Hector Manuel Aguayo-Gonzalez was charged in the District of New Mexico with illegal reentry after conviction of an aggravated felony, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b)(2), and with making a false citizenship claim, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 911, both of which are felonies. He was also charged with assaulting, resisting, or impeding a federal officer under 18 U.S.C. § 111.
Mr. Aguayo-Gonzalez went to trial on all three counts. At trial, the defendant and his lawyer conceded most of the facts necessary to prove the two felony counts. During her opening statement, the defendant’s attorney said that Mr. Aguayo-Gon-zalez was “not going to necessarily fight [the] allegations” that he had been deported, and “will not fight [the] evidence” that he made a false declaration of citizenship. R. Vol. IV, at 12. The defendant himself, on direct examination, testified that he was a Mexican national, had previously been deported from the United States, and knew that he did not have legal permission to enter the country. He also testified that he had misrepresented his status to border officials by claiming that he was a U.S. citizen.
The third count in Mr. Aguayo-Gonza-lez’s indictment can be either a misdemeanor or a felony, depending on the seriousness of the conduct. 18 U.S.C. § 111. Section (a) of the provision, which is a misdemeanor, imposes up to one year of imprisonment on anyone who “forcibly assaults, resists, opposes, impedes, intimidates, or interferes” with an officer performing his official duties. Id. Section (b) raises the crime to a felony, punishable by up to 20 years imprisonment, if the defendant uses a deadly or dangerous weapon or inflicts bodily injury. Although the indictment did not specify whether Mr. Aguayo-Gonzalez was being charged under section (a) or (b), both parties and the judge, at trial, in the jury instructions, and at sentencing, treated the charge as a misdemeanor. Both parties assume the charge to be a misdemeanor for purposes of this appeal.
The jury convicted Mr. Aguayo-Gonza-lez on all counts. The presentence report grouped the two felonies together at offense level 24, and the misdemeanor was assigned an offense level of 9.
1
When a
Because Mr. Aguayo Gonzalez had contested the misdemeanor charge, the judge denied him a reduction under the Guidelines for acceptance of responsibility, stating that although “the defendant did not contest that he was in the United States illegally!, h]e did contest and aggressively took issue with the government’s contention that he assaulted, resisted, or impeded a federal officer.” Aplt.App., Doc. 2, at 10. As applied, the Sentencing Guidelines range was 63-78 months; with two points off for acceptance of responsibility, it would have been 51-63 months. The sentencing court also considered Mr. Aguayo-Gonzalez’s sixteen prior convictions that did not result in criminal history points, as well as his apparent substance abuse problems. Aplt.App., Doc. 2, at 12. The court imposed a sentence of sixty-six months. 2
II.
On appeal, Mr. Aguayo-Gonzalez challenges his sentence as unreasonably disparate from the sentences of defendants similarly situated. In the wake of
United States v. Booker,
Because the defendant does not argue that the district court incorrectly calculated his Guidelines range, we jump directly to the second
Kristi
inquiry and address whether his sentence was unreasonable.
3
Mr. Aguayo-Gonzalez claims
In order to determine whether the defendant has been subjected to an unwarranted sentencing disparity, we must ascertain whether he is similarly situated to a defendant who has received a reduction for acceptance of responsibility. To do so, we briefly examine the nature and purpose of the reduction. The Guidelines offer up to a three-point reduction in a defendant’s offense level for admitting the truth of the charges against him: two for “clearly demonstrating] acceptance of responsibility for his offense,” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a), and one for “timely notifying authorities of his intention to enter a plea of guilty, thereby permitting the government to avoid preparing for trial.” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(b). The Guideline Notes explain that section (a) “is not intended to apply to a defendant who puts the government to its burden of proof at trial by denying the essential factual elements of guilt, is convicted, and only then admits guilt and expresses remorse.” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. n. 2. There are, however, some exceptional circumstances that allow a defendant to receive a reduction after a jury verdict, as the Notes explain:
In rare situations a defendant may clearly demonstrate an acceptance of responsibility for his criminal conduct even though he exercises his constitutional right to a trial. This may occur, for example, where a defendant goes to trial to assert and preserve issues that do not relate to factual guilt (e.g., to make a constitutional challenge to a statute or a challenge to the applicability of a statute to his conduct). In each such instance, however, a determination that a defendant has accepted responsibility will be based primarily upon pre-trial statements and conduct.
