in a written order. It explained: “The Government’s brief description of Defendant’s criminal history and prior immigration violations had no effect on this Court’s rejection of the Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea.” Rather, it had determined that the stipulated sentence 16
was inadequate “on the basis of its independent review” of the PSR. The district court noted that “all of the cases cited by Defendant . . . did not involve[] a Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea.”
Four days later, at the sentencing hearing, Morales declined to withdraw his guilty plea when given the opportunity to do so. The district court sentenced him to twenty-one months of incarceration—three-and-a-half times longer than the stipulated prison term—and three years of supervised release. The twenty-one month prison term was equal to the high end of the Guidelines range that would have applied without the four-level downward adjustment for a fast-track plea. Morales timely appealed.
III.
We have jurisdiction to review Morales’s sentence
pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). Because Morales’s counsel
objected to the government’s statements before the district
court, we review
de novo
whether the government breached
the plea agreement.
United States v. Whitney
,
IV.
A. “[C]riminal justice today is for the most part a system of pleas, not a system of trials.” Lafler v. Cooper , 132 S. Ct. 1376, 1388 (2012). In the vast majority of criminal cases, a We cannot discern from the record whether the district court found that there was no breach or that any breach was harmless. The difference is immaterial to our analysis, as either conclusion was error. prosecutor’s promise of less harsh treatment induces the defendant to waive his constitutional rights and admit guilt. Plea bargaining is desirable because it conserves resources, encourages prompt and final resolution of criminal cases, helps avoid the “corrosive impact” of prolonged pretrial detention, and abates the risk to public safety caused by lengthy pretrial release. Santobello v. New York , 404 U.S. 257, 260–61 (1971). “However, all of these considerations presuppose fairness” in the plea bargaining process. Id. at 261. Accordingly, when the prosecutor makes a promise to the defendant, that “promise must be fulfilled.” Id. at 262. The integrity of the criminal justice system depends upon the government’s strict compliance with the terms of the plea agreements into which it freely enters. See Whitney , 673 F.3d at 974.
Plea agreements are “essentially contracts.”
Puckett v.
*14
United States
,
The government breaches its agreement with the defendant if it promises to recommend a particular disposition of the case, and then either fails to recommend that disposition or recommends a different one . See, e.g. , United States v. Johnson , 187 F.3d 1129, 1135 (9th Cir. 1999). See generally W AYNE R. L A F AVE ET AL ., C RIMINAL P ROCEDURE § 21.2(d) (3d ed. 2013). When it offers to recommend a specific sentence, the government induces the defendant to forfeit his constitutional rights in exchange for a “united front.” United States v. Camarillo-Tello , 236 F.3d 1024, 1028 (9th Cir. 2001). “[W]hen the sentencing court hears that both sides believe a certain sentence is appropriate and reasonable in the circumstances, this is more persuasive than only the defendant arguing for that sentence. . . . [T]his ‘united front’ is the defendant’s benefit of the bargain.” Id.
The government’s promise to recommend a particular
disposition can be broken either explicitly or implicitly.
See
Whitney
, 673 F.3d at 971. The government is under no
obligation to make an agreed-upon recommendation
“enthusiastically.”
Johnson
,
B.
As the district court observed, we have not previously applied the principles governing the breach of plea agreements to Rule 11(c)(1)(C) agreements. The only logical conclusion, however, is that those principles apply with equal force in this context. Our decisions in Mondragon and Whitney confirm that the government breached its agreement with Morales by denying him the united front for which he bargained. The government’s statements in this case did at least as much to recommend a harsher than agreed-upon sentence as the statements that breached the plea agreements in Mondragon and Whitney .
In
Mondragon
, the government promised the defendant
that it would “make no recommendation regarding [the]
sentence.” 228 F.3d at 979. After defense counsel
characterized the defendant’s previous crimes as “petty,” the
district court asked the government whether it had any
comment.
Id.
The government pointed out in response that
the defendant had frequently run from law enforcement,
resisted arrest, and skipped court dates.
See id.
We rejected
the government’s argument that its comments served the
legitimate purpose of responding to the court’s question or
correcting factual misstatements by opposing counsel.
