13 C.M.A. 545 | United States Court of Military Appeals | 1963
Lead Opinion
Opinion of the Court
Charged with premeditated murder, in violation of Article 118, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 918, accused was tried by a general court-martial convened at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. He was convicted of the lesser offense of involuntary manslaughter, a violation of Article 119 of the Code, 10 USC § 919, and the court sen
Whether the self-defense instructions are correct in regard to “retreat,” and in stating that the force in self-defense “should approximate” that offered, that there should be a “rough balance. . . . some degree of equality” between the two.
Some background concerning this tragedy is appropriate to our inquiry. The accused, who was not yet nineteen years of age at the time of the instant offense, had enlisted in the Army a year and a half earlier. He was five feet, eleven inches tall, and weighed one hundred and sixty-five pounds. Less than six months prior to the date of this killing, accused had borrowed a large sum of money. The total loan, with interest, amounted to some $1,090.00, with which he purchased a used auto, made repairs thereon, and paid for insurance and license fees.
The victim, one Specialist Four Willie Gray, was an older, larger and stronger man — twenty-seven years of age, approximately six feet, four inches in height, and weighing some two hundred and thirty pounds. Despite this difference in age, size, and experience — or perhaps because of it— accused and Gray had been “buddies.” The former let the victim take his newly acquired auto on several occasions.
The evidence indicates Gray abused this privilege, as damage to the auto occurred on certain instances when he borrowed accused’s car. In fact, on the last occasion it became disabled; Gray abandoned it; and it was subsequently stripped by vandals. The cost of necessary repairs apparently made it economically infeasible to fix the auto, and a serious dispute arose between accused and Gray concerning responsibility for the loss. At first, accused claimed, Gray refused to pay anything but, after a good deal of “haggling,” finally agreed to make some compensation and gave accused $5.00 in partial payment;
After payday the next month, accused asked Gray for more money, telling him that, contingent on such further payment, he would sign over the title to the car. Accused testified Gray refused to pay any more money. Rather, he demanded return of his $5.00, which accused averred he tendered to Gray.
Apparently accused was greatly angered. He admitted, and witnesses overhead him call Gray an obscene name. The witnesses claimed Gray told accused “not to say it again,” but accused repeated the obscenity. It is undisputed that Gray thereupon slapped accused. It was a hard blow, but did not knock accused down and he left. It is clear from the record, and accused admits, that he went to the post exchange and purchased a large hunting knife, some ten and one-half inches long. Thus armed, accused returned to the company area. Only ten or fifteen minutes had elapsed. He found Gray in the arms room. There, according to accused, Gray attacked him and, in the course of the ensuing fight, Gray was cut with the knife. Accused ran from the room, dropping the knife as he fled, but was apprehended outside. Gray was hospitalized. His left femoral artery and vein had been severed and, despite emergency treatment and transfusion of some fifty-six units of blood, he died as a result of a stab wound in the groin area.
Having sketched that general backdrop, we turn our attention to the instructions given by the law officer on self-defense. As indicated earlier, appellate defense counsel challenge the advice insofar as it relates to both retreat and quantum of force. As to the latter ' aspect, our recent decisions in United States v Acosta-Vargas, 13 USCMA 388, 32 CMR 388; United States v Smith, 13 USCMA 471, 33 CMR 3; and United States v Hayden, 13 USCMA 497, 33 CMR 29, are controlling. See also United States v Straub, 12 USCMA 156, 30 CMR 156; United States v Black, 12 USCMA 571, 31 CMR 157.
“The court is further advised that in the case of an assault the extent of the force that may lawfully be used in the defense of the person must be governed by the violence and the nature of the act of the alleged assailant. If a person uses more force in the defense of his person than the law allows, he becomes the aggressor. The theory of self defense, gentlemen, is protection and not aggression, and to keep the two in rough balance, the force to repel should approximate the force and the violence threatened. Of course, no one can reasonably expect detached reflection under conditions of stress or in a fast moving situation, but some degree of equality between the offensive and defensive forces is required.”