Id. (emphasis added).
We have employed this exception sparingly. In
United States v. Gauvin,
Mr. Aguayo-Gonzalez’s conduct departs in several ways from the acceptanee-of-responsibility standard enunciated above, making his situation distinguishable, for purposes of § 3553(a)(6), from that of defendants who receive the reduction. First of all, Mr. Aguayo-Gonzalez makes no claim that he accepted responsibility be
Moreover, even if we were to credit the defendant’s statements from the stand, his argument hinges on the premise that those statements admitted all facts necessary to convict him on the two felony counts. That is not precisely true. In count 2 of the indictment, Mr. Aguayo-Gonzalez was charged under both sections (a) and (b) of 8 U.S.C. § 1326. He did admit to sufficient facts for section (a), which sets a two-year fine for an alien who “has been ... deported ... and thereafter enters, attempts to enter, or is at any time found in, the United States.” § 1326(a). Section (b), however, contains additional requirements and imposes additional penalties. It provides that “any alien ... whose removal was subsequent to a conviction for commission of an aggravated felony ... shall be ... imprisoned not more than 20 years.” § 1326(b)(2). At no time during the trial did either Mr. Aguayo-Gonzalez or his lawyer acknowledge that his deportation followed an aggravated felony. It follows that he took no affirmative steps to accept responsibility for the much more serious portion of the charges against him. This distinguishes his case from Gauvin and from the example in the Guidelines Notes, in which defendants conceded all facts and disputed only matters of law.
Finally, even assuming
arguendo
that Mr. Aguayo-Gonzalez did accept responsibility for the first two counts, his contesting of the third count makes it reasonable to differentiate his sentence from that of a defendant who had accepted responsibility on all counts. The Sentencing Guidelines require acceptance of responsibility on multiple counts for good reasons: to spare the government the expense of putting on a trial, and to force a defendant to accept responsibility, without reservations, for his conduct. U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. n. 2;
Thomas,
Mr. Aguayo-Gonzalez’s argument that he “looks far more like a person who has admitted guilt on all counts than one who has denied guilt on any count” is beside the point, Aplt. Br. at 24, as is the government’s contention that he is more “similarly situated to someone who contested all the charges against him” than to “someone who entered guilty pleas on all the charges.” Appellee Br. at 10-11. The defendant’s argument for a non-Guidelines sentence was addressed to the discretion of the district court, which bears primary responsibility for determining whether to vary from the advisory Guidelines, and we have no basis for saying its judgment was unreasonable. The district court examined the proper Guidelines sentence, took account of Mr. Aguayo-Gonzalez’s history, noted his cooperation at trial, and selected a sentence it deemed no harsher than necessary.
III.
Because we find the defendant’s sentence to be reasonable, we AFFIRM the
Notes
. The sentencing at issue in this case was Mr. Aguayo-Gonzalez’s second for these charges. The first sentence was overturned due to an error in the calculation of the Guidelines.
United States v. Aguayo-Gonzalez,
139 Fed.
. The court also imposed a $100 special assessment for each of the three counts. This appeal initially included a claim that the $100 fee for the misdemeanor conviction was improper because the relevant statute authorizes only a $25 fee for Class A misdemeanors. 18 U.S.C. § 3013(a)(1)(A)(iii). After acknowledging the error in its briefs and at oral argument, the government moved in district court to remit the $100 fee to the defendant. The district court granted that motion, rendering the issue moot on appeal. D. N.M., Case 02-cr-02080, Docket, Doc. 82, 83.
. It is not entirely clear that the Guidelines were in fact properly applied. Our Court has not determined — and does not do so here'— whether acceptance of responsibility is an all- or-nothing proposition under the Guidelines. Precedent in other circuits is fractured on whether a defendant must accept responsibility for all charged crimes, or merely all crimes in a given Guidelines grouping, in order to receive a reduction. Four courts of appeals have held that a defendant must accept responsibility for all charged conduct in order to receive a reduction, but none of those cases involved or considered a defendant who had pleaded guilty to all charges within one