2 M.J. 11 | United States Court of Military Appeals | 1976
Lead Opinion
Opinion of the Court
On his plea of guilty, the appellant, a member of the Marine Corps stationed at Marine Corps Supply Center, Barstow, California, was convicted of conspiracy to rob, robbery, and kidnapping, in violation of Articles 81, 122, and 134, respectively, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. §§ 881, 922, and 934. Thereupon, the appellant was sentenced to dishonorable discharge, confinement at hard labor for 7 years, and forfeiture of all pay and allowances. The convening authority approved the findings, but modified the sentence to one of a bad-conduct discharge, confinement at hard labor for 7 years, and total forfeitures, and, additionally, suspended those portions of the sentence extending to confinement and forfeitures in excess of 22 months. The Navy Court of Military Review affirmed both the findings and the sentence as approved by the convening authority.
The facts of record are that, on the evening of January 7, 1975, the appellant, Privates Reed and Lynch, and Lynch’s wife, formulated an agreement on the Marine base to go into town and rob someone for beer money. Before leaving the base, the appellant and his companions armed themselves with iron pipes and forks fashioned to fit around the fist with the tines pointed outward. They all then left the base in Reed’s car and drove to Barstow; all three Marines were on properly authorized liberty from their commands at the time.
On the East Main Street ramp to Interstate 15 in Barstow, the group picked up Marine Corps Private First Class William A. Beck and Mike Martinson, a civilian friend of Beck’s, who were hitchhiking. At the time, Beck was an unauthorized absentee from his unit at Camp Pendleton, California, and had been such since December 26, 1974; he apparently was on his way to Nebraska at the time of the incident. However, Beck’s military status was unknown to the appellant and his compatriots, and theirs to him. With Mrs. Lynch driving, the car headed to a dirt road in the North Barstow area, where Beck was beaten with an iron pipe and robbed of $80, a gold bracelet, and his jacket. Leaving their
The appellant complains to this Court that the court-martial lacked jurisdiction to try him of the offenses of which he was convicted in that none of them were, under the facts of the case, “service connected” within the meaning of O’Callahan v. Parker, 395 U.S. 258, 89 S.Ct. 1683, 23 L.Ed.2d 291 (1969). The Government, on the other hand, urges that the Supreme Court, in its opinion in Relford v. Commandant, 401 U.S. 355, 91 S.Ct. 649, 28 L.Ed.2d 102 (1971), impliedly indicated that the service-connection standard of O’Callahan is met when the victim of the offenses, as in the present case, is a serviceperson. Indeed, the bulk of this Court’s precedent is in accord with what the Government now urges as, virtually, automatic court-martial jurisdiction in such instances, regardless of all other factual circumstances.
We disagree with the Government’s contention. Indeed, Relford instructs otherwise. See United States v. Moore, 1 M.J. 448 (1976). Additionally, we believe that application of the O’Callahan standard,through the criteria enunciated in Relford, compels a conclusion of no court-martial jurisdiction over the robbery and kidnapping offenses, but that jurisdiction did lie properly in the court-martial to try the conspiracy allegation.
I
A careful reading of Relford is necessary for an appreciation and understanding of the approach the Court was setting out for applying the O’Callahan standard. An isolation of a single passage will not suffice to this end.
Preliminarily, and of some import, it must be remembered that the Supreme Court, early in its unanimous opinion authored by Justice Blackmun, noted that it was not reconsidering the 5-3 decision of the Court in O’Callahan, but rather it was only applying it.
After quoting a lengthy passage from Justice Douglas’ majority opinion in O’Callahan, the Relford Court extracted therefrom the oft-cited 12 criteria by which service connection may be measured:
We stress seriatim what is thus emphasized in the holding:
1. The serviceman’s proper absence from the base.
2. The crime’s commission away from the base.
3. Its commission at a place not under military control.
4. Its commission within our territorial limits and not in an occupied zone of a foreign country.
5. Its commission in peacetime and its being unrelated to authority stemming from the war power.
*14 6. The absence of any connection between the defendant’s military duties and the crime.
7. The victim’s not being engaged in the performance of any duty relating to the military.
8. The presence and availability of a civilian court in which the case can be prosecuted.
9. The absence of any flouting of military authority.
10. The absence of any threat to a military post.
11. The absence of any violation of military property.
One might add still another factor implicit in the others.
12. The offense’s being among those traditionally prosecuted in civilian courts.
Thereafter, the Court applied the circumstances surrounding Relford’s criminal transgressions against these 12 factors. Acknowledging that perhaps as many as seven of those present in O’Callahan also were present in Relford, the Court found that the five which were not dictated a contrary conclusion of service connection under the facts of that case. In rejecting Relford’s legally restrictive argument that “service connection” demands that the crime itself be military in nature, “that is, one involving a level of conduct required only of servicemen and, because of the special needs of the military, one demanding military disciplinary action,”
This leads us to hold, and we do so hold, that when a serviceman is charged with an offense committed within or at the geographical boundary of a military post and violative of the security of a person or of property there, that offense may be tried by a court-martial. Expressing it another way: a serviceman’s crime against the person of an individual upon the base or against property on the base is “service connected,” within the meaning of that requirement as specified in O’Callahan, 395 U.S. at 272, [89 S.Ct. 1683].
