392 A.2d 1049 | D.C. | 1978
Lead Opinion
The government appeals the trial court’s dismissal, for reason of prosecutorial misconduct, of the indictment in this case. We have jurisdiction to hear this appeal under D.C. Code 1973, § 23-104(c) unless the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment erects a constitutional barrier. In light of the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Scott, -U.S. -, 98 S.Ct. 2187, 57 L.Ed.2d 65 (1978), we hold that we have jurisdiction; reverse the trial court; and remand this case with instructions to reinstate the indictment.
The events leading to the dismissal of the indictment for first-degree burglary, D.C. Code 1973, § 22-1801(a), and petit larceny, D.C. Code 1973, § 22-2202, began in the factually unrelated case of United States v. Jamison, Super.Ct. Nos. 80315 and 80316-74, aff’d D.C.App., 373 A.2d 594 (1977).
In the interim, outside the courtroom, several jurors overheard one police officer stating his view that the jury had convicted the wrong man. This same officer confronted one of the Jamison jurors outside the courthouse and demanded to know why the jury had refused to convict the other defendant.
The jury selection process in Harvey began after these events, although neither Judge Alexander nor defense counsel was aware of them at the time. The Assistant United States Attorney in the Harvey case later conceded he was aware of the post-verdict events in Jamison and he knew that one of the Jamison jurors was a potential juror in Harvey. That juror was impan-elled as were at least two others who had heard about the exchanges. The jury was then sworn.
The next day, July 30, 1975, the trial judge, and defense counsel learned of the
United States v. Scott, supra, disposes of the question whether the trial court’s dismissal of the indictment under the circumstances of this case, raises a double jeopardy bar to a retrial. In Scott, the Supreme Court held that when the defendant himself seeks to have his trial terminated without any submission to either judge or jury of the issue of his guilt or innocence, an appeal by the government from his successful effort to do so is not barred by the double jeopardy clause. 98 S.Ct. at 2199. This is the situation here.
Scott preserves an exception to its general rule whereby a defense motion to dismiss after certain egregious behavior on the part of the prosecution will erect a double jeopardy bar. 98 S.Ct. at 2195. Prosecutorial misconduct can range from outrageous abuses for which dismissal and a bar against reprosecution constitute the only acceptable remedy, to transgressions which, while improper, do not warrant erecting a double jeopardy bar. In our view while there was misconduct in this case, it was not of the severity which, under Scott, serves to trigger a double jeopardy bar to retrial. Furthermore, assuming without deciding that a court has the power, under its supervisory jurisdiction, to hold that some level of prosecutorial misconduct short of that sufficient to trigger the double jeopardy bar, can justify dismissal of an indictment with prejudice, the misconduct in this case was not of a magnitude to trigger such a sanction.
Reversed and remanded with instructions to reinstate the indictment.
. For a fuller recitation of the facts in the case sub judice, see the prior division opinion and dissent in this case at 377 A.2d 411. The facts in this case, as it exists before this court, are undisputed. It is the legal significance of these facts which divide the parties and this court.
. United States v. Jamison, 164 U.S.App.D.C. 300, 505 F.2d 407 (1974).
.For the purposes of the Fifth Amendment analysis, jeopardy attached when the jury was sworn. Sarfass v. United States, 420 U.S. 377, 95 S.Ct. 1055, 43 L.Ed.2d 265 (1975); Illinois v. Somerville, 410 U.S. 458, 93 S.Ct. 1066, 35 L.Ed.2d 425 (1973).
. The appeal was argued on February 17, 1977, and decided on August 29, 1977, in an opinion reported at 377 A.2d 411. Rehearing en banc was granted November 23, 1977, and the case was reargued on January 23, 1978. On June 14, 1978, the Supreme Court decided United States v. Scott, supra. This court ordered memoranda gauging the effect of Scott on the case at hand from counsel on June 26, 1978.
Concurrence Opinion
with whom Associate Judge HARRIS concurs, concurring in the result:
I remain of the view that those who see prosecutorial misconduct in this case are straining with hindsight to find it. That any government attorney would consciously believe that his case could be helped by what occurred in the Jamison matter is inherently incredible. Indeed, when this case was first before the trial court, no one had the transcript of the Jamison proceedings and no one knew, as we now know, what the officer said to the juror. See the original majority opinion in United States v. Harvey, D.C.App., 377 A.2d 411, 412 n.l (1977). I also cannot deem rational any conclusion of misconduct by reason of negligence rather than design.
It also seems to me that our limited resources are being wasted by resolving this case en banc now that United States v. Scott, - U.S. -, 98 S.Ct. 2187, 57 L.Ed.2d 65 (1978), has been decided. The case should have been returned to the division as Scott deprives it of any en banc issue under Rule 40(c) of the Rules of this court. Surely whether there was prosecuto-rial misconduct in this atypical situation is hardly a “question of exceptional importance” or one of decisional uniformity under that Rule. I question whether inertia has not replaced reason when the suggestion to return the case to the division for disposition was rejected in favor of the perfunctory per curiam opinion.
To the extent that the per curiam decision expresses an opinion of the court that we somehow might have supervisory power, horse-backed on the double jeopardy clause, to bar retrial for “some level of prosecutorial misconduct short of that sufficient to
Concurrence in Part
Retired, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
With the court’s disposition of the jurisdictional issue I concur, as I must, since that result is clearly mandated by United States v. Scott, - U.S. -, 98 S.Ct. 2187, 57 L.Ed.2d 65 (1978).
Having ruled that the court has jurisdiction of the appeal, two issues were brought into focus: (1) whether there was a factual basis for the trial court’s conclusion that prosecutorial misconduct permeated the jury selection process, and, if so (2) whether there was warrant for the dismissal of the indictment with prejudice.