See id.
at 980. Because the “prosecutor’s comments did not provide
the district judge with any new information or correct any
factual inaccuracies,” but simply repeated information
already contained in the PSR, we concluded that “the
comments could have been made for only one purpose: to
In
United States v. Gonzalez-Aguilar
,
20 U NITED TATES V M ORALES H EREDIA influence the district court to impose a harsher sentence.” Id. By implicitly making a sentencing recommendation, the government breached the plea agreement. Id.
In
Whitney
, the government promised the defendant it
would recommend a sentence at the low end of the applicable
Guidelines range.
See Whitney
, 673 F.3d at 968. After
defense counsel stated that the defendant was merely a
nonviolent thief, and “not a good thief,” the government
responded to “rebut[]” the claim, arguing that the defendant
was in fact a “good thief.”
Id.
at 969–70. As in
Mondragon
,
the prosecutor’s comments provided no new factual
information to the district court.
See id.
at 971. We rejected
as “disingenuous” the government’s argument that it was
compelled to provide an argument to “justify even its low-end
guideline sentence recommendation.”
Id.
at 971–72. The
district court had given no indication that it was considering
imposing a sentence lower
than
the government’s
recommendation; the defendant could not have requested a
below-Guidelines sentence under the terms of the plea
agreement; and the probation office recommended a sentence
more than double the low end of the Guidelines range.
See
id.
at 972. We therefore concluded that the prosecutor’s
critical comments “could only have been intended” to
persuade the district court to impose a higher sentence than
the government had promised to recommend, “and not to
guard against an unsolicited downward departure.”
Id.
We are not persuaded by the government’s attempt to distinguish
Whitney
on the basis that the prosecutor there also separately breached the
plea agreement by divulging confidential information.
Whitney
analyzed
the two separate breaches of the plea agreement independently of each
other.
See Whitney
,
Here, the parties agreed to recommend that Morales
receive a prison term equal to the low end of the applicable
Guidelines range plus a three-year term of supervised release.
The government breached its agreement, however, through its
repeated and inflammatory references to Morales’s criminal
history in its sentencing memorandum. Like
Mondragon
and
Whitney
, all of the aggravating factual information in this
memorandum had already been provided to the district court
*17
in the PSR. Moreover, there was no reason to believe that the
district court was considering imposing a sentence less harsh
than the stipulated one. Nor were the government’s
statements made off the cuff or in response to commentary or
argument by the defense. Rather, given the opportunity to
argue for the low-end sentence it had promised to
recommend, the government offered a series of prejudicial
“statements related to the seriousness of the defendant’s prior
record.”
Whitney
,
We recognize that this case differs from Whitney in a significant respect: Here, the government bound itself to recommend not only a low-end Guidelines sentence, but also a statutory maximum three-year term of supervised release. This supervised release term is contrary to the Guidelines, which provide that “[t]he court ordinarily should not impose a term of supervised release” when a defendant, like Morales, is “likely [to] be deported after imprisonment.” U.S.S.G. § 5D1.1(c) (emphasis added). The government contends that the inflammatory material was properly included in the 22
sentencing memorandum to support the recommended three- year term of supervised release. We disagree.
As an initial matter, this does not appear to have been the government’s actual motivation for the offending statements, almost none of which appear in the portion of the sentencing memorandum that discusses supervised release. Furthermore, while the government could permissibly make some factual reference to Morales’s criminal history to justify the stipulated term of supervised release, the government offers no justification for the depth and tone of its discussion. That Morales possessed 56 balloons of heroin when arrested for selling drugs, and that his misdemeanor domestic violence conviction was for choking and shoving the mother of his infant daughter, are prejudicial details likelier to inflame than to provide information relevant to the imposition of supervised release. See U.S.S.G. § 5D1.3(b). And the prosecutor’s references to Morales’s “propensity for drug trafficking” and “consistent disregard for both the criminal and immigration laws of the United States” are merely pejorative editorializing.