Thus, we conclude that there is no support in the Relford opinion for concluding, simply because the Supreme Court held as always service connected an offense committed by a member of the military community against a person (military or civilian) within or at the geographical boundary of a post or against property on the base, that the Court implicitly sanctioned jurisdiction predicated solely upon the military status of both the wrongdoer and the victim. See United States v. Moore, supra, 1 M.J. at 450. While the Court’s holding that court-martial jurisdiction may be founded upon geography was clear and was predicated upon application of the 12 criteria which were articulated, neither can be said of the contention that such jurisdiction may be found solely upon military status of the victim. As we held in Moore:
What Relford makes clear is the need for a detailed, thorough analysis of the jurisdictional criteria enunciated to resolve the service-connection issue in all cases tried by court-martial. A more simplistic formula, while perhaps desirable, was not deemed constitutionally appropriate by the Supreme Court. It no longer is within our province to formulate such a test.
II
Like the Supreme Court majority in O’Callahan, our view of the facts of this case reveals the presence of all 12 factors
Indeed, the only connection whatsoever in this case between the military and these two charges of concern, other than the military status of the appellant, was the military status of the victim. Under certain unusual circumstances, this factor alone might be enough to cause such a high degree of military interest and concern as to compel jurisdiction in the military to try the accused. However, in most instances, including the one now before us, that is not the case. In fact, we believe that the degree of interest by the military in this AWOL Marine is de minimis and, alone, will not result in “service connection” as that term has come to be known.
However, as the conspiracy was formulated on post, and as the gathering of weapons^ — a step toward effecting the object of that conspiracy — occurred on post, the court-martial did possess jurisdiction to try the conspiracy charge. See Relford v. Commandant, supra at 369, 91 S.Ct. 649.
The decision of the United States Navy Court of Military Review is reversed. The findings as to Charges II and III are set aside and the same are dismissed. The record is returned to the Judge Advocate General for remand to the Court of Military Review for action on the sentence in accordance with this decision.
. See, e. g., United States v. Everson, 19 U.S.C. M.A. 70, 41 C.M.R. 70 (1969); United States v. Huff, 19 U.S.C.M.A. 56, 41 C.M.R. 56 (1969); United States v. Nichols, 19 U.S.C.M.A. 43, 41 C.M.R. 43 (1969); United States v. Plamondon, 19 U.S.C.M.A. 22, 41 C.M.R. 22 (1969); United States v. Cook, 19 U.S.C.M.A. 13, 41 C.M.R. 13 (1969); United States v. Comacho, 19 U.S.C. M.A. 11, 41 C.M.R. 11 (1969); United States v. Rego, 19 U.S.C.M.A. 9, 41 C.M.R. 9 (1969), all predating Relford v. Commandant, 401 U.S. 355, 91 S.Ct. 649, 28 L.Ed.2d 102 (1971).
. Relford v. Commandant, supra at 359, 91 S.Ct. 649.
. Relford v. Commandant, supra at 365-66 and at 369, 91 S.Ct. 649.
. Relford v. Commandant, supra at 365, 91 S.Ct. at 655.
. Relford v. Commandant, supra at 363, 91 S.Ct. at 654.
. Relford v. Commandant, supra at 367-69, 91 S.Ct. 649.
. Relford v. Commandant, supra at 369, 91 S.Ct. at 657 (emphasis added).
. United States v. Moore, 1 M.J. 448 (1976).
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting):
I disagree with the majority for two reasons. First, the acts of the accused in preparation for the crimes he perpetrated in the civilian community so affected the integrity of the military installation as to provide an adequate basis for the exercise of court-martial jurisdiction, especially in view of the “less than complete interest” in prosecution of the offenses that was manifested by the civilian authorities. Relford v. Commandant, 401 U.S. 355, 368, 91 S.Ct. 649, 28 L.Ed.2d 102 (1971). Secondly, neither O’Callahan v. Parker
In Relford, the Supreme Court acknowledged that “historically, a crime against the person of one associated” with a military post was triable by court-martial. 401 U.S. at 368, 91 S.Ct. at 657. To explain the statement and its relationship to the other criteria for the exercise of military jurisdiction that had been extrapolated from its O’Callahan opinion, the Court referred, as it had in O’Callahan, to a statement in the authoritative text on military law by Colonel William Winthrop, Military Law and Precedents, 2d ed., 1920 Reprint.
In utilizing Colonel Winthrop’s historical analysis to redefine the service significance of the place of the commission of the offense, I believe the Supreme Court concomitantly approved his analysis of the impact of military relationships. Consequently, in concluding that an offense by a member of the military against a civilian “committed within or at the geographical boundary of a military post” was triable by court-martial, without regard to the presence or absence of other factors appropriate for consideration in determining the military cognizability of the offense,
I would affirm the decision of the United States Navy Court of Military Review.
. 395 U.S. 258, 89 S.Ct. 1683, 23 L.Ed.2d 291 (1969).
. The extract quoted in the O’Callahan opinion is as follows:
A crime, therefore, to be cognizable by a court-martial under this Article, must have been committed under such circumstances as to have directly offended against the government and discipline of the military state.*16 Thus such crimes as theft from or robbery of an officer, soldier, post trader, or camp-follower; forgery of the name of an officer, and manslaughter, assault with intent to kill, mayhem, or battery, committed upon a military person; inasmuch as they directly affect military relations and prejudice military discipline, may properly be — as they frequently have been — the subject of charges under the present Article. On the other hand, where such crimes are committed upon or against civilians, and not at or near a military camp or post, or in breach or violation of a military duty or order, they are not in general to be regarded as within the description of the Article, but are to be treated as civil rather than military offenses.
395 U.S. at 274 n. 19, 89 S.Ct. at 1691.
. Id.
. 401 U.S. at 368-69, 91 S.Ct. at 657.