The facts as found by the trial court and as set forth in (D.C.App.) 377 A.2d 411, 416-19 (1977) are not in dispute. The substance of those findings was that the prosecutor, informed of the events and conversations which resulted in the contamination of the jury panel, withheld that information from both the trial judge and defense counsel. And so it was that with the knowledge and acquiescence of the prosecutor, but without the knowledge of either the trial court or defense counsel, a contaminated jury was impanelled. When later informed from another source the trial court ruled that because of the prosecutor’s failure to disclose the contamination, defense counsel had been frustrated in any meaningful voir dire of the jury panel. The cumulative effect of the prosecutor’s conduct, the trial court said, was to deprive appellee of his Sixth Amendment right toa", fair, impartial and uncontaminated jury . as well as effective assistance of counsel.” The trial court for this reason determined, after motion by appellee, to sanction the government for its misconduct by dismissing the indictment, rather than declare a mistrial.
Notwithstanding the clearly defined restrictions on our review function,
The principle that influenced the trial court to dismiss the indictment
is not strictly limited to situations in which the defendant has suffered arguable prejudice by reason of the prosecuto-rial conduct. This is so because the principle is not one of fairness to the defendant alone but rather, in Justice Brandéis’ words, is one designed to “maintain respect for law; ... to promote confidence in the administration of justice; . to preserve the judicial process from contamination . . ..” [United States v. McCord, 166 U.S.App.D.C. 1, 17, 509 F.2d 334, 350 (1974), cert. denied, 421 U.S. 930, 95 S.Ct. 1656, 44 L.Ed.2d 87 (1975).]
To the same general effect is Dixon v. District of Columbia, 129 U.S.App.D.C. 341, 345, 394 F.2d 966, 970 (1968), which involved a claim of retaliatory prosecution. Chief Judge Bazelon, speaking for a divided court — all judges concurring in the result— reviewed the cases in which claims of prose-cutorial misconduct
In light of this history I do not believe we are foreclosed from granting immunity from prosecution in order to deter blatant Government misconduct. I con-elude that in this case our supervisory power must be used to protect “the purity of the government and its processes.” Accordingly, I would vacate both judgments below and remand to the trial court with instructions to dismiss the information. [Footnote omitted.]
The sense of all this is that prosecutorial misconduct may so pollute a criminal proceeding as to require in vindication of the integrity of the judicial process and for its deterrent effect, the dismissal of the indictment. Sherman v. United States, 356 U.S. 369, 78 S.Ct. 819, 2 L.Ed.2d 848 (1958); Dixon v. United States, supra; United States v. McCord, supra.
Since I am satisfied that there was warrant for the termination of the prosecution in this case, I would affirm the dismissal of the indictment.
. Swisher v. Brady, - U.S. -, 98 S.Ct. 2699, 57 L.Ed.2d 705 (1978); United States v. Scott, -U.S.-, 98 S.Ct. 2187, 57 L.Ed.2d 65 (1978); Sanabria v. United States, -U.S. -, 98 S.Ct. 2170, 57 L.Ed.2d 43 (1978); Crist v. Bretz, - U.S. -, 98 S.Ct. 2156, 57 L.Ed.2d 24 (1978); Greene v: Massey, -U.S. -, 98 S.Ct. 2151, 57 L.Ed.2d 15 (1978); Burks v. United States, -U.S.-, 98 S.Ct. 2141, 57 L.Ed.2d 1 (1978); Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 98 S.Ct. 824, 54 L.Ed.2d 717 (1978); Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 97 S.Ct. 2221, 53 L.Ed.2d 187 (1977); Jeffers v. United States, 432 U.S. 137, 97 S.Ct. 2207, 53 L.Ed.2d 168 (1977); Lee v. United States, 432 U.S. 23, 97 S.Ct. 2141, 53 L.Ed.2d 80 (1977); Harris v. Oklahoma, 433 U.S. 682, 97 S.Ct. 2912, 53 L.Ed.2d 1054 (1977); Finch v. United States, 433 U.S. 676, 97 S.Ct. 2909, 53 L.Ed.2d 1048 (1977); and Abney v. United States, 431 U.S. 651, 97 S.Ct. 2034, 52 L.Ed.2d 651 (1977).
1. In that case, the Supreme Court said:
We think that in a case such as this the defendant, by deliberately choosing to seek termination of the proceedings against him on a basis unrelated to factual guilt or innocence of the offense of which he is accused, suffers no injury cognizable under the Double Jeopardy Clause if the Government is permitted to appeal from such a ruling of the trial court in favor of the defendant. . . Rather, we conclude that the Double Jeopardy Clause, which guards against Government oppression, does not relieve a defendant from the consequences of his voluntary choice. [United States v. Scott, - U.S. -, 98 S.Ct. 2187 at 2197-98, 57 L.Ed.2d 65.]
. D.C.Code 1973, § 17-305(a). See Sanders v. United States, D.C.App., 339 A.2d 373 (1975); United States v. Bristol, D.C.App., 325 A.2d 183 (1974); Johnson v. Lloyd, D.C.App., 211 A.2d 764 (1965).
. Cf. Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), United States v. Bryant, 142 U.S.App.D.C. 132, 439 F.2d 642 (1971), where sanctions were imposed because the prosecuting authority failed to comply with the due process requirement of disclosure. Cf. also Sherman v. United States, 356 U.S. 369, 78 S.Ct. 819, 2 L.Ed.2d 848 (1958), and Sorrells v. United States, 287 U.S. 435, 53 S.Ct. 210, 77 L.Ed. 413 (1932), where the accused was entrapped by law enforcement officers.
