121 F.3d 1122 | 7th Cir. | 1997
Jose Gonzalez-Portillo, Juan Martinez-Rojas and Jesus Alberto Funes were all convicted of violating 8 U.S.C. § 1326, which prohibits deported aliens from returning to the United States without first gaining permission of the Attorney General. At sentencing, the defendants sought and were denied downward departures from the United States Sentencing Guidelines range based on the fact that they were deportable aliens. The defendants argued that their status as deportable aliens would lead to harsher conditions of confinement because it disqualified them from serving any portion of their sentences in minimum security institutions, halfway houses, community correction centers, or home confinement. In addition, they will face deportation upon completion of their sentences. We have consolidated these appeals to consider whether the district court erred in rejecting deportable alien status as a basis for downward departure.
I.
In general, we review decisions regarding departures from the Guidelines range for an abuse of discretion. Koon v. United States, — U.S. -, -, 116 S.Ct. 2035, 2043, 135 L.Ed.2d 392 (1996); United States v. Purchess, 107 F.3d 1261, 1270 (7th Cir.1997); United States v. Otis, 107 F.3d 487, 490 (7th Cir.1997). That standard ap
18 U.S.C. § 3553(b) authorizes a district court to depart from the applicable Guidelines range when “the court finds that there exists an aggravating or mitigating circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the guidelines that should result in a sentence different from that described.” Guidelines section 5K2.0 contains the Sentencing Commission’s policy statement on departures and finds them appropriate when there are factors “that have not been given adequate consideration by the Commission,” or if “in light of unusual circumstances, the guideline level attached to that factor is inadequate.” In its discussion of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b) and U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0, the Supreme Court in Koon summarized the proper approach to departures in this way:
If the special factor is a forbidden factor, the sentencing court cannot use it as a basis for departure. If the special factor is an encouraged factor, the court is authorized to depart if the applicable Guideline does not already take it into account. If the special factor is a discouraged factor, or an encouraged factor already taken into account by the applicable Guideline, the court should depart only if the factor is present to an exceptional degree or in some other way makes the ease different from the ordinary case where the factor is present.
— U.S. at-, 116 S.Ct. at 2045 (emphasis added).
Here, defendants were sentenced under Guidelines section 2L1.2, entitled “Unlawfully Entering or Remaining in the United States.” The guideline applies to infractions of several Title 8 immigration laws, all of which pertain to unlawful presence in the United States. See U.S.S.G. Appendix A. Thus, as noted by the Sixth Circuit,
[a]U of the[ ] crimes [to which section 2L1.2 applies] may be committed only by aliens, and most, if not all, of those aliens are deportable. See 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(1)(B) (an alien is deportable if, inter alia, the alien is in the United States in violation of the immigrations laws).
United States v. Ebolum, 72 F.3d 35, 38 (6th Cir.1995). Because deportable alien status is an inherent element of the crimes to which the guideline applies, this factor was clearly “taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the guideline[]” (18 U.S.C. § 3553(b)) and was accounted for
Defendants cite United States v. Smith, 27 F.3d 649 (D.C.Cir.1994), which held that the harsher conditions of confinement faced by a deportable alien may justify a downward departure. In that case, however, the defendant had been convicted of possessing cocaine base with intent to distribute and was therefore sentenced under a guideline that did not already take his deportability into consideration. For that reason, the defendant’s ineligibility for minimum security or other less onerous forms of incarceration did subject him to harsher conditions of confinement than others sentenced under the same guideline.
Even an encouraged factor is not always an appropriate basis for departure, for on some occasions the applicable Guideline will have taken the encouraged factor into account. For instance, a departure for disruption of a governmental function “ordinarily would not be justified when the offense of conviction is an offense such as bribery or obstruction of justice; in such cases interference with a government function is inherent in the offense.”
-U.S. at-, 116 S.Ct. at 2045 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 5K2.7). Because all crimes covered by section 2L1.2 involve illegal presence in the United States by aliens, deportability was certainly accounted for in the guideline. The district court did not err in deeming deportable alien status an inappropriate basis for departure in these eases. Accord Ebolum, 72 F.3d at 38-39; United States v. Mendoza-Lopez, 7 F.3d 1483, 1487 (10th Cir.1993), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1036, 114 S.Ct. 1552, 128 L.Ed.2d 201 (1994).
II.
Gonzalez-Portillo also asks us to review the increase in offense level he received under Guidelines section 2L1.2(b)(2). That section provides for a 16-level enhancement “[i]f the defendant previously was deported after a conviction for an aggravated felony.” The enhancement was applied to GonzalezPortillo because his previous conviction in 1986 had been for aggravated criminal sexual assault.
III.
The sentences of Jose Gonzalez-Portillo, Juan Martinez-Rojas and Jesus Alberto Funes are Affirmed.
. As Koon, -U.S. at---, 116 S.Ct. at 2047-48 (citations omitted), explains:
This does not mean that district courts do not confront questions of law in deciding whether to depart. In the present case, for example, the Government argues that the District Court relied on factors that may not be considered in any case. The Government is quite correct that whether a factor is a permissible basis for departure under any circumstances is a question of law, and the court of appeals need not defer to the district court’s resolution of the point. Little turns, however, on whether we label review of this particular question abuse of discretion or de novo, for an abuse of discretion standard does not mean a mistake of law is beyond appellate correction. A district court by definition abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law. That a departure decision, in an occasional case, may call for a legal determination does not mean, as a consequence, that parts of the review must be labeled de novo while other parts are labeled an abuse of discretion. The abuse of discretion standard includes review to determine that the discretion was not guided by erroneous legal conclusions.
. Our jurisdiction to review the district court’s failure to depart arises because the district court's decision was based on the legal determination that it lacked authority to do so (see, e.g., United States v. Gonzalez-Portillo, Sept. 19, 1996 Tr. at 22, "[T]he law that I am to apply simply does not provide for a deviation from the guidelines....”). See Williams v. United States, 503 U.S. 193, 197, 112 S.Ct. 1112, 1118, 117 L.Ed.2d 341 (1992).
.Several other courts of appeals have found departures based on deportability to be inappropriate, even in cases, like Smith, in which that status was not an inherent aspect of the crime of conviction. See United States v. Restrepo, 999 F.2d 640, 645-47 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 954, 114 S.Ct. 405, 126 L.Ed.2d 352 (1993); United States v. Adubofour, 999 F.2d 639, 640 (2d Cir.1993) (applying Restrepo); United States v. Veloza, 83 F.3d 380, 382 (11th Cir.1996); see also United States v. Nnanna, 7 F.3d 420, 422 (5th Cir. 1993) (district court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing deportable alien at top of Guidelines range). We have not yet decided this issue (see United States v. Jackson, 93 F.3d 335, 338 (7th Cir.1996)) and need not reach it here.
. "Aggravated felony” is defined in Application Note 7 to Guidelines section 2L1.2 to include “any crime of violence (as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 16, not including a purely political offense) for which the term of imprisonment imposed ... is at least five years.... ”
. 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b) was amended in 1988 to impose a maximum sentence of 15 years if the deportation followed conviction for an "aggravated felony.” The definition of "aggravated felony,” contained in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43), was amended as part of IMMACT. The IMMACT