Further, the law officer advised that, in considering whether accused resorted to excessive force, the court should:
“. . . take into account the evidence that you have heard as to the previous relationship between Gray and Green, the circumstances preceding, leading up to and surrounding the event in question, the relative physical proportions of Gray and Green and you may also take into account the psychiatric testimony that has been received, as well as all the other evidence in the case.”
The instructions in that regard, therefore, are not deficient. United States v Acosta-Vargas, supra.
The other aspect of the issue before us concerns the law officer’s instruction that:
“. . . No necessity [to act in self-defense] will be considered to exist until the person, if not at his place of abode, which may include a barracks or the place where he sleep [sic] and keeps his possessions, or at a place where he has a duty to remain, has retreated as far as he safely can.”
There can be no question but that the law officer was mistaken insofar as he imposed an absolute requirement of retreat. The opportunity to do so in safety is but one factor to be considered with all others bearing on the issue of self-defense. See United States v Smith, supra; United States v Hayden, supra; and eases therein cited.
We do not find reversible error in the case at bar, however, for examination of the evidence demonstrates accused’s acts were not within the pale of self-defense. Thus, the law officer’s instruction thereon was a gratuity, proffered out of an abundance of caution, but not prejudicial to accused’s substantial rights. United States v Regalado, 13 USCMA 480, 33 CMR 12; United States v Brown, 13 USCMA 485, 33 CMR 17; and authorities there collated.
The circumstances of this killing were recounted in general terms at the outset, and elaboration on certain of the facts will suffice to make this point clear. A witness to the stabbing, who was present with Gray in the arms room, testified accused had entered and
Accused’s version of the incident differed, but fails to raise that issue to exculpate him. He claimed he was angry about the auto before and, when Gray slapped him, he became more so— as angry, in fact, as he had ever been. He left Gray and ran to the barracks, looking for some sort of weapon- — a stick, broom, or something else “to pick up.” He admitted he came across a close friend to whom he complained of Gray’s actions and who he asked for a knife.
According to accused, when he entered the arms room he saw that Gray had a carbine in his hands. “[J]ust as I walked in,” accused continued, the other man present “yelled, ‘Get him, Gray.’ ” Gray had put down the gun and “was making it towards me and I reached for the knife and he hit me. He hit me twice before I even tried to keep him back off of me.”
Significantly, no claim is made Gray made any use whatever of the carbine.
Accused denied any intent to kill or seriously injure Gray, and the court-martial returned findings consistent with this contention. Nonetheless, and accepting accused’s testimony at face value, it is apparent that, after Gray had humiliated and angered him, he deliberately armed himself with a large, wicked hunting knife; then immediately sought out Gray and renewed the encounter. He clearly evinced — both by his actions at the time and his testimony at trial — his insistence on procuring an “equalizer,” then getting some settlement from Gray on his automobile. Moreover, accused’s own evidence demonstrates his awareness that renewing the encounter with Gray might lead to difficulty. Accused did not ifldicate that, upon reasonable grounds, he feared imminent death or serious injury at Gray’s hands and for that reason armed himself. To the contrary, and knowing further confrontation with Gray might spark problems of lesser genre, accused’s whole conduct bespeaks he deliberately procured the knife because of his oft-repeated statement, “I didn’t have any idea that I could beat the guy.”
We hold no issue of self-defense was reasonably raised by the evidence. Accordingly, the law officer did not commit prejudicial error. Cf. United States v Weems, 3 USCMA 469, 13 CMR 25; and see United States v Jones, 7 USCMA 623, 23 CMR 87.
The decision of the board of review is affirmed.
This friend sometimes carried' a TL-20 Government-issue knife. Accused had told him of what Gray had done. He testified that accused was extremely upset and had “asked me if I had a knife or anything on me.”
As previously noted, Gray immediately put the firearm down and, for aught that appears, it was in his hands by happenstance when accused entered, which would hardly be surprising since this incident occurred in the unit arms room.
See United States v Berry, 6 USCMA 638, 20 CMR 354.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting):
I dissent.