*18 [18] The government could, for example, have said the criminal history was found in the PSR and incorporated it in its sentencing memorandum by reference. The discussion of Morales’s criminal history in the PSR included no editorializing or inflammatory language. Indeed, the probation office adopted this approach in justifying its sentencing recommendation to the district court:
In regard to Morales’ criminal history, he has felony convictions for drug sales, receiving stolen property, and commercial burglary. He also has a misdemeanor conviction for spousal abuse. The longest sentence he received in the past was a year in county jail. . . . Most important, the particular context of this fast-track plea agreement negates the government’s purported justification for its statements. Morales was induced to enter into a fast-track plea by the offer of a binding sentencing recommendation resulting in a lower prison term than he would receive if he pleaded guilty later. To his detriment, Morales stipulated to the three-year term of supervised release even though he knew he would be deported following his release. As the parties acknowledged in briefing and at oral argument, a three-year term of supervised release is After considering the nature and circumstances of Morales’ offense as well as his history and characteristics, a six month sentence followed by three years supervised release is recommended as sufficient but not greater than necessary. A sentence of this length is the same length as the actual time served for the one year county jail sentence that Morales served in the past and it is hoped it will have an adequate deterrent effect and also promote respect for the law. . . .
The advisory guidelines discourage a term of supervised release when not required by statute and when the defendant is a deportable alien. However, a three year term is recommended as agreed to by the parties and as a term of this length will protect the public in light of Morales’ prior convictions for drug sales. A mandatory condition of supervised release is that the defendant not
commit any federal, state, or local crime. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d). Morales’s supervised release also included the routine condition that he comply with all immigration rules and regulations and not reenter the United States illegally. Morales thereby agreed to additional punishment should he again be caught unlawfully returning to the United States. He could be incarcerated for violating the terms of his supervised release, as *19 well as subject to another § 1326 prosecution.
24 U NITED TATES V M ORALES H EREDIA apparently a common provision of fast-track pleas in illegal reentry cases in the Central District of California. The government had no reason to call special attention to the ugliest aspects of Morales’s past to justify what is, in these circumstances, a routine recommendation.
Indeed, given the government’s promise of leniency, it is notable that its sentencing memorandum contained no mitigating information at all. Rather, it emphasized that Morales, a “danger to the community,” needed to be “deterre[d]” because of his “20-year criminal history,” his “consistent disregard” for the law, and his criminal “propensity.” The reader is left to wonder why the government believed a low-end Guidelines sentence was appropriate in the first place. Accordingly, we conclude that, as a whole and in context, the government’s pejorative comments about Morales’s criminal history and detailed descriptions of his prior offenses served “no purpose” but to argue for a harsher punishment than it had agreed to recommend. Whitney , 673 F.3d at 971. By implicitly advocating for a sentence other than the stipulated one, the government breached the plea agreement.
The government also breached its agreement with
Morales in a second, independent way. The government did
not only agree to recommend a particular sentence, as in
Whitney
, or to avoid recommending a sentence, as in
A review of our cases confirms that a three-year term of supervised
release is not uncommon in illegal reentry prosecutions in the Central
District of California
. See, e.g.
,
United States v. Gutierrez
, No. 13-50008;
United States v. Cardenas
, 13-50045;
United States v. Canas
, 540 F.
App’x 789 (9th Cir. 2013);
United States v. Meza
,
Even if the inflammatory language in the government’s sentencing position had partially served a legitimate purpose, which it did not, it surely also “suggest[ed]” that the district court impose a harsher sentence. The government freely undertook a broad commitment to Morales to avoid even the implication that a sentence other than the stipulated one might be appropriate. See W EBSTER ’ S T HIRD N EW I NTERNATIONAL D ICTIONARY 2286 (2002) (defining “suggest” as “to mention . . . as a possibility,” “put forward by implication,” or “propose . . . as desirable or fitting”). At a minimum, by characterizing Morales as a dangerous criminal, the sentencing memorandum suggested in some way that a sentence other than six months in prison could be advisable. Under this provision of the contract between Morales and the government, it is irrelevant whether these statements also served another purpose. Therefore, even if we did not conclude that the offending language had “no practical purpose” but to argue implicitly for a harsher than stipulated punishment, we would still conclude that the government breached the express terms of this plea agreement.
C.
The government’s breach of the plea agreement was neither cured nor curable before the district court. The government filed a supplemental sentencing position in the district court in response to defense counsel’s objection. This supplemental filing did not acknowledge, let alone rectify, the government’s previous errors. It merely corrected two clerical mistakes and argued that the government’s initial sentencing memorandum had properly “analyze[d]” Morales’s criminal history to support the recommended three-year term of supervised release. The government’s denial that it had breached the agreement did not restore the united front for which Morales had bargained.
Moreover, even if the government had acknowledged its
*21
error in its supplemental memorandum, doing so would not
have cured the breach. Only “
some
breaches may be curable
upon timely objection” to the district court.
Puckett
, 556 U.S.
at 140 (emphasis in original). For example, if the prosecution
makes a “mere slip of the tongue or typographical error,”
United States v. Alcala-Sanchez
,
V.
We do not review the breach of a plea agreement for
harmless error on appeal.
See, e.g.
,
Mondragon
,
n.1. Once the district judge has seen or heard the offending words that denied the defendant the benefit of his bargain, any further proceedings before him would necessarily be tainted by the government’s breach. The only way to undo the damage is to reassign the case.
When the district court rejects a Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea
agreement after overruling the defendant’s objection to an
alleged breach, the defendant may appeal the district court’s
order rejecting the plea agreement after the district court has
entered judgment and imposed a sentence.
See United States
v. Samueli
, 582 F.3d 988, 993–94 (9th Cir. 2009);
In re
Morgan
,
Morales’s counsel did not seek the correct remedy before the district court, but instead suggested that the district court was required to impose a six-month sentence. The government’s breach does not strip the district court of its discretion to accept or reject the plea agreement; it merely requires prompt reassignment so the court’s discretion may be exercised independently of the government’s breach.
U NITED TATES V M ORALES H EREDIA
29
Vacatur of the defendant’s sentence alone is an
inadequate remedy for the district court’s erroneous rejection
of a Rule 11(c)(1)(C) agreement after the government
breaches the plea agreement. By entering into a Rule
11(c)(1)(C) agreement, the defendant bargains for a binding
sentencing stipulation and for the opportunity to withdraw his
guilty plea if the district court rejects the stipulation after the
government has advocated for it. If we were to vacate only
the defendant’s sentence and the government were to perform
its obligations under the plea agreement before a different
judge on remand, the district court would still retain the
discretion not to accept the stipulated sentence. The
defendant would be unable to withdraw his plea, however,
because he is already subject to a judgment of conviction. A
remand for resentencing only would therefore fail to “secure
the benefits promised” the defendant, leaving him in a worse
position than if the government had not committed the
breach.
Franco-Lopez
,
Accordingly, when a defendant timely objects, moves for specific performance, and successfully appeals the district court’s post-breach order rejecting a Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement, the appropriate remedy is to vacate the conviction and sentence and remand for further proceedings before a different judge. The defendant must have the opportunity We have suggested that, when the district court erroneously rejects a Rule 11(c)(1)(C) agreement for reasons unrelated to any breach, “any legally cognizable harm can be remedied on direct or collateral review of whatever sentence the district court ultimately imposes.” In re Morgan , 506 F.3d 705, 713 (9th Cir. 2007) (emphasis added). Review of the sentence alone may provide a sufficient remedy under those circumstances because the defendant has not been denied the benefit of his bargain with the government, which does not and cannot promise that the district court will not err.
to withdraw his plea after the district court exercises its discretion to accept or reject the agreement in a manner unaffected by the government’s breach.
In this case, however, Morales appealed only his sentence and did not seek vacatur of his conviction. We therefore vacate only his sentence and remand for resentencing before a different district judge.
VI.
The Department of Justice has prosecuted an increasing number of federal immigration crimes in recent decades. To alleviate the resulting strain on the criminal justice system, it recommends substantial sentencing discounts for defendants who quickly plead guilty and waive important constitutional and procedural rights. Fast-track agreements, including those pursuant to Rule 11(c)(1)(C), serve the interests of all involved. The government is obligated to adhere strictly to their terms, just as it must—and usually does—honor its promises under all plea agreements.
The purpose of a fast-track plea is to achieve unusual efficiency through unusual leniency. Absent exceptional circumstances, therefore, the government should have little need to colorfully recount the details of the defendant’s criminal history in its sentencing position in a fast-track case. In this case, the government’s inflammatory discussion of Morales’s previous crimes served no practical purpose but to argue implicitly for a harsher punishment than the government had agreed to recommend. It also violated the government’s express promise not to suggest in any way that the district court impose a sentence other than the stipulated one.
Morales would ordinarily be entitled to vacatur of his conviction and sentence and a remand for further proceedings before a different district judge. But here, in light of the only remedy Morales requested, we vacate his sentence. On remand, the Clerk of the United States District Court for the Central District of California shall reassign the case to a different district judge.
VACATED AND REMANDED with instructions.