I respectfully disagree with my brothers. In my opinion, there is in this record some evidence of action by the accused in self-defense. The contrary view disregards our holding in United States v Black, 12 USCMA 571, 31 CMR 157, and, in fact, if not in law, brings the Court back full circle to the position which was originally espoused in United States v Straub, 12 USCMA 156, 30 CMR 156, through the device— so oft-condemned — of disregarding the import of the accused’s testimony and a consequent refusal to distinguish between arming one’s self for protection against another’s attack and obtaining a weapon to use as an aggressor. Warren on Homicide, Perm ed, § 151; State v Short, 120 La 187, 45 So 98 (1901); Shannon v State, 35 Texas Crim App 2, 28 SW 687 (1894). I call attention once more to our inability so to find facts at this level, for, as a judge of the law :
“I cannot tell how the truth may be; I say the tale as ’twas said to me.”1
As set forth in the principal opinion, accused, then an eighteen-year-old youth of excellent character and known as a peaceable individual, engaged in a verbal altercation with a fellow soldier, Willie Gray, over the latter’s responsibility for accused’s automobile. Gray was approximately six feet, four inches tall and weighed about two hundred and thirty pounds. Accused was approximately five feet, eleven inches tall and weighed about one hundred and sixty-five pounds.
On March 1, 1962, the disagreement between Gray and Green came to a head and culminated in Green’s use of an epithet toward Gray and the latter’s retaliation with a hard slap.
It is also true that Green left the scene and met a close friend, Waters, whose knife he sought to borrow. Waters testified, however, that accused also stated why he wanted the weapon:
“A. Sir, he said he wanted a knife or something, he said he wanted to go back and talk to Gray about his car. That’s what he told me. He said he wanted to go back and try to talk to him. That’s the words he said.
“Q. Did he say anything about, ‘that’s all I want to do is talk to him’ ?
“A. That’s what he said, sir.”
[Emphasis supplied.]
Further, the evidence establishes that accused proceeded to the post exchange,
Leaving Gray on the floor of the room, Green ran out, pursued by other soldiers. He tossed his weapon to the ground near the barracks but, when apprehended, still had its sheath in his rear pocket.
Accused elected to testify in his own behalf. After relating his version of the argument which ended with Gray slapping him, Green declared that he unsuccessfully looked for a broom to protect himself against Gray. He met Waters and asked the loan of his knife. Waters replied that “he didn’t have one, and for me to calm down.” Accused told him not to “ ‘get too worried over it; I was not going to bother him, but I was going to talk to him [Gray] about the money.’ ”
Accused went to the post exchange and purchased a knife. As he went back to the company area, he placed the knife and its scabbard on the inside of his pants under his sweater. He entered the barracks and went to the arms room. He described his reception as follows:
“. . . [J]ust as I walked in, Lockett yelled, ‘Get him, Gray,’ and I glanced back at Gray and he was making it towards me and I reached for the knife and he hit me. He hit me twice before I even tried to keep him back off of me.
“After he hit me, I had the knife back like this and he tried to grab my hands, sir, and he had his left hand straight out close up on me and I kept brining [sic] it around and kept hitting over like I was missing his shoulder, sir. Then I pushed him back . . . turn to run, sir, and Turner was between me and the door, then he grabbed me. Gray grabbed me, sir.”
Gray obtained a headlock on accused, “snatched” him back against the gun racks, “the knife pressing against my chest.” The parties fell to the floor. At this point, according to accused, Gray was apparently stabbed in the area of his groin during a struggle over the weapon. He freed his hold on accused’s hand, “and I snatched loose and ran.”
Outside the barracks, accused continued his flight but, as noted above, was quickly apprehended.
Asked the purpose of his visit to the arms room, accused replied:
“Well, I just wanted to talk to him about my car, sir, I didn’t want to hurt him, sir, I had no idea of doing anything to him. I just wanted to talk to him because I didn’t want him pushing me around, sir.”
Gray was “pretty strong” and accused knew he could not “beat him.” Accused was “afraid of the guy” and took the knife “to have something in my protection . . . and I didn’t want him to do anything to' me.” If “he come [sic] up to me I wanted to scare him back.” The knife was “inside my pants” when accused entered the arms room and was not drawn until Gray struck him with his fist. Accused “didn’t have a chance to say anything. ... I walked in and everything went boom, boom, boom, like that.”
In summary, then, the evidence adduced by the United States tends to establish that accused engaged in an argument with Gray, was assaulted; left and deliberately armed himself; and sought out his victim for the purpose of revenge. On the other hand, the accused’s story, supported by Water’s testimony, is that he armed himself only to protect his person against further attack by Gray; that he was afraid of Gray; that he sought Gray out only with the concept of further discussing their differences over accused’s automobile; and that the knife was neither drawn nor used until Gray launched his unprovoked and strenuous attack upon him. In my opinion, this testimony clearly raised the issue of self-defense.
Here, too, the victim, Gray, was physically powerful — “the strongest man” in his company — outweighing the accused by sixty-five pounds and towering over him by five inches. Instead of merely shoving Green, the victim had slapped him “hard.” And, just as in Black, accused understandably feared the older, larger man. He was never shaken from his testimony that the knife was obtained solely to protect himself against a further assault and that he did not, in fact, draw it from underneath his clothing until he was attacked by Gray. Even then, accused, though subjected to a grueling cross-examination, steadfastly maintained that he intended merely to frighten Gray away and stabbed him unintentionally. That the court-martial attached credence to' his version of the incident is emphasized by the returning of a verdict of involuntary manslaughter, thereby indicating it was unconvinced accused intended to inflict upon his former friend either death or grievous bodily harm.
The record before us is, therefore, essentially the same as that in Black, supra. And the language which we there used, at page 575, should be dispositive here:
“The Government^rgues, however, that the facts clearly show that it was unreasonable for the accused to fear either death or grievous bodily harm at Harris’ hands and that his resort to use' of a dangerous weapon constituted employment of such a brutally excessive force that he was thereby deprived of the right to claim that he acted in self-defense. With regard to the first proposition, reliance is placed on United States v Maxie, 9 USCMA 156, 25 CMR 418. That case does not so hold, for we were there concerned solely with the question whether an accused’s honest but unreasonable belief that the infliction of death or grievous bodily harm was necessary to protect his own life or bodily integrity, i.e., ‘imperfect self-defense’ was sufficient to reduce the crime of murder to that of voluntary manslaughter. In holding that the degree of homicide was not so changed, we specifically adverted to the fact that the law officer had instructed the court members regarding the law of' self-defense.
“Concerning its second contention, it is apparent the Government urges upon us the proposition that.resort to a deadly weapon may never be had in face of a fistic assault. See United States v Straub, 12 USCMA 156, 30 CMR 156. There is no such unqualified rule, for whether an accused, by resort to a weapon, uses excessive force in repelling an assault upon him is dependent upon all of the circumstances and is essentially an issue of fact to be determined by the jury. Lujan v United States, 209 F2d 190 (CA 10th Cir) (1953); Davis v State, 152 Ind 34, 51 NE 928 (1898). As was remarked in the latter case, the adoption of an absolute prohibition against the use of a deadly iveapon to repel an unarmed assault would mean that ‘the assaulted party must stand and take his chances of being knocked down and stamped into a jelly, or of being choked to death, before he can lawfully use a weapon in his defense.’ We agree that such is not the law. Little men, as well as those physically more fortunate, are entitled to take reasonable measures in order to protect themselves.” [Emphasis supplied.]
Emphasis is placed by my brothers on the fact that accused admittedly purchased a weapon and thereafter sought out Gray in the arms room. These facts are undoubtedly true, but what is overlooked is the purpose for which he
In sum, then, I am of the view that the evidence in this case clearly raises an issue of self-defense, demonstrating as it does — by accused’s version — that he resorted to the knife only to protect himself against an extremely powerful person who suddenly attacked him. Perhaps, accused should have anticipated this course of events and stayed away, but his poor judgment does not, if his testimony be accepted, make the homicide less excusable than it was in Black, supra. The instructions on self-defense were, as my brothers concede, erroneous and, as the issue was here presented by the proof, prejudicially so. Accordingly, I register my disagreement with their conclusion.
I would order a rehearing at which the issue of self-defense might be submitted under proper instructions.
Scott, “The Lay of the Last Minstrel.”